Water Resource Management Commons^™

Detection And Identification Of Molecular Water Pollutants By Laser Raman Spectroscopy, Eugene B. Bradley, Charles A. Frenzel, John Reeves, Robert Mcconnell, Kay Lane

KWRRI Research Reports

Laser Raman spectroscopy is evolving into a primary tool for the Identification of molecular water pollutants. This study pushes the limits of detectivity of carbon disulfide and benzene to ~ 20 ppm in water solutions using a high-resolution Raman spectrometer, cooled detectors, and photon counting techniques. The primary limiting factors were found to be the low throughput and the scattered light performance of the monochromator as well as insufficient laser energy.

An optomized design for a pollution-measuring instrument is suggested, and a prototype has been built which is useful with any value of excitation energy short of sample degrading. The …

A Preliminary Ecological Study Of Areas To Be Impounded In The Salt River Basin Of Kentucky, Louis A. Krumholz

KWRRI Research Reports

This report covers work that is an extension of Project No. A-019-KY. A series of 25 sampling stations was established in the mainstream and tributaries of the Salt River that extend from the source of the stream in Boyle County to a few miles below the site of Taylorsville Darn in Spencer County. Sampling for water chemistry and biota was carried out semimonthly. Data on temperature, oxygen, depth, and discharge, along with analyses for cations (Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn) and anions (PO₄, NO₃, NO₂, CO₃, HCO₃) have been accumulated and …

Unsteady Flow Toward Partially Penetrating Artesian Wells, Y. H. Huang

KWRRI Research Reports

A numerical method programmed for a high-speed computer was developed for determining the drawdown around an artesian well. A salient feature of the program is that it can be used for both fully and partially penetrating wells in either infinite or finite aquifers. The method Involves the application of finite difference equations to the well-known heat equation using a graded network. A comparison of the finite difference solutions with those obtained from the close-form formulas of Muskat, Theis, and Hantush indicates the validity of the method. A comparison between the finite difference solutions and the drawdowns measured on a sand …

Measuring The Intangible Values Of Natural Streams, Part I, John A. Dearinger, George M. Woolwine

KWRRI Research Reports

The purpose of this study was to apply the "uniqueness concept" to the quantification of the intangible values of natural streams. The methodology is based on procedures developed by Luna B. Leopold and Maria O. Marchand of the U.S. Geological Survey. It involves the evaluation of a set of characteristics or factors for selected stream sites. Each factor is rated for each site on a numerical scale indicative of the range of possible "values" for that factor. An "uniqueness ratio" (the reciprocal of the number of stream sites sharing a given category rating) is then computed for each stream for …

Procedures For Trace Analysis Of Dissolved Inorganic And Organic Constituents In Water, Gary D. Christian, Charles E. Matkovich, W. Lynn Schertz

KWRRI Research Reports

A study of different solvent systems for the atomic absorption determination of cobalt revealed that acetone results in best sensitivity. Acetone is the solvent of choice for the sensitive measurement of several metals. Hence, methods were investigated for the separation of acetone from water by salting out so that possible solvent extraction of metal chelates into this solvent could be performed. About two-thirds saturated calcium chloride proved to be the best system for salting out of the acetone. It is essentially a neutral salt and is in general a weakly complexing salt, resulting in minimum interference in solvent extractions. Solvent …

The Generation Of Flood Damage Time Sequences, John P. Breaden

KWRRI Research Reports

There is a need in water resources planning to develop a procedure for determining the time pattern in which flood damages occur as a function of the rise and fall of the flood hydrograph. The widely-used approach for estimation of flood damages does not take into account the fact that the frequency of the annual flood peak may not be the same as the frequency of the total annual flood damages. As examples, several small storms during the year may do more damage than a single larger storm, or flood damages may be reduced by a reduction in flood duration …

Algal Growth And Decomposition: Effects On Water Quality, Phase Ii, Edward G. Foree, Ronald L. Barrow

