Natural Resources Management and Policy Commons^™

A Preliminary Evaluation Of Three Food Flavoring Compounds As Bird Repellents, Richard E.R. Porter

National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995

There is an increasing demand in New Zealand for nonlethal bird repellents to protect food crops and prevent poisonous mammal baits being eaten by native birds. Three food flavorings, dimethyl anthranilate (DMA), methyl anthranilate (MA), and a peppermint extract (Optamint), were applied to wheat as surface coatings at different concentrations and then offered to individually caged house sparrows (Passer domesticus). The birds were given one of four levels of treated wheat (control, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 .O% by weight for DMA and MA; 0, 1, 3, and 5 % by weight for Optarnint). Only Optamint at the 5% …

Origins Of Food Preference In Herbivores, Frederick D. Provenza

National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995

Food preference is best understood as the interaction between taste and postingestive feedback, determined by an animal's physiological condition and to a food's chemical characteristics. Taste (as well as smell and sight) enables animals to discriminate among foods and provides hedonic sensations associated with eating. Postingestive feedback calibrates taste in accord with a food's homeostatic utility: preference increases when foods are adequate in nutrients; conversely, preference decreases when foods are deficient in nutrients, when they contain excesses of toxins, and when they are too high in rapidly digestible nutrients. Preference also decreases when familiar foods are eaten too frequently or …

The Chemistry Of Plant/Animal Interactions, Paul B. Reichardt

National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995

Chemical approaches to studying plant/animal interactions have led to an appreciation that plant chemistry strongly influences patterns of herbivory. Although this chemistry is often rather complex, two basic factors have emerged: plant chemistry influences herbivores in both positive and negative ways by determining dietary quality of plants and by providing feeding cues. Examination of the results from numerous studies addressing these issues has led to the development of three working hypotheses: (1) there is a molecular basis for chemical cues; (2) the molecular diversity of chemical signals implies specific mechanisms for plant-initiated attraction or repellence of herbivores; and (3) there …

An Integrated Strategy To Decrease Eared Dove Damage In Sunflower Crops, Ethel N. Rodriguez, Richard L. Bruggers, Roger W. Bullard, Robert Cook

National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995

Eared doves (Zenaida auriculata) damage mature sunflowers in Uruguay. Although repellents might be useful as a control method, durability and expense have discouraged their use. In the present report, we describe laboratory, aviary, and field research designed to evaluate methiocarb and calcium carbonate as durable, economical repellents. Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) was as effective as CaCO₃ /methiocarb in combination in deterring consumption of sunflowers. Moreover, treating field borders with CaCO₃ or the CaCO₃ /methiocarb combination was as effective as treating the entire field for at least 12 days. This period is sufficiently long to …

Electronic Rodent Repellent Devices: A Review Of Efficacy Test Protocols And Regulatory Actions, Stephen A. Schumake

National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995

A wide variety of sonic/ultrasonic, electromagnetic, mechanical/vibrational, and electrical barrier devices have been researched, developed, and marketed over the past 30 years. Although there are currently no Environmental Protection Agency' (EPA) registration requirements, human safety and repellent efficacy test data for these devices may be requested whenever they are commercially manufactured, marketed, and retailed. This chapter reviews research reports and data sets for devices operating at selected frequency ranges, pulse rates, duty cycles, and intensity levels. It also describes examples of laboratory and field test protocols as well as recent EPA and Federal Trade Commission (FTC) regulatory actions in relation …

Repellency Of Predator Urine To Woodchucks And Meadow Voles, Robert K. Swihart, Mary Jane I. Mattina, Joseph J. Pignatello

National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995

Woodchucks (Marmota monax) and meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) can be serious pests in orchards where they damage young fruit trees by gnawing on main stems. Previous work indicated that topical application of bobcat (Lynx rufus) urine to apple trees could reduce woodchuck damage by an average of 98%. Here, we report on field trials designed to determine whether various fractions of bobcat urine could achieve comparable reductions in gnawing activity. Trials with smooth sumac (Rhus glabra) resulted in an average reduction in gnawing over a 4-week period, relative to controls, of 86% …

