Geology Commons^™

Morphodynamics And Sediment Pathways Of The John's Pass-Blind Pass Dual-Inlet System: Pinellas County, Florida, Mark H. Horwitz

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The morphodynamics of an inlet channel draining an estuary or bay are governed by a complex system of temporally and spatially varying physical processes, including wind, waves, tides, sediment transport, and both tide and wave driven currents. In addition, sediment availability and characteristics in conjunction with underlying geologic framework bear on the morphology and morphologic behavior of an inlet system. This study examines the morphodynamics, sediment transport patterns and time-series morphologic change of John’s Pass and Blind Pass, two structured tidal inlets that collectively make up a dual-inlet system sharing the tidal prism of northern Boca Ciega Bay, in Pinellas …

Block Motion Changes In Japan Triggered By The 2011 Great Tohoku Earthquake, Brendan Meade, John P. Loveless

Geosciences: Faculty Publications

Plate motions are governed by equilibrium between basal and edge forces. Great earthquakes may induce differential static stress changes across tectonic plates, enabling a new equilibrium state. Here we consider the torque balance for idealized circular plates and find a simple scalar relationship for changes in relative plate speed as a function of its size, upper mantle viscosity, and coseismic stress changes. Applied to Japan, the 2011 MW59:0 Tohoku earthquake generated coseismic stresses of 102 –105 Pa that could have induced changes in motion of small (radius 100 km) crustal blocks within Honshu. Analysis of timedependent GPS velocities, with corrections …

Great Plains Geology: My Personal Journey, Robert F. Diffendal Jr.

Robert F. Diffendal, Jr., Publications

In 2014 my good friend and former boss, Richard (Rick) Edwards, Director of the University of Nebraska's Center for Great Plains Studies asked me to consider writing a small book about the geology of the Great Plains as part of a series of books exploring many aspects of this marvelous place. I thought his request over and told Rick that I would give it a try. The series is being published by the University of Nebraska Press, the first completed book of which is Great Plains Indians written by my colleague David Wishart.

I wrote up an outline of my …

Epikarst Hydrogeochemical Changes In Telogenetic Karst Systems In South-Central Kentucky, Leah Jackson

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

Telogenetic epikarst carbon sourcing and transport processes and the associated hydrogeochemical responses are often complex and dynamic. Among the processes involved in epikarst development is a highly variable storage and flow relationship that is often influenced by the type, rate, and amount of dissolution kinetics involved. Diffusion rates of CO2 in the epikarst zone may drive hydrogeochemical changes that influence carbonate dissolution processes and conduit formation. Most epikarst examinations of these defining factors ignore regional-scale investigations in favor of characterizing more localized processes. This study aims to address that discrepancy through a comparative analysis of two telogenetic epikarst systems under …

Measuring Inorganic Carbon Fluxes From Carbonate Mineral Weathering From Large River Basins: The Ohio River Basin, Autumn B. Singer

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations have motivated efforts to better quantify reservoirs and fluxes of Earth’s carbon. Of these fluxes from the atmosphere, one that has received relatively little attention is the atmospheric carbon sink associated with carbonate mineral dissolution. Osterhoudt (2014) and Salley (2016) explored new normalization techniques to improve and standardize a process for measuring this flux over large river basins. The present research extends this work to the 490,600 km2 Ohio River drainage basin and 11 subbasins. The study estimated the DIC flux leaving these basins between October 1, 2013, and September 30, 2014, based on secondary hydrogeochemical, …

The Application Of Aem To Mapping The Aquifer And Groundwater Characteristics Of The La Grange Groundwater Area, Wa, David Annetts, Tim Munday, Richard J. George Dr, Nicholas J. Wright, Gregory Paul Raper, Kevin Cahill

