Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
Environmental Health and Protection Commons™
Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
Articles 151 - 180 of 185
Full-Text Articles in Environmental Health and Protection
Pine Vole Control Research In Virginia, Ross E. Byers
Pine Vole Control Research In Virginia, Ross E. Byers
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
A number of anticoagulant baits were found to be effective for the control of pine voles in apple orchards. The more toxic and acute the anticoagulant bait, the more effective the compounds appeared to be in field trials. A single 10 lb/A application of ICI 581, LM 637, and CPN gave excellent control in 1976 trials. Apple baits of ICI 581 and RH 787 also performed very well as a single 10 lb or 5 lb application per acre, respectively. Endrin applied to an orchard with a history of 10 years or more of annual applications did not control the …
Microtine Damage In Michigan Apple Orchards, Walt Conley, Craig S. Killian
Microtine Damage In Michigan Apple Orchards, Walt Conley, Craig S. Killian
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
The object of this study was to provide an estimate of the financial losses caused in Michigan's apple orchards by members of the genus Miarotus, and, if possible, to discover some of the factors affecting the amount of damage. Information was collected from apple growers and from direct observation of 1,520 Michigan apple trees. Data was collected concerning the winters of 1972-73 and 1973-74. Both of these years were characterized hy relatively low populations of microtine rodents in Michigan.
Economic Implications Of Using Zinc Phosphide To Replace Endrin In Apple Orchards, Walter L. Ferguson
Economic Implications Of Using Zinc Phosphide To Replace Endrin In Apple Orchards, Walter L. Ferguson
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
Consideration is being given to suspend or restrict the use of endrin for controlling mice in orchards. If endrin were not available for this use, State extension and experiment station personnel in 6 Eastern States and 2 Western States estimated that apple production losses would increase from mice injury on 33,400 endrin-treated bearing acres, (12,500 acres in the Eastern States and 20,900 acres in the Western States). The 6 Eastern States include Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia and West Virginia: the 2 Western States are Idaho and Washington. Estimates of production changes without endrin were made assuming zinc …
The Neadow Vole Situation In Maine Orchards, Francis J. Gramlich
The Neadow Vole Situation In Maine Orchards, Francis J. Gramlich
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
Maine orchards produce quality apples--prihllirily }illcIntosh, Cortland, red and golden delicious. We have about 400,000 trees on 7,000 acres. Our production is still in standard trees that are widely spaced, although aL~ost all newer plantings are going to dwarfing stocks. The average orchard is quite small--between 50 and 100 acres. There are several over 200 acres. The largest is 700 acres and is in a class by itself. Most Maine orchards are relatively old and in heavy sod, consequently have have heavy grass and weed cover. Fall meadow mouse populations of more than 200 per acre have been recorded in …
Survival Rates Of Pine Voles In North Carolina Orchards, Don W. Hayne
Survival Rates Of Pine Voles In North Carolina Orchards, Don W. Hayne
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
There are a number of definitions of control of a pest. One of the competing definitions, and probably the most common even if not accepted in advanced circles, is to kill off the pest. Translated, this says: to increase the mortality rate, preferably to an extreme degree. I am going to talk here about survival rates. A survival rate is just the complement of the mortality rate - if survival is 80 percent, then mortality is 20 percent. It happens to be more generally useful in studying populations to deal with survival rates, so I hope I may be excused …
Thevole Problem In Pennsylvania Apple Orchards, George M. Greene
Thevole Problem In Pennsylvania Apple Orchards, George M. Greene
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
At the present time voles are the single most destructive pest in apple orchards in Pennsylvania. No other pest can inflict the type of damage that can kill apple trees as surely as girdling. Orcharding involves tremendous investments ($2,000 - $3,000 per acre) and these investments are being seriously threatened by localized outbreaks of pine and meadow vole infestations.