KWRRI Research Reports

The decomposition and associated nutrient regeneration of three unialgal cultures and one mixed culture containing an indigenous population of bacteria and microscopic animals were studied under dark, constant temperature laboratory conditions. After periods of nutrient-deficient growth ranging from O to 30 days, these cultures were inoculated with decomposer populations and subjected to anaerobic and aerobic environments for the decomposition studies. The extend of decomposition was determined from the percentage volatile suspended solids and percentage particulate COD remaining after 200 days of decomposition. The average extent of decomposition was greater for aerobic than for anaerobic conditions. However, significant portions of the …

Part I - Controlling The Soil Moisture Environment Of Transpiring Plants, Part Ii - Prediction Of Leaf Temperature Under Natural Atmospheric Conditions, Charles T. Haan, Billy J. Barfield, Robert Edling

KWRRI Research Reports

Part I

A technique for controlling the soil moisture potential in the root zone of transpiring plants was developed. The method uses the principles of unsaturated flow through a porous media to develop the desired moisture potential. In the case of non-steady state transpiration, the maximum possible fluctuation in the soil moisture potential can be determined by the techniques presented.

Part II

Two implicit leaf temperature prediction equations were derived from the energy balance approach. The equations define sensible and latent heat transfer from a plant population as a two step process:

1. Transfer between the plant leaf and the canopy …

An Evaluation Of Relationships Between Streamflow Patterns And Watershed Characteristics Through The Use Of Opset, L. Douglas James, William O. Thompson, Glendon Allen Ross, Earnest Y. Liou

KWRRI Research Reports

Selection among alternative flood control measures would be better informed if better information could be obtained on the marginal change in flood hazard associated with land use and other changes in the tributary watershed. Hydrologic modeling is the most promising approach to answering this question; however, the use of existing models is hampered by the absence of information correlating model parameters with physical characteristics of the watershed.

To deal with this situation, a method was developed for estimating the parameter values for the Stanford Watershed Model which best match recorded with simulated streamflows. Physical characteristics were measured for 17 rural …

Factors Affecting Relocation In Response To Reservoir Development, Rabel J. Burdge, Richard L. Ludtke

KWRRI Research Reports

The focus of this paper is on the question of how rural people anticipate forced moves as a result of flood control projects and how they change their life in accepting separation from familiar surroundings.

A model of faced migration is presented which sees the variables of socioeconomic status, knowledge of reservoir projects, vested interests and the degree of identification with place of affected persons as producing differential apprehension over moving. Differential apprehension is then seen as producing different attitudes toward the project which will influence the type of migration plans.

To test this model of forced migration, data were …

Anticipations Of Change: A Socio-Economic Description Of A Kentucky County Before Reservoir Construction, Charles Robert Smith

KWRRI Research Reports

In the past the construction of large reservoirs in the United States has been evaluated largely in terms of the economic benefit they bring to the area where they are constructed and to the nation. Where human populations are involved, however, a host of social changes occur, many of which fundamentally alter the way of life of a people.

This report is part of a larger study which aims at analyzing the social costs and benefits of reservoir construction. The project is long range in that studies are to be carried out before, during, and after construction. This report concentrates …

Opset Program For Computerized Selection Of Watershed Parameter Values For The Stanford Watershed Model, Earnest Yuan-Shang Liou, L. Douglas James

KWRRI Research Reports

The advent of high-speed electronic computer made it possible to model complex hydrologic processes by mathematical expressions and thereby simulate streamflows from climatological data. The most widely used program is the Stanford Watershed Model, a digital parametric model of the land phase of the hydrologic cycle based on moisture accounting processes. It can be used to simulate annual or longer flow sequences at hourly time intervals. Due to its capability of simulating historical streamflows from recorded climatological data, it has a great potential in the planning and design of water resources systems. However, widespread use of the Stanford Watershed Model …

Evaluation Of The Social Impact Of Reservoir Construction On The Residential Plans Of Displaced Persons In Kentucky And Ohio, Richard L. Ludtke, Rabel J. Burdge

KWRRI Research Reports

The states of Kentucky and Ohio have numerous reservoir projects at various stages of planning and construction. Each of the projects produces substantial social impact for the residents of the area and particularly for those persons affected by a loss of property and homes. This impact is not uniform in that people respond differently to displacement and the methods of adjusting relocation are known to differ among people.