Natural resources commissioned reports

This report describes the interpretation of a large airborne electromagnetic data survey that was designed to aid characterisation of groundwater systems in the La Grange groundwater allocation area which lies south of Broome, Western Australia. Characterisation of these systems is critical to developing policy around water use in the region, especially for the development of agriculture. This report is the second of two reports and it is designed to refine surfaces which are used as inputs to groundwater models. The volume defined by these surfaces viz. the seawater intrusion in the west, the top of the Jarlemai siltstone and the …

Evidence For Late Pliocene Deglacial Megafloods From Giant Sediment Waves In The Northern Gulf Of Mexico, Zexuan Wang

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

Laurentide Ice Sheet outburst floods to the Gulf of Mexico have been mainly documented based on deep-sea cores, especially the megafloods, only during the last several interglacial episodes in the late Pleistocene. The paleoclimatic significance of giant sedimentary structures developed under unconfined Froude-supercritical turbidity currents in subaqueous settings is considerably under-examined. This research extensively documents >20-km-wide and 200-m-thick Plio-Pleistocene giant sediment waves for the first time on the northern Gulf of Mexico continental slope using 3D seismic data, which show waveform morphology in unprecedented detail. The results suggest that such large-scale bedforms were formed under sheet-like unconfined Froudesupercritical turbidity currents …

Mantle Transition Zone Discontinuities Beneath The Indochina Peninsula: Implications For Slab Subduction And Mantle Upwelling, Youqiang Yu, Stephen S. Gao, Kelly H. Liu, Ting Yang, Mei Xue, Khanhphon Le

Geosciences and Geological and Petroleum Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

While the northward indentation of the Indian into Eurasian plates has been intensively investigated, its oblique subduction beneath the Indochina Peninsula (ICP) and the role it played on mantle structure and dynamics remain enigmatic. In this first regional-scale receiver function study of the mantle transition zone (MTZ) discontinuities beneath the ICP and its surrounding areas, we stack ~12,000 receiver functions recorded at 33 stations using a non-plane wave common-conversion-point stacking technique. Systematic spatial variations of MTZ thickness with departures between -21 and +24 km from the globally averaged value are revealed, providing independent evidence for the presence of slab segments …

Robustness Of Observation-Based Decadal Sea Level Variability In The Indo-Pacific Ocean, A. G. Nidheesh, M. Lengaigne, J. Vialard, T. Izumo, A. S. Unnikrishnan, B. Meyssignac, B. Hamlington, C. De Boyer Montegut

OES Faculty Publications

We examine the consistency of Indo-Pacific decadal sea level variability in 10 gridded, observation-based sea level products for the 1960-2010 period. Decadal sea level variations are robust in the Pacific, with more than 50% of variance explained by decadal modulation of two flavors of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (classical ENSO and Modoki). Amplitude of decadal sea level variability is weaker in the Indian Ocean than in the Pacific. All data sets indicate a transmission of decadal sea level signals from the western Pacific to the northwest Australian coast through the Indonesian throughflow. The southern tropical Indian Ocean sea level variability is …

An Overview Of Secondary Aquifers In Nebraska, Dana Divine, Steven S. Sibray

Conservation and Survey Division: Faculty and Staff Publications

No abstract provided.

Origins Of Late- Pleistocene Coastal Dune Sheets, Magdalena And Guerrero Negro, From Continental Shelf Low-Stand Supply (70-20 Ka), Under Conditions Of Southeast Littoral- And Eolian-Sand Transport, In Baja California Sur, Mexico, Curt D. Peterson, Janette Murillo-Jiminez, Errol Stock, David M. Price, Steve W. Hostetler, David Percy

Geology Faculty Publications and Presentations

Shallow morpho-stratigraphic sections (n = 11) in each of two large coastal dune sheets including the Magdalena (7000 km²) and Guerrero Negro (8000 km²) dune sheets, from the Pacific Ocean side of Baja California Sur, Mexico, have been analyzed for dune deposit age. The shallow morpho-stratigraphic sections (∼2-10 m depth) include 11 new TL and 14C ages, and paleosol chronosequences, that differentiate cemented late Pleistocene dune deposits (20.7 ± 2.1 to 99.8 ± 9.4 ka) from uncemented Holocene dune deposits (0.7 ± 0.05 to at least 3.2 ± 0.3 ka). Large linear dune ridges (5-10 m …