Development Of Pp581 Rodenticide By Ici-United States, Inc., Dale E. Kaukeinen
Development Of Pp581 Rodenticide By Ici-United States, Inc., Dale E. Kaukeinen
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
The Agricultural Chemicals Division of ICI-US was formed in 1970 and is closely tied with Plant Protection Division (PPD) in England. PPD has world-wide responsibility for research, development and marketing of agricultural crop protection chemicals including herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, nematocides, plant growth regulators, and rodenticides. Past achievements have included 2,4-D, Paraquat, Diquat, and BHC, among others. Experimental compounds from the U.K. are evaluated and developed for the U.S. by the Biological Research Center at Goldsboro, N.C. Facilities on this 250 acre site include fully-equipped laboratories for the formulation, research, development, and residue departments. Field trials can be carried out on …
Pine And Meadow Research In Pennsylvania Relevant To Control In Orchards, Robert G. Anthony
Pine And Meadow Research In Pennsylvania Relevant To Control In Orchards, Robert G. Anthony
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
Results from field studies and questionnaires mailed to commercial orchardists in Pennsylvania indicate use of orchards by wildlife poses management problems for orchardists, horticulturists, county extension agents, and wildlife managers. Data substantiate the detriment of wildlife to orchard trees and fruits as viewed by commercial orchardists. In addition, existing control methods are often inconsistent and ineffective and necessitate use of toxic substances which may have far-reaching environmental effects. Consequently, a need for sounder management of wildlife in orchards is apparent. Studies at The Pennsylvania State University have focused on: (1) surveys on the extent and severity of wildlife damage in …
The Ir-4 Project Can Help, Drew Baker
The Ir-4 Project Can Help, Drew Baker
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
You are probably wondering what IR-4 stands for. It means Interregional Project No.4 and it is funded by the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture and all of the state agricultural experiment stations. Its purpose is to obtain data to meet EPA requirements for registrations and tolerances on minor crops and specialty uses. The pesticide industry will sometimes conclude that the potential profit from some minor use is too small. When this is the case, IR-4 attempts to fill the data gaps. Since the states and USDA have only limited facilities for toxicity and environmental studies, IR-4 limits itself to those projects …
Position Relative To Endrin And Zinc Phosphide For Control Of Pine Mice And Meadow Mice, R. N. Barber
Position Relative To Endrin And Zinc Phosphide For Control Of Pine Mice And Meadow Mice, R. N. Barber
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
Barber Orchards has been an operating orchard since 1903. We are commercial growers with about 31,000 trees. Our number one problem over the years has been the loss of trees due to destruction of root systems by these two species of rodents.
Apples, Voles And Endrin, Melvin H. Kolbe
Apples, Voles And Endrin, Melvin H. Kolbe
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
Voles damage trees in several ways. They eat the roots, and if the damage is light the apple tree may not show any obvious problem, but the amount of yield loss can be great. If the voles girdle the tree (cut the bark at or near the soil line), they cut the xylem tubes and this will reduce the amount of water and nutrients taken into the tree. When this happens and moisture stress is high, the tree will turn yellow in July (summer months). If injury is serious, the tree top may die, and if the girdling is severe, …
Mouse Control In My Orchard, Everett Lutz
Mouse Control In My Orchard, Everett Lutz
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
There are all kinds of problems in the apple growing business, but among the major problems are Eastern Pine and Meadow Voles. There is no need to elaborate on the damage they can do. Everyone in the orchard business knows the destruction caused by voles. They can completely eradicate an orchard. For twenty (20) years or more Endrin has been used to solve the vole problem. It has done an excellent job.
Registration Of Pesticides By Epa Section 3, Daniel B. Peacock
Registration Of Pesticides By Epa Section 3, Daniel B. Peacock
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
Section 3 Regulations of FIFRA, published July 3, 1975 (40FR28267), require the submission of chemistry, toxicology, and efficacy data for registration. The EPA uses these data to determine if a product, when used according to label directions, is effective for the purpose claimed without causing unreasonable effects on man or the environment. Described below are the basic types of data required.
Mouse Control In My Orchard, Perry Lowe Jr.
Mouse Control In My Orchard, Perry Lowe Jr.
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
The control of mice was by far the most serious problem that I had in producing apples before Endrin became available as a ground spray. I have used Endrin in my orchards every year except one since it became available in our area. The one year that I failed to use Endrin I lost 20% of the trees in one block from mouse damage
Rodenticide Development, Richard C. Ostrowski
Rodenticide Development, Richard C. Ostrowski
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
It is unfortunate that the development of rodenticide products has not kept pace with other orchard needs. This may be due to 1) long term availability of an inexpensive material, 2) return-on-investment for development costs of new products in lieu of this availability. A critical situation is developing in that the standard material is not performing as well as it did in the past. This may be related to the development of areas of resistance and the increase in pine vole activity.
Epa Registration Requirements For Orchard Rodenticides And The Manufacturer's Development Conslderations, D. L. Peardon
Epa Registration Requirements For Orchard Rodenticides And The Manufacturer's Development Conslderations, D. L. Peardon
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
Data requirements for the registration of pesticides in the United States, and other countries, have been increasing steadily over the past 25 years. Requirements have increased fastest during the past 5 years.
