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Articles 31 - 54 of 54
Full-Text Articles in Logic and Foundations
Neutrosophic Graphs: A New Dimension To Graph Theory, Florentin Smarandache, Wb. Vasantha Kandasamy, K. Ilanthenral
Neutrosophic Graphs: A New Dimension To Graph Theory, Florentin Smarandache, Wb. Vasantha Kandasamy, K. Ilanthenral
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
In this book authors for the first time have made a through study of neutrosophic graphs. This study reveals that these neutrosophic graphs give a new dimension to graph theory. The important feature of this book is it contains over 200 neutrosophic graphs to provide better understanding of this concepts. Further these graphs happen to behave in a unique way inmost cases, for even the edge colouring problem is different from the classical one. Several directions and dimensions in graph theory are obtained from this study. Finally certainly these new notions of neutrosophic graphs in general and in particular the …
Special Type Of Topological Spaces Using [0, N), Florentin Smarandache, W.B Vasantha Kandasamy
Special Type Of Topological Spaces Using [0, N), Florentin Smarandache, W.B Vasantha Kandasamy
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
In this book authors for the first time introduce the notion of special type of topological spaces using the interval [0, n). They are very different from the usual topological spaces. Algebraic structure using the interval [0, n) have been systemically dealt by the authors. Now using those algebraic structures in this book authors introduce the notion of special type of topological spaces. Using the super subset interval semigroup special type of super interval topological spaces are built. Several interesting results in this direction are obtained. Next six types of topological spaces using subset interval pseudo ring semiring of type …
Fuzzy Abel Grassmann Groupoids, Florentin Smarandache, Madad Khan, Tariq Aziz
Fuzzy Abel Grassmann Groupoids, Florentin Smarandache, Madad Khan, Tariq Aziz
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
Usually the models of real world problems in almost all disciplines like engineering, medical sciences, mathematics, physics, computer science, management sciences, operations research and articial intelligence are mostly full of complexities and consist of several types of uncertainties while dealing them in several occasion. To overcome these di¢ culties of uncertainties, many theories have been developed such as rough sets theory, probability theory, fuzzy sets theory, theory of vague sets, theory of soft ideals and the theory of intuitionistic fuzzy sets, theory of neutrosophic sets, Dezert-Smarandache Theory (DSmT), etc. Zadeh introduced the degree of membership/truth (t) in 1965 and dened …
Theory Of Abel Grassmann's Groupoids, Florentin Smarandache, Madad Khan
Theory Of Abel Grassmann's Groupoids, Florentin Smarandache, Madad Khan
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
It is common knowledge that common models with their limited boundaries of truth and falsehood are not su¢ cient to detect the reality so there is a need to discover other systems which are able to address the daily life problems. In every branch of science problems arise which abound with uncertainties and impaction. Some of these problems are related to human life, some others are subjective while others are objective and classical methods are not su¢ cient to solve such problems because they can not handle various ambiguities involved. To overcome this problem, Zadeh [67] introduced the concept of …
Reichenbach Fuzzy Set Of Transitivity, Samina Ashraf, Muhammad A. Javed
Reichenbach Fuzzy Set Of Transitivity, Samina Ashraf, Muhammad A. Javed
Applications and Applied Mathematics: An International Journal (AAM)
Fuzzy implicators are the basic ingredients of many applications. So it becomes essential to study the various features of an implicator before implementing it in any practical application. This paper discusses the properties of transitivity of a fuzzy relation on a given universe and measure of fuzzy transitivity defined in terms of the Reichenbach fuzzy implicator which is an s-implicator.