A High‐Resolution Atmospheric Dust Record For 1810–2004 A.D. Derived From An Ice Core In Eastern Tien Shan, Central Asia, Wangbin Zhang, Shugui Hou, Yaping Liu, Shuang-Ye Wu, Wenling An, Hongxi Pang, Chaomin Wang

Department of Earth, Environment and Sustainability Faculty Publications

Centennial‐scale, high‐resolution records of atmospheric dust conditions are rare in the arid and semiarid regions of central Asia, limiting our understanding of the regional climate and environmental changes and their potential driving forces. In this paper, we present an annually resolved atmospheric dust record covering the period of 1810–2004 A.D., reconstructed from an ice core retrieved at 4512 m above sea level from the Miaoergou Glacier in the eastern Tien Shan. The time series of dust flux for the past 195 years shows three periods of relatively low values (i.e., 1810–1829 A.D., 1863–1940 A.D., and 1979–2004 A.D.) and two periods …

Changes In Mineralogy And Geochemistry Of Quartz And Feldspars In Response To Impact Cratering, Steven Jaret

Geosciences Research Data

Impact cratering is an important geologic process that has affected all objects in the Solar System. The goal of this work is to understand how this process affects the mineralogy and geochemistry of planetary surfaces. Studies of extraterrestrial materials (e.g., laboratory studies of meteorites) and studies of planetary surfaces via orbiter or lander missions encounter impacted and shocked materials. Therefore, knowing how this secondary process of cratering has altered the rocks and minerals is critical to our ability to deconvolve the secondary effects of shock from the original primary geology. Specifically, I seek to understand impact metamorphism in three ways: …

The Cenomanian–Turonian Boundary In The Northwestern Part Of The Adriatic Carbonate Platform (Ćićarija Mtn., Istria, Croatia): Characteristics And Implications, Vlatko Brčić, Bosiljka Glumac, Ladislav Fuček, Anita Grizelj, Marija Horvat, Hrvoje Posilović, Ivan Mišur

Geosciences: Faculty Publications

The Cenomanian–Turonian boundary (CTB) in the Ćićarija Mountain region (northern Istria, Croatia) is characterized by calcisphere limestone successions with a firmground and glauconite horizon, bioturbated intervals, tempestites, and slumped structures as well as microbially laminated and organic-rich interbeds deposited in the northwestern part of the intra-Tethyan Adriatic Carbonate Platform (AdCP). Compilation of the results from three studied sections (Vodice–Jelovica, Martinjak and Planik) of litho-, bio-, and microfacies analyses, X-ray diffraction, SEM, EDS, and stable isotope analyses allowed reconstruction of marine paleoenvironmental conditions during this time period. Shallow-marine carbonate deposits of the Milna Formation underlie a drowned-platform succession of the Sveti …

Oxygen Isotope Composition Of Water In Martian Meteorites, Oleg Vitalivich Maltsev

Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs

The oxygen isotope composition of water extracted from Martian meteorites appears not to be in isotopic equilibrium with the silicate portion of the meteorites. This disequilibrium suggests the existence of multiple distinct oxygen isotope reservoirs on planet Mars. Here we present oxygen isotope measurements of waters extracted from Martian shergottites Tissint, Zagami and NWA-7042 and from nakhlite NWA-10153. These waters were extracted by stepwise heating to preserve segregation between low temperature adsorbed waters, intermediate temperature mineral waters and the high temperature mineral structural OH groups. The results of our study, analyzed cooperatively with previous work by Karlsson et al., (1992) …

Morphometric Changes In Semicircular Canal Shape Within Theropoda (Dinosauria: Saurischia) And Their Dietary Implications, James Logan King