This research was initiated to develop and test a model for explaining migration under such conditions. The model includes a consideration of people's potential for transferring existing statuses to new residences, the …

The Stanford Watershed Model: The Correlation Of Parameter Values Selected By A Computerized Procedure With Measurable Physical Characteristics Of The Watershed, Part 2, Glendon Allen Ross

KWRRI Research Reports

Soundly planned water resources development requires a knowledge of streamflow magnitudes and time patterns. Where recorded information is unavailable, water resources project design can be greatly improved by streamflow simulation.

This study is devoted to describing the application of a self-calibrating version of the Stanford Watershed Model to 17 rural Kentucky watersheds and two urbanizing watersheds. The required data for this version (OPSET) is tabulated and the data collection process is described. The watershed parameter values estimated by OPSET and independent numerical estimates of physical watershed characteristics are tabulated and correlated. The results should help in estimating parameter values for …

Chemistry Of The Oxidant, Ferrate, Its Interaction With Specific Organics Found In Waste Water, Donald H. Williams, J. T. Riley

KWRRI Research Reports

It became obvious during this investigation that while much work has been done with ferrate (VI) chemistry, discrepancies existed in the literature and very little attention had been given possible engineering uses. This work attempted to fulfill these two needs in an exploratory manner.

The preparative techniques were reviewed and mechanical improvements made in one which allowed improved yields. Essentially what was done was to enlarge and improve the filtering technique of the product and use cooler temperatures throughout the preparation. This greatly shortened the time required. Then it was learned that the addition of ethyl alcohol to the final …

Solution Geochemistry Of The Water Of Limestone Terrains, John Thrailkill, David B. Beiter, Michael T. Osolnik, Roger H. Postley, William T. Mitchell, Leonard N. Plummer, James R. Riddell, Richard C. Worley, Robert D. Zwicker

KWRRI Research Reports

Limestone groundwater flows mainly in openings it has solutionally enlarged, thus an understanding of the water's state of saturation relative to calcite (the principal mineral component of limestone) is fundamental to an understanding of the nature and evolution of the limestone aquifer. This study investigated the Mammoth Cave-Sinkhole Plain (MCSP) and Cave Hollow (CH) aquifers in Kentucky, both in Missippian limestones.

Both aquifers were always undersaturated with calcite. Except for completely ventilated vadose flows (usually) and some vadose seepage (occasionally), all recharges sampled (sinking streams, vadose flows, and vadose seepage) were also undersaturated. The lack of saturation in the MCSP …

The Effect Of A Large Reservoir On Local Government Revenue And Expenditure, Clyde T. Bates

KWRRI Research Reports

Development of a large multi-purpose reservoir within the area of their jurisdiction may affect property ta.x revenue and expenditure of county governments and school districts. Privately owned land sold to a federally sponsored reservoir is not subject to property taxes because of the doctrine of intergovernmental immunity. Local officials often assume that this loss of assessment will reduce their tax revenue and thereby their fiscal ability to provide an acceptable level of government services. They may also expect the influx of construction workers or the disruption of existing facilities to increase the cost of providing these services. The study approaches …

Patterns Of Land Use Change Around A Large Reservoir, Billy R. Prebble

KWRRI Research Reports

Reservoirs are built to control floods, provide water for irrigation and municipal supply, generate electric power, augment low flows for navigation and water quality control, and provide improved fishing and recreation opportunity. A reservoir is justified if the benefit it provides to society exceeds the cost to develop it. Much research has been done to determine the benefit of a water resources development to society as a whole. Some research has explored the benefit of such a facility to a region. Very little research exists on the effects of a reservoir on the immediately surrounding area.

