Earth Sciences Commons^™

Paleomagnetic Dating Of Fault Slip In The Southern Rocky Mountains, Usa, And Itsimportance To An Integrated Laramide Foreland Strain Field, T. F. Wawrzyniec, Alexis K. Ault, J. W. Geissman, E. A. Erslev, S. D. Fankhauser

Geosciences Faculty Publications

The Laramide orogen of the U.S. Cordillera formed in the latest Cretaceous, and deformation lasted into the earliest Oligocene. Along and proximal to the eastern and northern margins of the Colorado Plateau, deformation associated with this event mainly took place along reactivated structures. Related tectonic models invoke some role for the plateau either as a stress guide transmitting compression to the foreland or as a freely rotating microplate. Models dominated by northward displacements of the Colorado Plateau also require covariance between timing and magnitude of dextral strike-slip deformation in the eastern domain and thrust deformation in the northern domain. Here …

Interdecadal-Decadal Climate Variability From Multi-Coral Oxygen Isotope Records In The South Pacific Convergence Zone Region Since 1650ad, Peipei Zhang

Geology Theses and Dissertations

Annual average oxygen isotope (δ18O) time series from five coral cores collected from Fiji and Tonga are used to construct a Fiji-Tonga Interdecadal-Decadal Pacific Oscillation (F-TIDPO) index of low frequency (>9yr and <55yr) climate variability in this area back to 1650 A.D. Presently, both Fiji and Tonga are located in the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) salinity front region where the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) variation is most pronounced. We first demonstrate the consistency between this F-T IDPO index and a MSL pressure-based SPCZ Position Index (SPI) (1891-2000), thus verifying the ability of coral δ18O to record past interdecadal-decadal climatic variations in this region back to 1891. The F-T IDPO index is then shown to be synchronous with the IPO index (1856-2000), suggesting that this coral-based index effectively represents the interdecadal-decadal scale climate variance back to 1650. The consistently anti-phase spectrums of the F-T five-coral composite and the interdecadal-decadal components in equatorial Pacific coral δ18O series from Maiana [Urban et al., 2000] and Palmyra [Cobb et al., 2001] suggest that the simultaneous eastern expansion (western contraction) of the eastern salinity front of Western Pacific Warm Pool (WPWP) occurs at the same time as the northeast (southwest) movement of the SPCZ during a positive IPO (negative IPO) phase.

Outcrop Analog For Lower Paleozoic Hydrothermal Dolomite Reservoirs, Mohawk Valley, Ny, Brian E. Slater

Geology Theses and Dissertations

Geochemical analysis and field relations of linear dolomite bodies occurring in outcrop in the Mohawk Valley of New York suggest that they have undergone significant fault-related hydrothermal alteration. The dolomite occurs in the Lower Ordovician Tribes Hill Formation, which is regionally an early Ordovician shaley limestone with patchy dolomitization. The outcrop has an en echelon fault, fracture, and fold pattern. A 3D ground penetrating radar survey of the quarry floor has helped to map out faults, fractures, anticlines, synclines and the extent of dolomitization. Most of the dolomitization occurs in fault-bounded synclines or “sags” flanked by anticlines. The dolomite structures …

Different Modes Of Stress Transfer In A Strike-Slip Fault Zone: An Example From The North Anatolian Fault System In Turkey, Osman Bektaş, Yener Eyüboğlu, Nafi̇z Maden

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

The dextral North Anatolian Fault System (NAFS) extends for well over 1000 km from the compressive tectonic domain of eastern Anatolia into the broad and diverse tectonic domain of the western Anatolian, Marmara and Aegean regions. These different tectonic regimes are characterized by a narrow deformation zone in the east and a much broader deformation zone with multiple sub-parallel fault zones in the west. The spatial and temporal distribution of large historical and modern earthquakes (Mw>5) shows two distinctive macro-seismic zones in the eastern and western parts of the NAFS. The eastern macro-seismic zone, between the towns of Erzincan …

Constraints On The Origin Of The Balıkesir Thermal Waters (Turkey) From Stable Isotope (\Delta^{18}O, \Deltad, \Delta^{13}C, \Delta^{34}S) And Major-Trace Element Compositions, Hali̇m Mutlu

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

The Balıkesir thermal waters in northwestern Turkey have discharge temperatures in the range of 31.8-98.5 ºC, near neutral pH values of 6.40 to 8.40 and TDS contents between 327 and 2578 mg/l. Samples display variable chemical compositions changing from high-temperature Na_2SO_4-NaHCO_3 waters to warmer CaHCO_3 waters. Trace element concentrations of the waters show significant variation. Comparison between the concentrations of alkaline earth metals in waters and carbonate deposits reveals mobile behavior for Mg and Ba. The ratio of strontium to calcium concentrations in solid and liquid phases was found to be almost the same. Li/Cs and B/Cl ratios of waters …