Table Of Contents

National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995

Repellents in Wildlife Management Symposium
Table of Contents

Repellency Of Mongoose Feces And Urine To Rats (Rattus Spp.), Mark E. Tobin, Ann E. Koehler, Robert T. Sugihara, Michael E. Burwash

National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995

Chemical repellents derived from predators might offer more effective and longer lasting protection from vertebrate depredations than current damage control measures. Thus, we conducted laboratory and field studies to evaluate the repellency of mongoose feces and urine to black rats (Rattus rattus) and Polynesian rats (R. exulans ) . We exposed captive wild rats to water, butyric acid, mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) feces, or mongoose urine in a 150- x 60- x 120-cm partitioned arena and recorded their behavior with a video camera. None of the test substances had any apparent effect (P> 0.05) on behavior …

The Role Of Sensory Cues And Feeding Context In The Mediation Of Pine-Needle Oil's Repellency In Prairie Voles, Shirley A. Wager-Page, J. Russell Mason, Eugeny Aronov, Gisela Epple

National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995

Pine-needle oil inhibits feeding in vertebrate species through sensory cues. Prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) significantly decreased their ingestion of raw apple pieces when pineneedle oil (10% vol/vol) was applied as a repellent coating. During single-choice tests, voles selected similar amounts of sunflower seeds from pine-needle oil-scented jars and vegetable oil-treated jars. However, when jars containing both stimuli were presented simultaneously, voles retrieved significantly more food from the vegetable oil-treated jars than the pine-needle oil-treated jars. Neonatal administration of capsaicin chronically depletes neurotransmitters in C- and A-a fibers greatly diminishing or abolishing pain transmission in the affected neurons (i.e., …

Effectiveness Of Varpel Rope@ On Norway Rats And House Mice In Laboratory And Field Conditions, J.D. Wilhide, M.D. Fletcher

National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995

This study is based on observations made during the efficacy testing for EPA product approval of Varpel Rope®, a temporary repellent for Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) and the house mouse (Mus musculus). Animals were tested under both laboratory and field conditions. Laboratory testing was conducted at Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, and resulted in 75-97% repellency. Field testing that resulted in repellency rates from 50 to 100%, was conducted in Newport, AR. Over 140 hr of videotape were recorded during the 1,800 individual laboratory and field trials. Testing was conducted from June 1989 through May 1992.

Repellents: Integrating Sensory Modalities, Michael L. Avery

National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995

Recommendations for managing wildlife damage situations often involve application of multiple methods or techniques. The basis for such recommendations is unclear as there is little evidence that such combinations of methods work more effectively than the individual methods alone. In order to improve beyond hit or miss repellent applications, we should adopt principles exhibited in nature and develop repellent treatments based on the design of signals used in animal communications. In particular, characteristics that increase detectability, discriminability, and memorability should be identified and incorporated into repellent design. To do so, the sensory capabilities of the target species need to be …

Review Of Regulatory-Imposed Marketing Constraints To Repellent Development, Judith M. Hushon

National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995

The purpose of this paper is to review the regulatory issues concerned with marketing repellents and to try to identify areas where changes may be needed. Repellents are covered unevenly by the various Federal and State pesticide laws. These laws were generally formulated to deal with pesticides and other highly toxic chemicals used to control "pests." However, repellents discourage pests due to their disagreeable properties rather than their toxicity. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has recently introduced reduced risk pesticide guidance which limits reporting requirements and hastens review. Those states that follow the Federal lead do not represent a problem. …

Recent Studies On Flavor Aversion Learning In Wildlife Damage Management, Russell F. Reidinger Jr.

National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995

Flavor aversion learning (FAL) occurs experimentally when a mammal is presented with a distinctive-flavored food followed by a postingestional illness. Birds may learn aversions to visual cues. Aversions follow a single pairing and may be robust. During the past decade, at least four directions were followed in evaluating FAL for managing wildlife damage: compounds already registered for use on crops such as herbicides, insecticides, or fungicides were tested for their abilities to also repel birds and small mammals from crops; naturally occurring compounds such as sucrose or charcoal were similarly evaluated; eggs were treated with different compounds in attempts to …

Repellency Of Plant, Natural Products, And Predator Odors To Woodchucks, N. Jay Bean, Wyatt L. Korff, J. Russell Mason