Master's Theses or Doctor of Nursing Practice

Theropods were a suborder of dinosaurs that displayed a large variety of dietary preferences throughout the Mesozoic and into the Cenozoic as modern birds. Being ancestrally carnivorous, many of the large-bodied early theropods were hypercarnivorous; however, members of Theropoda diversified their diets into omnivory and herbivory. Modern vertebrates with different dietary preferences have different spatial sensitivities to changes in head and body movement. In order to test if theropod diet plays a major role in the rostral (RSC), caudal (CSC), and lateral (LSC) semicircular canal shape, therizinosaurs, tyrannosaurids, ratites, an allosaurid, an ornithomimid, and a phorusrhacid were analyzed via 2D …

Middle Miocene Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction Of The Central Great Plains From Stable Carbon Isotopes In Large Mammals, Willow H. Nguy

Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Middle Miocene (18-12 Mya) mammalian faunas of the North American Great Plains contained a much higher diversity of apparent browsers than any modern biome. This has been attributed to greater primary productivity, which may have supported greater browser diversity that commonly corresponds with densely vegetated habitats. However, several lines of proxy evidence suggest that open woodlands or savannas dominated middle Miocene biomes; neither of which support many browsers today. Stable carbon isotopes in mammalian herbivore tooth enamel were used to reconstruct vegetation structure of middle Miocene biomes.

Stable carbon isotopes in C₃ dominated environments reflect vegetation density and herbivores …

A Case Study In Basement And Surface Structure Relationships And Their Implications For Fault Reactivation, Sawtooth Range, Mt, Jason M. Palu

Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

The reactivation of pre-existing basement structures affects the geometry of subsequent deformation structures. A case study analyzing the results of these interactions can be used to examine multiple fold-thrust systems and lead to valuable deformation predictions. These predictions include the potential for hydrocarbon traps or seismic risk in an actively deforming area. This case study examined the development of structures close to the Augusta Syncline in the Sawtooth Range, Montana (USA), using: 1) an ArcGIS map of basement structures, based on analysis of gravimetric and aeromagnetic data, seismic data, and well logs; 2) an ArcGIS map of the surface deformation …

Seismic Anisotropy And Mantle Dynamics Beneath The Malawi Rift Zone, East Africa, Cory A. Reed, Kelly H. Liu, Youqiang Yu, Stephen S. Gao

Geosciences and Geological and Petroleum Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

SKS, SKKS, and PKS splitting parameters measured at 34 seismic stations that we deployed in the vicinity of the Cenozoic Malawi Rift Zone (MRZ) of the East African Rift System demonstrate systematic spatial variations with an average splitting time of 1.0 ± 0.3 s. The overall NE-SW fast orientations are consistent with absolute plate motion (APM) models of the African Plate constructed under the assumption of no-net rotation of the global lithosphere and are inconsistent with predicted APM directions from models employing a fixed hot spot reference frame. They also depart considerably from the trend of most of the major …

Rodenticide Incidents Of Exposure And Adverse Effects On Non-Raptor Birds, Nimish B. Vyas

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

Interest in the adverse effects of rodenticides on birds has focused primarily on raptors. However, non-raptor birds are also poisoned (rodenticide exposure resulting in adverse effects including mortality) by rodenticides through consumption of the rodenticide bait and contaminated prey. A literature search for rodenticide incidents (evidence of exposure to a rodenticide, adverse effects, or exposure to placebo baits) involving non-raptor birds returned 641 records spanning the years 1931 to 2016. The incidents included 17 orders, 58 families, and 190 non-raptor bird species. Nineteen anticoagulant and non-anticoagulant rodenticide active ingredients were associated with the incidents. The number of incidents and species …

Lithofacies And Sequence Architecture Of The Lower Desert Creek Sequence, Middle Pennsylvanian, Aneth, Utah, Chanse James Rinderknecht