Meadow Vole Control With Ramik Brown, W. B. O'Neal
Meadow Vole Control With Ramik Brown, W. B. O'Neal
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
A considerable amount of information has been generated regarding the use of Ramik for pine vole control. However, in many cases pine and meadow vole inhabit the same orchard. Also, there is some concern on efficacy and/or future availability of present treatments used for controlling meadow vole. With this in mind, many experiments were initiated to study the effect of Ramik on meadow vole. Information regarding three of these experiments is presented in this paper.
The Influence Of Pine Vole Damage On Apple Tree Vigor And Fruit Yield, Karen Pearson
The Influence Of Pine Vole Damage On Apple Tree Vigor And Fruit Yield, Karen Pearson
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
Accurate estimates of financial losses caused by pine voles in apple orchards is essential in order to obtain reliable cost figures for use in evaluations of various control methods. Most pine vole damage occurs below ground and any attempt to evaluate the severity of the damage in relation to the loss in productivity of the tree proves very difficult. For this reason estimates of vole damage are usually only in terms of annual tree losses. However, damage to the trunk and roots caused by pine voles affect the vigor, yield, fruit quality and ultimately the market value of the crop. …
Mouse Damage, A Serious Problem For The Virginia Apple Industry, C. Purcell Mccue Jr.
Mouse Damage, A Serious Problem For The Virginia Apple Industry, C. Purcell Mccue Jr.
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
The 1972 Apple and Peach Tree Survey indicated that there were 1.6 million apple trees in Virginia. Dr. J. B. Bell and Dr. J. M. Johnson report that based on information from the Statistical Reporting Service and the Economic Research Service that the average per year market value of the 1973-74-75 Virginia Apple crop was $109,160,000. This value consists of the farm value of $28 million plus packing, storage, processing, and other marketing services. It is estimated that mouse damage to apple trees reduces the output in Virginia by 10% per year or a potential loss of $11,000,000 annually for …
Progress In Pine Vole Ecological Research And Its Relevance To Damage Control, R. L. Kirkpatrick, R. E. Noffsinger
Progress In Pine Vole Ecological Research And Its Relevance To Damage Control, R. L. Kirkpatrick, R. E. Noffsinger
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
LaVoie and Tietjen (1971) pointed to the "paucity of quantitative data concerning vital phases of the life history of the pine vole" as one possible reason for our lack of progress in controlling pine vole damage. They suggested that pine voles do not seem to be readily adaptable to a wide range of habitat types and conditions and that this lack of adaptive ability might be exploited in their control by manipulation of limiting factors in their habitat. They also suggested a balanced program of research which would include studies of vole populations, their habits and their habitats as well …
How Our Company Views Pine Mouse Control, H. Lee Showalter
How Our Company Views Pine Mouse Control, H. Lee Showalter
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
Hess Orchards of Waynesboro, Pennsylvania, are growers and packers of fresh fruits. At the present time, we have approximately 350 acres planted to apples and 125 acres planted to peaches. We are producing about 180,000 bushels of apples and 15,000 bushels of peaches annually. Our company is concerned mainly with 'pine' mouse damage. We have had meadow mouse injury but it has not been as much of a problem as the pine mouse damage. We have been spending $4,000 to $6,000 for rodenticide materials annually. This does not include the labor necessary to apply the materials.
The Role Of The Fish And Wildlife Service Research In Solving The Eastern Pine Vole/Orchard Problem, Richard N. Smith
The Role Of The Fish And Wildlife Service Research In Solving The Eastern Pine Vole/Orchard Problem, Richard N. Smith
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
Many orchardists, nurserymen and Christmas tree grcwers, State extension agents, and a few Fish and Wildlife Service people are aware of the economic problems that pine voles (microtus pinetorum) cause to orchards in the Appalachian Regions of the United States. This is expected for these people have had to deal first hand with economic losses caused by these small mammals. What is unusual and somewhat discouraging is that this problem was identified over forty years ago and that we really know little more about this animal now than we did then.
A Matter Of Survival, S. Pitchon
A Matter Of Survival, S. Pitchon
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
Session V of the program calls for "Chemical Industry Positions on Economics of Rodenticides". I will attempt to describe some of the problems that industry faces in registering pesticides and how they affect the cost and delay registration.