National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995

Woodchuck (Marmota monax) damage to lawns, gardens, orchards, and other agricultural areas is of concern to homeowners and fanners throughout the northeastern region of the United States. Currently, the only effective control methods are live-trapping and relocation, shooting, or lethal trapping. Each of these techniques, though effective, has drawbacks that limit its use in residential areas. Using odors to repel the animals could provide a nonlethal option to help mitigate the vegetation and property damage caused by these animals. For this reason, we studied the repellency of several commonly available odorants to repel woodchucks. Nine different burrow sites …

A Review Of The Bird Repellent Effects Of 1 17 Carbocyclic Compounds, Larry Clark

National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995

We evaluated 117 carbocyclic compounds for their bird repellent effects in no-choice (one-bottle) drinking tests and summarized the results in this paper. Compounds derivative of aromatic heterocycles, acetophenones and carbocyclic compounds containing sulfur are often strong repellents. Anthranilates, aromatic alcohols, aromatic aldehydes, and carbocyclic compounds containing nitrogen are moderately strong repellents. However, the potency of anthranilates is highly variable, depending upon the nature of the substitutions. Acetates and benzoates are weak repellents. Benzoic acids and amino acids are not repellent to starlings. In addition, discussions of the type of behavioral assay, units of measure, and dose-response characterizations include recommendations for …

Sucrose As A Feeding Deterrent For Fruit-Eating Birds, Carlos Martinez Del Rio, Michael L. Avery, Kristin E. Brugger

National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995

Economic losses due to bird damage to small fruits such as blueberries, grapes, and cherries can be very high and are expected to increase in the future. The primary sugars in these fruits are glucose and fructose. Sucrose is present in very low concentrations only. Our research has unveiled a physiological trait common to many fruit-eating species in the phylogenetically related families Muscicapidae, Mirnidae, and Sturnidae. These birds are unable to digest sucrose because they lack the intestinal enzyme sucrase which hydrolyzes sucrose into glucose and fructose prior to absorption. In cage tests these birds prefer glucose and fructose to …

Comparative Analysis Of Deer Repellents, Abderrahim El Hani, Michael R. Conover

National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995

The deer repellent literature is fragmented and hard to interpret because there is no standard method to measure repellent effectiveness. Instead, studies differ in (1) which repellents were tested, (2) which plant or food was used as a carrier, (3) repellent concentration, (4) test duration, (5) experimental design, and (6) criteria for success. Despite these difficulties, we analyzed the literature seeking over-arching trends in repellent effectiveness. Deer-Away Big Game Repellenta (BGR) and predator odors were usually more effective than other repellents. In most field tests, the best repellents usually reduced deer damage by < 60%. There was no significant difference in the effectiveness of area repellents and contact repellents. Factors affecting repellent effectiveness include relative palatability of the plant to be protected, size of local deer populations, availability of alternative forage, weather, amount and concentration of repellent used, and test duration. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer ( …

Bird Deterrent Research And Development: Marine Oil Spills, Timothy J. Reilly

National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995

A wide range of techniques are available for deterring birds from coastal oil spills, including (but not limited to) pyrotechnics, aircraft, boats, flags, reflecting devices, and artificial sounds. Many of these deterrent devices have had little field testing to determine optimal deterrent strategies. The Marine Spill Response Corporation (MSRC) developed a research and development (R&D) plan which has identified critical research which would need to be conducted to determine these optimal strategies. This program was initiated through the generation of a report which described the state-of-the-art of deterring birds from marine oil spills. Following this report, MSRC hosted a workshop …

Repellent Trials To Reduce Reforestation Damage By Pocket Gophers, Deer, And Elk, Gary W. Witmer, Rodney D. Sayler, Michael J. Pipas

National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995

We tested selected, potential repellents in pen and field trials to determine their ability to reduce consumption of palatable foods by pocket gophers (Thomomys talpoides), deer (Odocoileus spp.), and elk (Cervus elaphus). Only sulfur-based compounds (predator urines and Deer Away®) deterred feeding by captive gophers. Chemically hot, bitter, and noxious compounds and plants did not deter gopher feeding. Rapid reinvasion of available habitat by pocket gophers in a field trial occurred despite the presence of encapsulated, sulfur-based semiochemicals of stoat (Mustela erminea) on trial plots. Coyote urine and Deer Away deterred browsing by …

Application And Evaluation Of A Biotic Index To Sand Hills And Streams Of Nebraska, Gregory T. Michl

School of Natural Resources: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

No abstract provided.