Theses and Dissertations

Middle Pennsylvanian (Desmoinesian) strata of the Lower Desert Creek (LDC) sequence within the sub-surface Greater Aneth Field (GAF) reflect a hierarchy of 4th and 5th order carbonate-dominated cycles. The Lower Desert Creek sequence, along the studied transect are composed of eight carbonate facies deposited on an east-facing shelf. There is a lateral transition from open marine algal buildup from the southeast (cores R-19, Q-16, O-16, and J-15) to a more restricted lagoonal environment to the northwest (core K-430 and E-313). The Lower Desert Creek sequence within the GAF contains three main parasequence sets: a basal, relatively deep-water unit (LDC 1), …

Age And Intraspecific Diversity Of Resilient Acropora Communities In Belize, Adele Irwin, Lisa Greer, Robert Humston, Meghann Devlin-Durante, Paul Cabe, Halard Lescinsky, Karl Wirth, H. Allen Curran, Iliana B. Baums

Geosciences: Faculty Publications

The corals Acropora palmata and A. cervicornis are important Caribbean reef-builders that have faced significant mortality in recent decades. While many studies have focused on the recent demise of these species, data from areas where Acropora spp. have continued to thrive are limited. Understanding the genetic diversity, recruitment, and temporal continuity of healthy populations of these threatened Acropora spp. and the hybrid they form (“Acropora prolifera”) may provide insights into the demographic processes governing them. We studied three reef sites with abundant A. cervicornis, A. palmata, and hybrid Acropora populations offshore of Ambergris Caye, Belize at …

Mineral Evidence For Generating Compositionally Zoned Rhyolites Of The Devine Canyon Tuff, High Lava Plains, Oregon, Erik Paul Shafer

Dissertations and Theses

Large-volume silicic eruptions are often evacuated from magma reservoirs which display gradients in composition, temperature, crystallinity, and volatile content. The 9.7 Ma Devine Canyon Tuff (DCT) of eastern Oregon represents such an eruption, with >300 km³ of compositionally zoned pyroclastic material deposited as a variably-welded ignimbrite. The ignimbrite displays homogenous bulk tuff major element compositions with a wide range of trace element compositions, allowing for the investigation of how these magmas were generated, stored, and modified in the magma reservoir by studying pumices which represent the primary magmas composing the DCT. Five pumices ranging from dacite to rhyolite bulk compositions …

Rhyolite Petrogenesis At Tower Mountain Caldera, Or, Elizabeth Ann Brown

Dissertations and Theses

Tower Mountain Caldera is the main feature of an Oligocene volcanic field located in the Umatilla National Forest, eastern Oregon. It is perfectly suited to investigate models of rhyolite petrogenesis as all of the important rock components for evaluating generation models are present in a single location and thus are presumably related; basalts, intermediate igneous rocks (which consist of older plutons and younger volcanic rocks, which are ~coeval with rhyolites), metamorphic basement rocks of significant grade, and rhyolites of varying composition. The formation of the caldera produced the Dale Tuff, which comprises the intra-caldera and outflow facies. ⁴⁰Ar/^{39 …}

Characterizing Benthic Habitats Using Multibeam Sonar And Towed Underwater Video In Two Marine Protected Areas On The West Florida Shelf, Usa, Jennifer L. Brizzolara

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

This study investigates a way to characterize the geology and biology of the seafloor in two Marine Protected Areas on the West Florida Shelf. Characterization of benthic habitats needs to include sufficient detail to represent the complex and heterogeneous bottom types. Characterizations can be interpreted from multiple data sets and displayed as benthic habitat maps. Multibeam sonar bathymetry and backscatter provide full spatial data coverage, but interpretation of such data requires some form of ground truth (to characterize the habitat). Imagery from towed underwater video provides continuous transects of seafloor data, which provide a more efficient method than data from …

Integrated Approach For Sinkhole Evaluation And Evolution Prediction In The Central Ebro Basin (Ne Spain), Oscar Pueyo Anchuela, Andrés Pocoví Juan, Antonio M. Casas Sainz, Javier Gracia Abadias, Carlos L. Liesa Carrera