Some Pine Vole Movement Patterns In Several Apple Orchards In Henderson County, North Carolina, William T. Sullivan
Some Pine Vole Movement Patterns In Several Apple Orchards In Henderson County, North Carolina, William T. Sullivan
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
In controlling pine voles in orchards a question often comes up about the distance the voles will move from outside into an orchard where the resident animals have been removed by a control program. There are several possible ways to study this, but at present the closest we can come to an answer is to see how far animals move in live-trapping studies. Naturalists have raised many questions about how to interpret these observations of trapped animals. For example, maybe movements are farther or more frequent into areas which have no resident animals or perhaps the animals that move in …
Coping With Pesticide Registration Problems, Harry K. Rust
Coping With Pesticide Registration Problems, Harry K. Rust
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
The Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) was created to cope with complex pesticide problems and their effect on man and the environment. State pesticide laws have a similar responsibility and often provide additional regulation to address problems or conditions specific to that individual state. Pesticides are unique when compared to other potential pollutants. Unlike most others, pesticides are deliberately introduced into the environment to achieve a distinct result or benefit. This very fact requires that the benefits afforded by these chemicals be weighed against the undesirable consequences likely to result. This benefit/ risk balancing is not easy.
Pine Voles (Pitymys Pinetorum) And Orchard Damage Research: An Overview Of The N.Y. Coop Wildlife Research Program In Animal Damage, Milo Richmond, Robert Stehn, Mary Dunlay
Pine Voles (Pitymys Pinetorum) And Orchard Damage Research: An Overview Of The N.Y. Coop Wildlife Research Program In Animal Damage, Milo Richmond, Robert Stehn, Mary Dunlay
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
We began our research effort in 1968 with a project aimed at determining the efficacy of endrin treatment for pine vole control. Grower concerns and a small amount of laboratory data indicated that endrin was no longer as reliable in controlling pine voles as it was in the early sixties. Our initial efforts were twofold. We sought first to determine the existing efficacy of endrin and secondly to evaluate any resistance by pine voles to this chemical control procedure. Unfortunately, this entire endrin research effort was dropped by the Cooperative Research Unit when endrin as well as other persistent chlorinated …
Population Dynamics And Reproduction In Virginia Meadow Voles, Robert K. Rose
Population Dynamics And Reproduction In Virginia Meadow Voles, Robert K. Rose
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
This paper describes changes in important demographic parameters of a grassland (non-orchard) population of the meadow vole (M. pennsylvanicus) studied since November 1974 near Charlottesville in piedmont Virginia. (This study was supported by the Dept of Biology of the University of Virginia until August 1976, and is now the joint project with Ray D. Dueser, Dept of Environmental Sciences, UVA, and is supported by our respective departments.) Methods used are similar to those of C.J. Krebs, and require weekly live-trapping during which each vole is weighed and assessed for reproductive state and new voles are tagged. Such information has been …
The Pine Vole Control Problem In Eastern New York Apple Orchards, Warren H. Smith
The Pine Vole Control Problem In Eastern New York Apple Orchards, Warren H. Smith
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
Pine voles have always been a problem in a few orchards in Eastern New York. In the past the vole population was controlled with Endrin, and damage to trees, although significant, was tolerable. From 1970 to 1972 more and more complaints were heard from growers concerning Pine vole damage to apple trees. Apparently as vole populations increased and damage became more serious, the word spread among growers and an awareness within the fruit growing community concerning the pine vole problem was generated. It is interesting to note that during this period when pine voles population seem to increase, Endrin was …
Pine Vole Control With Herbicides, Roger S. Young
Pine Vole Control With Herbicides, Roger S. Young
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
The pine vole, M. pinetorum, has become the number one problem in many West Virginia orchards. It's deep subterranean tunnel system makes it more difficult to control than other voles. A decade ago the vole population was limited almost entirely to the apple orchard. This undoubtedly correlates to the abundance of vegetative ground cover found in the apple orchard as contrasted to the more cleanly cultivated peach orchard. The cultural methods used in the peach orchard have changed toward a sod culture similar to that of the apple orchard and at the same time the vole problem in the peach …
Control Of Microtus In Two Damage Situations, Andrew Radvanyi
Control Of Microtus In Two Damage Situations, Andrew Radvanyi
Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia
In Canada the potential exists of over a million dollars girdling damage loss per year caused by small mammals to fruit trees in each of the four major orchard areas of British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec and Nova Scotia. Such annual losses continue to occur despite the existence of methods developed which could largely eliminate a large percentage of such losses at a fraction of the costs currently being spent on attempts to control small mammal populations (primarily meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) in orchard situations. In this paper I propose to outline briefly the developmental studies conducted by the …