Riparian Habitats Of The Central Platte As A Corridor For Dispersal Of Small Mammals In Nebraska, Thomas D. Silvia

School of Natural Resources: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

No abstract provided.

Identification And Conservation Strategy For Sandhills Fens In Cherry County Nebraska, Gerry Steinauer

Nebraska Game and Parks Commission: White Papers, Conference Presentations, and Manuscripts

In the Sandhills, fens are generally found in two locations: in stream valleys often near the headwaters and at the upper end of Sandhills lakes and marshes. In both areas groundwater discharge into the valleys can be abundant, and in some cases, has led to the development of fens on the valley floor. A few Sandhills fens approach 500 ac (200 ha) in size and are among the largest fens in the Great Plains. Most Sandhills fens are smaller, some only a few acres (ha) or less in size.

Human disturbances including ditching, artificial flooding, annual haying, overgrazing, invasion of …

A Model To Evaluate Windbreak Protection Efficiency, James R. Brandle

School of Natural Resources: Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

The Economic Impact Of Field Shelterbelts In The Northern Great Plains, James R. Brandle

School of Natural Resources: Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Toward An Integrated Regional Research Program On Global Change And The Nation's Major Grasslands: Second Annual Report, Great Plains Regional Center-Nigec

School of Natural Resources: Faculty Publications

I DIRECTOR'S REPORT:

A GPRC Research Framework and Thrusts

B FY94 GPRC Grant Competition

C Synopsis of Current Projects 1 Thrust 1: Impacts of Climate Change 2 Thrust 2: Measuring and Modeling Net Carbon Exchange 3 Other Projects

D Summary and Recommendations of FY94 GPRC PI's Workshop 1 Biogeochemical Cycling Group 2 Climate Scenarios Group 3 Managed and Unmanaged Ecosystem Impacts Group 4 Scaling Group 5 Actions Prompted by the Workshop

E Research Integration with ARM-CART: Eco-ARM

F Future Directions for the GPRC

Appendix I-A: Biogeochemical Cycling Group Workshop Report • Appendix I-B: Climate Change Scenarios Group Workshop Report • …

Tectonic And Paleoclimatic Significance Of A Locally Prominent Upper Pennsylvanian (Virgilian/Stephanian) Weathering Profile, Iowa And Nebraska, U.S.A, R.M. Joeckel

School of Natural Resources: Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Paleosols Below The Ames Marine Unit (Upper Pennsylvanian, Virgilian, Conemaugh Group) In The Appalachian Basin, U.S.A.: Variability On An Ancient Depositional Landscape., R.M. Joeckel

School of Natural Resources: Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Seasonal Land-Cover Regions Of The United States, Thomas R. Loveland, James W. Merchant, Jesslyn F. Brown, Donald O. Ohlen, Bradley C. Reed, Paul Olson, John Hutchinson

School of Natural Resources: Faculty Publications

Research on global change has been hindered by deficiencies in the availability Wand quality of land-cover data (Mather and Sdasyuk 1991; Townshend 1992). To address this deficiency, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the University of Nebraska- Lincoln have collaborated in developing a method of land-cover characterization that is suitable for research on global change and on regional patterns of land cover (Loveland et al. 1991; Brown et al. 1993). This methodology is based upon statistical analysis of multidate, meteorological satellite imagery acquired by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Advanced Very High Reso- lution Radiometer (AVHRR) sensor complemented …

Effects Of Bromide And Iodide On Stalk Secretion In The Biofouling Diatom Achnanthes Longipes (Bacillariophyceae), Kyle D. Hoagland, Lisa M. Johnson, Michael R. Gretz

School of Natural Resources: Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Avian Use Of Field Windbreaks, Herbaceous Fencerows And Associated Cropfields In East Central Nebraska, Natalie J. Sunderman

School of Natural Resources: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

No abstract provided.