It seems reasonable that …

Economic Development Of Areas Contiguous To Multipurpose Reservoirs: The Kentucky-Tennessee Experience, Michael B. Hargrove

KWRRI Research Reports

This study analyzes the effects of multi-purpose reservoir projects on the economic development of areas contiguous to the dam and reservoir. The study concentrates on the development potential in a humid region where the provision of agricultural water is not critical to the economy. Can a reservoir project be a major part of a development program for a local area? How can the favorable effects of the project on the contiguous area be increased? These questions are answered by this study.

The study is divided into three major phases. The first phase is a theoretical analysis of the determinants of …

The Persistence Of Pesticides In Impounded Waters, Robert A. Lauderdale

KWRRI Research Reports

The purpose of this study was to investigate the persistance of the insecticides aldrin, dieldrin, chlordane, and DDT in water. A small drainage area was sprayed with these compounds, and the insecticides were collected in the runoff water from the area. Laboratory experiments were performed to determine the effectiveness of aeration, adsorption on silt, and adsorption on algae in removing the pesticides from water.

All of the pesticides were found in samples of water collected from the area for the full period of the tests. The amounts which were found in a small pond into which the surface water drained …

Economic Analysis Of Alternative Flood Control Measures, L. Douglas James, Thomas M. Rachford, James Ray Villines, Clyde R. Dempsey, James Norris Cline, Carlos Fix Miller

KWRRI Research Reports

Within the last few years, the growing realization that an effective flood control program must include non-structural measures (land use management and flood proofing) has resulted in Presidential Executive Order 11296 requiring Federal agencies to seek the optimum combination of structural and non-structural measures for flood control. The requirement has created a dilemma. No methodology is available for systematic evaluation of alternative combinations of structural and non-structural measures. Prospective procedures are too time consuming to be feasible under current financial and manpower limitations.

The only way out is to perform much of the planning process by digital computer. With this …

Economic Analysis Of Flood Detention Storage By Digital Computer, James Ray Villines, L. Douglas James

KWRRI Research Reports

The objective of this study was to develop a digital computer procedure for preliminary analysis of the economic justification of reservoir detention storage for flood control and to present a sample study illustrating its application. A computer program called the University of Kentucky Flood Control Planning Program III was developed and tested on the flood plain of the South Fork of the Licking River in northeastern Kentucky.

Given a specified reservoir site and a downstream flood plain divided into planning units, Program III selects the economically efficient combination of reservoir detention storage and the associated combination of channel improvement, flood …

Planning Flood Control Measures By Digital Computer, James Norris Cline, L. Douglas James

KWRRI Research Reports

The purpose of this study was to develop adequate guidelines whereby those interested in flood control planning would be able to apply a pair of digital computer programs known as the University of Kentucky Flood Control Planning Programs to ease the computational burden of evaluating specific flood control situations. Program II determines the economically optimum combination of channel improvement, land use restriction, and flood proofing for flood damage abatement. Program III also incorporates reservoir storage into the planning process. The Programs are not intended to provide a finished design but rather to select the optimum combination of flood control measures …

Ecological Study Of The Effects Of Strip Mining On The Microbiology Of Streams, Ralph H. Weaver, Harry D. Nash

KWRRI Research Reports

The microflora of Cane Branch of Beaver Creek in McCreary County, Kentucky, which drains an area that was strip-mined between 1955 and 1959, was studied and compared with that of Helton Branch which drains a comparable area where there has been no mining. Differences include: the establishment of Ferrcbacillus ferrooxidans, for which procedures were developed for direct colony isolation from the stream; fewer saprophytic bacteria; more numerous and more diversified filamentous and unicellular fungi; and characteristic differences in algal flora. Representatives of 42 genera of filamentous fungi were identified. Of these, 21 were isolated only from Cane Branch. Representatives of …

Evaluation Of The Legal Institutions Of Diversion, Transfer, Storage, And Distribution Of Water In Kentucky, A. Dan Tarlock