Algebraic Structures On Fuzzy Unit Square And Neutrosophic Unit Square, Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy
Algebraic Structures On Fuzzy Unit Square And Neutrosophic Unit Square, Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
In this book authors build algebraic structures on fuzzy unit semi open square UF = {(a, b) | a, b [0, 1)} and on the fuzzy neutrosophic unit semi open square UN = {a + bI | a, b [0, 1)}. This study is new and we define, develop and describe several interesting and innovative theories about them. We cannot build ring on UN or UF. We have only pseudo rings of infinite order. We also build pseudo semirings using these semi open unit squares. We construct vector spaces, S-vector spaces and strong pseudo special vector space using …
Algebraic Structures On Real And Neutrosophic Semi Open Squares, Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy
Algebraic Structures On Real And Neutrosophic Semi Open Squares, Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
Here for the first time we introduce the semi open square using modulo integers. Authors introduce several algebraic structures on them. These squares under addition modulo ‘n’ is a group and however under product this semi open square is only a semigroup as under the square has infinite number of zero divisors. Apart from + and we define min and max operation on this square. Under min and max operation this semi real open square is a semiring. It is interesting to note that this semi open square is not a ring under + and since …
Special Pseudo Linear Algebras Using [0,N), Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy
Special Pseudo Linear Algebras Using [0,N), Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
In this book we introduce some special type of linear algebras called pseudo special linear algebras using the interval [0, n). These new types of special pseudo interval linear algebras has several interesting properties. Special pseudo interval linear algebras are built over the subfields in Zn where Zn is a S-ring. We study the substructures of them. The notion of Smarandache special interval pseudo linear algebras and Smarandache strong special pseudo interval linear algebras are introduced. The former Sspecial interval pseudo linear algebras are built over the Sring itself. Study in this direction has yielded several interesting results. S-strong special …
Groupoids Of Type I And Ii Using [0, N), Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy
Groupoids Of Type I And Ii Using [0, N), Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
Study of algebraic structures built using [0, n) happens to be one of an interesting and innovative research. Here in this book authors define non associative algebraic structures using the interval [0, n). Here we define two types of groupoids using [0, n) both of them are of infinite order. It is an open conjecture to find whether these new class of groupoids satisfy any of the special identities like Moufang identity or Bol identity or Bruck identity or so on. We know on [0, n) we cannot build rings only pseudo rings, however in this book we use these …
Algebraic Structures On Finite Complex Modulo Integer Interval C([0, N)), Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy
Algebraic Structures On Finite Complex Modulo Integer Interval C([0, N)), Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
In this book authors introduce the notion of finite complex modulo integer intervals. Finite complex modulo integers was introduced by the authors in 2011. Now using this finite complex modulo integer intervals several algebraic structures are built. Further the concept of finite complex modulo integers itself happens to be new and innovative for in case of finite complex modulo integers the square value of the finite complex number varies with varying n of Zn. In case of finite complex modulo integer intervals also we can have only pseudo ring as the distributive law is not true, in general in C([0, …
Soft Neutrosophic Algebraic Structures And Their Generalization - Vol. 1, Florentin Smarandache, Mumtaz Ali, Muhammad Shabir
Soft Neutrosophic Algebraic Structures And Their Generalization - Vol. 1, Florentin Smarandache, Mumtaz Ali, Muhammad Shabir
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
In this book the authors introduced the notions of soft neutrosophic algebraic structures. These soft neutrosophic algebraic structures are basically defined over the neutrosophic algebraic structures which means a parameterized collection of subsets of the neutrosophic algebraic structure. For instance, the existence of a soft neutrosophic group over a neutrosophic group or a soft neutrosophic semigroup over a neutrosophic semigroup, or a soft neutrosophic field over a neutrosophic field, or a soft neutrosophic LA-semigroup over a neutrosophic LAsemigroup, or a soft neutosophic loop over a neutrosophic loop. It is interesting to note that these notions are defined over finite and …
Distance In Matrices And Their Applications To Fuzzy Models And Neutrosophic Models, Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy, K. Ilanthenral
Distance In Matrices And Their Applications To Fuzzy Models And Neutrosophic Models, Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy, K. Ilanthenral
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
In this book authors for the first time introduce the notion of distance between any two m n matrices. If the distance is 0 or m n there is nothing interesting. When the distance happens to be a value t; 0 < t < m n the study is both innovating and interesting. The three cases of study which is carried out in this book are 1. If the difference between two square matrices is large, will it imply the eigen values and eigen vectors of those matrices are distinct? Several open conjectures in this direction are given. 2. The difference between parity check matrix and the generator matrix for the same C(n, k) code is studied. This will help in detecting errors in storage systems as well as in cryptography.
Set Theoretic Approach To Algebraic Structures In Mathematics - A Revelation, Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy
Set Theoretic Approach To Algebraic Structures In Mathematics - A Revelation, Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
In this book authors bring out how sets in algebraic structure can be used to construct most generalized algebraic structures, like set linear algebra/vector space, set ideals in rings and semigroups. This sort of study is not only innovative but infact very helpful in cases instead of working with a large data we can work with a considerably small data. Thus instead of working with a vector space or a linear algebra V over a field F we can work with a subset in V and a needed subset in F, this can save both time and economy. The concept …
Semigroup As Graphs, Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy
Semigroup As Graphs, Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
In this book the authors study the zero divisor graph and unit graph of a semigroup. The zero divisor graphs of semigroups Zn under multiplication is studied and characterized.