Stream Sediment Geochemical Exploration For Gold In The Kazdağ Dome In The Biga Peninsula, Western Turkey, Hüseyi̇n Yilmaz

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

The Tuztaşı Au-Ag mineralized system was discovered within the Kazdağ dome using BLEG (bulk leach extractable gold) and 180-µm stream sediment geochemical data collected across the Biga Peninsula in western Turkey. The deposit is located within the hinge of an antiform consisting mainly of high-grade metamorphic and mélange rocks that include the Altınoluk Pb-Zn-Cu-Ag-Au and Evciler Fe-Au-Cu deposits on the southern and on the northern flanks, respectively; no mineralization has been reported prior to this work which was first carried out in 1996 between Altınoluk and Evciler. The BLEG Ag/Au ratios at Tuztaşı (max 87) and Altınoluk (max 43) are …

Sulfur And Lead Isotope Investigations Of The Carbonate-Hosted Pb-Zn Deposits In The Yahyalı Region, Kayseri, Southern Turkey, Osman Koptagel, Ulvi̇ Ulusoy, Anthony E. Fallick

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

Carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn deposits are common in the Yahyalı region (Taurus Belt) with galena the most abundant sulfide mineral. The mean d34S values for Göynük, Celaldağı Desandre, Demircilik, Tekke, Havadan and Suçatı deposits were +0.2±0.5, +9.3±0.8, +10.7±1.3, +10.8±1.3, +11.5±2.4, -4.2±0.4%o, respectively. The mean 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb measurements for the studied deposits were 18.968±0.005, 15.741±0.005 and 39.074±0.016 for Göynük, 18.702±0.006, 15.715±0.006 and 38.883±0.021 for Celaldağı Desandre, 18.618±0.020, 15.727±0.008 and 38.852±0.032 for Demircilik, 18.808±0.017, 15.751±0.028 and 38.983±0.166 for Suçatı. The sulfur isotope systematics imply that sulfur originated from a mixture of different sources for the Göynük and Suçatı deposits, but was probably …

Effects Of Compaction Parameters On Heavy Metal Mass Transport In Ankara Clay Liner: Experimental Approach, M. Zeki̇ Çamur, Füsun Canpolat, Hasan Yazicigi̇l

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

Mass transports of Cl, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn ions through the Ankara clay liner was prepared under two different compaction conditions, and were studied experimentally on the bases of sorption and hydrodynamic dispersion processes. According to geotechnical tests, the Ankara clay material is highly plastic, inorganic clay having a liquid limit of 73, a plastic limit of 29 and a plasticity index of 44. Optimum compaction of the material requires 32% water content and 1.413 g/cm^3 dry density. Two materials, prepared using half of the optimum water content but optimum energy conditions (I) and …

A Mineralogical Note On Boulangerite, Geocronite And Yenerite From Near Işık Dağı (Kızılcahamam-Ankara), Turkey, W. E. Sharp, Mark Wieland, Steven K. Mittwede

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

Microprobe studies have facilitated recognition of the first documented occurrence of geocronite from Işık Dağı (Ankara, Turkey). While yenerite remains a discredited species along the PbS-Sb2S3 compositional join, our analyses show significant arsenic as did the original analyses for yenerite; thus, this name might be retained for arsenic-bearing varieties of boulangerite.

Stratigraphy And Geochemical Features Of The Early Miocene Bimodal (Ultrapotassic And Calc-Alkaline) Volcanic Activity Within The Ne-Trending Selendi Basin, Western Anatolia, Turkey, Yalçin Ersoy, Cahi̇t Helvaci

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

Western Anatolia has experienced thickening and orogenic collapse subsequent to the Eocene continent-arc collision. The early stage of the post-collisional volcanism in the region was thought to have produced widespread lavas and pyroclastic deposits of calc-alkaline basaltic andesite to rhyolite composition. However, in the Selendi Basin, one of the NE-trending basins in western Anatolia, there are two distinct volcanic unit compositions associated with the Lower Miocene sedimentary rocks: (1) a calc-alkaline, high-potassic felsic unit; and (2) alkaline, ultrapotassic lamproitic units, i.e. both are bimodal in character. The calc-alkaline felsic volcanic rocks (Eğreltidağ volcanic unit) are composed of wide-spread pyroclastic rocks …

Nature, Provenance And Relationships Of Early Miocene Palaeovalley Fills, Northern Adana Basin, Turkey: Their Significance For Sediment-Bypassing On A Carbonate Shelf, A. Sami̇ Derman, Kemal Gürbüz