KWRRI Research Reports

In 1966 Kentucky enacted a water use regulation statute which makes :important modifications in the common law doctrine of riparian rights by authorizing the state to grant permits for the use of water. The permit system is primarily designed to allow the state to gather the information necessary to conduct long range planning studies. However, the permit system can also be used to apportion water among competing users. The report examined the common law of riparian rights to determine how KRS Ch. 151 had modified it and analyzed some of the legal problems which could arise in the administration of …

Evaluation Of Runoff Coefficients From Small Natural Drainage Areas, Carlos Fix Miller, L. Douglas James

KWRRI Research Reports

The Kentucky Department of Highways, as do most other agencies which build small drainage structures, estimates flood peaks as the product of a runoff coefficient, a rainfall intensity, and the drainage area, Available procedures were applied to 39 gaged watersheds in and near Kentucky and compared with the results of frequency analysis of historical stream gage records. The methods consistently underestimated the flood peak.

Therefore, a more intensive study (using the Stanford Watershed Model) of the runoff coefficient was undertaken by dividing it into overland flow and streamflow components. A set of curves was developed based on the 50-year event …

The Effects Of Geographical And Climatic Setting On The Economic Advantages Of Alternative Flood Control Measures, Clyde R. Dempsey, L. Douglas James

KWRRI Research Reports

It has long been realized that tributary urban development and channel improvement greatly affect the flow regime in a given watershed. A previous study used the Stanford Watershed Model to derive relationships expressing how the flood peaks in Sacramento, California, might be expected to vary with changing conditions of urbanization, channelization, and tributary drainage area. In order to observe the effects of climatic setting and geographical location on these relationships, the same type of analysis was applied to a drainage area near Louisville, Kentucky.

If reservoir storage is to be considered in a flood control program, it is necessary to …

Esthetic And Recreational Potential Of Small Naturalistic Streams Near Urban Areas, John A. Dearinger, Kenneth R. Harper, L. Douglas James

KWRRI Research Reports

The purpose of this study was to find a way to evaluate the esthetic and recreational potential of small streams and their watersheds. Research was limited to naturalistic streams with drainage areas under 100 square miles and located within 25 miles of a city. A methodology, based on some previous work of the U.S. Soil Conservation Service and the principles or concepts of terrain analysis, land use planning, value Judgment philosophy and the economics of outdoor recreation, was developed and applied in detail to two streams (Boone and Jessamine Creeks) near Lexington, Kentucky.

Evaluations were made of the streams' potential …

A Study Of The Removal Of Pesticides From Water, James David Whitehouse

KWRRI Research Reports

The purpose of this study was to investigate some of the properties of pesticides as they exist in water, and to determine the effectiveness of several water treatment processes in the removal of pesticides from water. Among the pesticides investigated were malathion, DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, captan, benzene hexachloride (BHC), 2,4-D, and 2,4,5-T. The water treatment processes included aeration, chemical coagulation, adsorption on activated carbons and clays, and foam separation.

The removal of pesticides from water by aeration was found to be significant. Dieldrin was removed almost 100 percent, while aldrin, DDT, and BHC were removed to a lesser extent. 2, …

Factors Controlling Porosity And Permeability In The Curdsville Member Of The Lexington Limestone, William C. Macquown Jr., Jimmie L. Barr, George T. Hine, Jojok Sumartojo, Edward V. Peck, Franklin D. Thomas

KWRRI Research Reports

Factors controlling the porosity and permeability of the Curdsville Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone of Middle Ordovician Age in the Blue Grass Region of Kentucky are geological.

Microstratigraphic analysis had led to the division of the lower Lexington Limestone, consisting principally of the Curdsville Member into three beds which may be subdivided into "zones" made up of several lithologic types and sub-types. Lower, middle, and upper bed characteristics are helpful in determining the regional depositional history in the progressively transgressing Curdsville sea. Paleogeography of Curdsville time has been determined by delineation of two local facies: (1) a carbonate bank--shoal …