Special Dual Like Numbers And Lattices, Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy
Special Dual Like Numbers And Lattices, Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
In this book the authors introduce a new type of dual numbers called special dual like numbers. These numbers are constructed using idempotents in the place of nilpotents of order two as new element. That is x = a + bg is a special dual like number where a and b are reals and g is a new element such that g2 =g. The collection of special dual like numbers forms a ring. Further lattices are the rich structures which contributes to special dual like numbers. These special dual like numbers x = a + bg; when a and b …
Interval Semirings, Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy
Interval Semirings, Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
In this book the notion of interval semirings are introduced. The authors study and analyse semirings algebraically. Methods are given for the construction of non-associative semirings using loops and interval semirings or interval loops and semirings. Another type of non-associative semirings are introduced using groupoids and interval semirings or interval groupoids and semirings. Examples using integers and modulo integers are given. Also infinite semirings which are semifields are given using interval semigroups and semirings or semigroups and interval semirings or using groups and interval semirings. Interval groups are introduced to construct interval group interval semirings, and properties related with them …
Interval Semigroups, Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy
Interval Semigroups, Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
In this book we introduce the notion of interval semigroups using intervals of the form [0, a], a is real. Several types of interval semigroups like fuzzy interval semigroups, interval symmetric semigroups, special symmetric interval semigroups, interval matrix semigroups and interval polynomial semigroups are defined and discussed. This book has eight chapters. The main feature of this book is that we suggest 241 problems in the eighth chapter. In this book the authors have defined 29 new concepts and illustrates them with 231 examples. Certainly this will find several applications. The authors deeply acknowledge Dr. Kandasamy for the proof reading …
Interval Linear Algebra, Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy
Interval Linear Algebra, Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
This Interval arithmetic or interval mathematics developed in 1950’s and 1960’s by mathematicians as an approach to putting bounds on rounding errors and measurement error in mathematical computations. However no proper interval algebraic structures have been defined or studies. In this book we for the first time introduce several types of interval linear algebras and study them. This structure has become indispensable for these concepts will find applications in numerical optimization and validation of structural designs. In this book we use only special types of intervals and introduce the notion of different types of interval linear algebras and interval vector …
Interval Groupoids, Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Moon Kumar Chetry
Interval Groupoids, Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Moon Kumar Chetry
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
This book introduces several new classes of groupoid, like polynomial groupoids, matrix groupoids, interval groupoids, polynomial interval groupoids, matrix interval groupoids and their neutrosophic analogues.
On Self-Clique Graphs., Ong Poh Hwa
On Self-Clique Graphs., Ong Poh Hwa
Student Works (2010-2019)
The clique graph of a graph G is the graph obtained by taking the cliques of G as vertices, and two vertices are adjacent if and only if the corresponding cliques have non-empty intersection. A graph G is self-clique if it is isomorphic to its clique graph. Clique graphs have been studied for some time. However, not much is known about self-clique graphs. Self-clique graphs were ¯rst introduced and studied by Escalante [Abh. Math. Sem. Univ. Hamburg 39 (1973) 59-68]. Since then, self-clique graphs have been characterized for some classes of graphs. Chia [Discrete Math. 212 (2000) 185-189] gave a …
Superbimatrices And Their Generalizations, Florentin Smarandache, W.B Vasantha Kandasamy
Superbimatrices And Their Generalizations, Florentin Smarandache, W.B Vasantha Kandasamy
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
The systematic study of supermatrices and super linear algebra has been carried out in 2008. These new algebraic structures find their applications in fuzzy models, Leontief economic models and data-storage in computers. In this book the authors introduce the new notion of superbimatrices and generalize it to super trimatrices and super n-matrices. Study of these structures is not only interesting and innovative but is also best suited for the computerized world. The main difference between simple bimatrices and super bimatrices is that in case of simple bimatrices we have only one type of product defined on them, whereas in case …
N- Linear Algebra Of Type I And Its Applications, Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy
N- Linear Algebra Of Type I And Its Applications, Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
With the advent of computers one needs algebraic structures that can simultaneously work with bulk data. One such algebraic structure namely n-linear algebras of type I are introduced in this book and its applications to n-Markov chains and n-Leontief models are given. These structures can be thought of as the generalization of bilinear algebras and bivector spaces. Several interesting n-linear algebra properties are proved. This book has four chapters. The first chapter just introduces n-group which is essential for the definition of nvector spaces and n-linear algebras of type I. Chapter two gives the notion of n-vector spaces and several …
Fuzzy Interval Matrices, Neutrosophic Interval Matrices And Their Applications, Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy
Fuzzy Interval Matrices, Neutrosophic Interval Matrices And Their Applications, Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
The new concept of fuzzy interval matrices has been introduced in this book for the first time. The authors have not only introduced the notion of fuzzy interval matrices, interval neutrosophic matrices and fuzzy neutrosophic interval matrices but have also demonstrated some of its applications when the data under study is an unsupervised one and when several experts analyze the problem. Further, the authors have introduced in this book multiexpert models using these three new types of interval matrices. The new multi expert models dealt in this book are FCIMs, FRIMs, FCInMs, FRInMs, IBAMs, IBBAMs, nIBAMs, FAIMs, FAnIMS, etc. Illustrative …
On Minimal Regular Graphs With Given Constraintsm, Che Sheng Gan
On Minimal Regular Graphs With Given Constraintsm, Che Sheng Gan
Student Works (2000-2009)
A classical question in graph theory has been the search of cages. The problem of determining the smallest (r,g)-cage is unsolved for most pairs of (r,g) and is extremely hard in the general case. Finding the crossing number of a graph is another challenging problem in graph theory. The crossing numbers of very few classes of graphs arc known. In this thesis, we would like to (a) investigate those smallest regular graphs with given girths and having small crossing numbers. In particular, we investigate those smallest regular graphs with given girths and crossing number c, for c ∈ {0, 1, …