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

The Gildirli Formation is the oldest Neogene rock unit in the Adana Basin and was formed prior to the regionally extensive Early Miocene marine transgression. These coarse clastic red-beds provide important evidence about the causes and early phases of filling in this large trough, because the Gildirli Formation sediments fill an irregular palaeotopography carved out of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic basement rocks. Detailed study of the Gildirli Formation reveals the existence of at least two alluvial fans supplied from different source areas. A northeastern fan, exposed around Gildirli Village, was fed by streams draining an area of ophiolitic mélange, Mesozoic and …

Strontium Isotopic And Micropalaeontological Dating Used To Help Redefine The Stratigraphy Of The Neotectonic Hatay Graben, Southern Turkey, Sarah J. Boulton, Alastair H. F. Robertson, Robert M. Ellam, Ümi̇t Şafak, Ulvi̇ Can Ünlügenç

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

In this paper we report for the Hatay Graben, new micropalaeotology, the first strontium dating and new sedimentology. The previous lack of a modern systematic stratigraphy was problematic for the study of the Hatay region. With the new data combined with the existing literature we evaluate and redefine the lithostratigraphy following international standards. The focus of this paper is on the Neogene cover rocks that record the transition from a regional carbonate shelf environment during Palaeocene to Eocene times, through late-stage continental collision, to recent continental rift tectonics that were initiated in the Middle Miocene and continue to operate to …

Pharyngeal Teeth, Lateral Ethmoids, And Jaw Teeth Of Fishes And Additional Fossils From The Late Miocene (Late Khersonian / Early Maeotian) Of Eastern Paratethys (Yalova, Near İstanbul, Turkey), Neri̇man Rühkert Ülkümen, Erdi̇nç Yi̇ği̇tbaş

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

A late Khersonian to early Maeotian fossil assemblage from the Upper Miocene to Lower Pliocene Yalakdere Formation near Yalova city (northwestern Anatolia, Turkey) is documented. The following fish taxa, represented by pharyngeal teeth, lateral ethmoids and jaw teeth are described: Cyprinidae with Carassius sp., Tinca sp., Scardinius sp., Leuciscus sp., Barbus sp., Cobitidae with Cobitis sp., Siluridae with Silurus sp., and Esocidae with Esox sp.. Further described vertebrates are reptiles (Trionyx sp.) and small mammals (cf. Eliomys intermedius FRIANT). Additional invertebrate fauna and flora, comprising diverse gastropods, ostracods, charophytes, pollen and limnic green algae, are listed. The fossil assemblage from …

Late Visean–Early Namurian Bivalves From The Zonguldak Coal Basin, Northwestern Turkey, Yavuz Okan, İzzet Hoşgör

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

Marine bivalves Septimyalina sublamellosa (Etheridge 1878), Septimyalina lamellosa (de Koninck 1842), Septimyalina minor (Brown 1841) and Posidonia becheri Bronn, 1828 are described from the Visean-Namurian transition of Zonguldak coal basin, Northwestern Turkey. Macroinvertebrate fossils are rare in the Lower Carboniferous of the Zonguldak coal basin and only a few shallow marine forms of Myalinidae and Posidoniidae families are present. Their palaeobiogeographic distribution delineates a seaway from Britain to the Black Sea coast during the Carboniferous.

A Condensed Mesozoic Succession North Of İzmir: A Fragment Of The Anatolide-Tauride Platform In The Bornova Flysch Zone, Aral İ. Okay, Demi̇r Altiner

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

The Bornova Flysch Zone consists of large blocks of Mesozoic limestone, basalt, serpentinite and radiolarian chert in a highly sheared clastic matrix of latest Cretaceous to Paleocene age. We describe a condensed Mesozoic section from a limestone block near the village of Urbut, 27 km southwest of Bigadiç, north of İzmir. The section, 81 m thick, starts with massive, thickly-bedded Upper Triassic carbonates with megalodonts and foraminifera characteristic of Late Norian-Rhaetian. These are unconformably overlain by condensed, hemipelagic Tithonian-Middle Albian limestones, 19 m thick, with gaps in the succession. The condensed sequence is, in turn, unconformably overlain by red, pink …

Late Ypresian To Middle Lutetian Orthophragminid Record From Central And Northern Turkey: Taxonomy And Remarks On Zonal Scheme, Ercan Özcan, György Less, Botond Kertesz

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

Orthophragmines are one of the commonest larger foraminifera in the late Paleocene-Eocene shallow-marine deposits of Turkey. Following several common lineages, such as Discocyclina archiaci, Orbitoclypeus schopeni and O. multiplicatus, a major turnover in the orthophragminid composition - both in diversity and abundance - is observed to occur around the early-late Ypresian boundary. This is manifested in the first appearance/dominance of such important lineages like Discocyclina augustae, D. fortisi, Nemkovella strophiolata, Orbitoclypeus douvillei, O. varians, O. furcatus, Asterocyclina stellata and A. alticostata simultaneously with the disappearance of O. multiplicatus and other forms. These and their successors, ranging up at least to …