International Journal of Speleology

Evaluation of karst hazards benefits from the integration of different techniques, methodologies and approaches. Each one presents a different signature and is sensitive to certain indicators related to karst hazards. In some cases, detailed analysis permits the evaluation of representativeness either from isolated approaches or by means of integrated analyses. In this study, we present the evaluation of an area with high density of karstic collapses at different evolutionary stages through the integration of surficial, historical, geomorphological and geophysical data in order to finally define the evolutionary model for karst activity development. The obtained dataset permits to identify different steps …

Karst Development Of An Evaporitic System And Its Hydrogeological Implications Inferred From Gis-Based Analysis And Tracing Techniques, José M. Gil-Márquez, Juan A. Barberá, Matías Mudarra, Bartolomé Andreo, Jorge Prieto-Mera, Damián Sánchez, L. David Rizo-Decelis, Manuel Argamasilla, José M. Nieto, Beatríz De La Torre

International Journal of Speleology

The geomorphological characteristics and hydrogeological functioning of a geologically heterogeneous evaporitic karst plateau in Southern Spain were studied. Land surface information (LiDAR data) was used to analyze the shape and distribution of closed depressions. An artificial tracer test and monitoring of the natural responses of the main spring have allowed to infer the karstic development of the studied system. Three dyes were injected in selected swallow holes to trace the main groundwater flowpaths and to estimate the dimension of the conduit network. Discharge, electrical conductivity and temperature were monitored in the groundwater that drains the evaporitic plateau during an individual …

Integrating Future Scenario-Based Crop Expansion And Crop Conditions To Map Switchgrass Biofuel Potential In Eastern Nebraska, Usa, Yingxin Gu, Bruce K. Wylie

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) has been evaluated as one potential source for cellulosic biofuel feedstocks. Planting switchgrass in marginal croplands and waterway buffers can reduce soil erosion, improve water quality, and improve regional ecosystem services (i.e. it serves as a potential carbon sink). In previous studies, we mapped high risk marginal croplands and highly erodible cropland buffers that are potentially suitable for switchgrass development, which would improve ecosystem services and minimally impact food production. In this study, we advance our previous study results and integrate future crop expansion information to develop a switchgrass biofuel potential ensemble map for current and future …

Hydrogeological Flow In Gypsum Karst Areas: Some Examples From Northern Italy And Main Circulation Models, Bartolomeo Vigna, Ilenia M. D'Angeli, Adriano Fiorucci, Jo De Waele

International Journal of Speleology

A Messinian succession containing gypsum beds crops out in northern Italy, mainly in Piedmont and along the northern flank of the Apennine mountains in Emilia-Romagna. These gypsum bodies have been extensively quarried at the surface, in outcrops, and through underground quarries. In Emilia-Romagna these gypsum outcrops can be rather extensive, several km long and up to 1 km wide, while in Piedmont they are mostly covered by silty-marly deposits of Upper Messinian and Pliocene age and show only sparse and small outcrops. The underground quarrying of these evaporite bodies in Piedmont has allowed studying in detail their hydrogeology, and the …

Cascadia Subduction Tremor Muted By Crustal Faults, Ray E. Wells, Richard J. Blakely, Aaron G. Wech, Patricia A. Mccrory, Andrew Michael

Geology Faculty Publications and Presentations

Deep, episodic slow slip on the Cascadia subduction megathrust of western North America is accompanied by low-frequency tremor in a zone of high fluid pressure between 30 and 40 km depth. Tremor density (tremor epicenters per square kilometer) varies along strike, and lower tremor density statistically correlates with upper plate faults that accommodate northward motion and rotation of forearc blocks. Upper plate earthquakes occur to 35 km depth beneath the faults. We suggest that the faults extend to the overpressured megathrust, where they provide fracture pathways for fluid escape into the upper plate. This locally reduces megathrust fluid pressure and …