Lake Hazar Basin: A Negative Flower Structure On The East Anatolian Fault System (Eafs), Se Turkey, Ercan Aksoy, Murat İnceöz, Ali̇ Koçyi̇ği̇t

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

The East Anatolian Fault System (EAFS) is a 30-km-wide, 700-km-long and NE-trending sinistral strike-slip megashear belt between the Anatolian platelet in the northwest and African-Arabian plates in the southeast. It is located between Karlıova County in the NE and Karataş (Adana)-Samandağ (Antakya) in the SW. In the Lake Hazar region, the EAFS consists of five fault zones. These are, from north to south, the Elazığ fault zone, the Uluova fault zone, the Sivrice fault zone, the Adıyaman fault zone and the Lice-Çermik fault zone; in previous studies only the Sivrice fault zone has been reported to be part of the …

Petrography, Geochemistry And Origin Of Lower Liassic Dolomites In The Aydıncık Area, Mersin, Southern Turkey, Muhsi̇n Eren, Meryem Yeşi̇lot Kaplan, Selahatti̇n Kadi̇r

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

In the Aydıncık area, the Lower Liassic carbonates consist predominantly of dolomites, including limestone and dolomitic limestone intervals. These carbonates were deposited in peritidal environments, and later underwent early and late stage dolomitization. Petrographically, three dolomite-types are determined: (1) very fine to fine crystalline dolomite (T1) with crystal size of 13-65 µm and a good fabric preservation, (2) coarse crystalline sucrosic dolomite (T2) with size of 65 to 270 µm and fabric destruction, and (3) dolomite cement (T3) that occurs as a clear outer rim to cloudy coarse dolomite crystals (T2) or as a pore-lining and cement-fill of fenestral pores. …

Retention And Transport Of Hexavalent Chromium In Calcareous Karst Soils, İrfan Yolcubal, Ni̇hat Hakan Akyol

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

Hexavalent chromium, which is a highly toxic and soluble form of the element chromium, is a common soil and groundwater contaminant found in many contaminated sites throughout the world and poses a serious risk to human health when released into environment. The objective of this study was to determine transport and retention behaviour of aqueous Cr(VI) species in a highly calcareous and alkaline top soil of a karst system that is vulnerable to contamination. Batch sorption studies and column experiments conducted at both saturated and unsaturated steady-state flow conditions were used to evaluate the sorption/desorption and the transport of Cr(VI) …

Filograna Minor Nov. Sp. (Worm Tube) From The Middle Triassic (Anisian) Reef Boulders Of The Karaburun Peninsula, Western Turkey, Baba Senowbari-Daryan, Michael Link, İsmai̇l Işintek

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

A colonial serpulid worm tube, Filograna minor nov. sp., from the Anisian reef boulders of the Karaburun Peninsula, Western Turkey is described. The Filograna-bearing boulders occur together with Anisian reef boulders within the Upper Anisian siliciclastic deposits of the Gerence Formation. Filograna minor differs from the Norian species Filograna serialis, described by Senowbari-Daryan and Link from the Taurus Mountains, by the smaller dimensions of the tubes.

A N-S-Trending Active Extensional Structure, The Şuhut (Afyon) Graben: Commencement Age Of The Extensional Neotectonic Period In The Isparta Angle, Sw Turkey, Ali̇ Koçyi̇ği̇t, Şule Deveci̇

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

The Şuhut graben is an 8-11-km-wide, 24-km-long, N-S-trending, active extensional structure located on the southern shoulder of the Akşehir-Afyon graben, near the apex of the outer Isparta Angle. The Şuhut graben developed on a pre-Upper Pliocene rock assemblage comprising pre-Jurassic metamorphic rocks, Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous platform carbonates, the Lower Miocene-Middle Pliocene Afyon stratovolcanic complex and a fluvio-lacustrine volcano-sedimentary sequence. The eastern margin of the Şuhut graben is dominated by the Afyon volcanics and their well-bedded fluvio-lacustrine sedimentary cover, which is folded into a series of NNE-trending anticlines and synclines. This volcano-sedimentary sequence was deformed during a phase of WNW-ESE contraction, and …

Quaternary Activity Of The Cihanbeyli And Yeniceoba Fault Zones: İnönü-Eskişehir Fault System, Central Anatolia, Erman Özsayin, Kadi̇r Di̇ri̇k

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

The İnönü-Eskişehir fault system (İEFS) is one of the most important fault systems in Central Anatolia and consists of a series of NW-SE- to WNW-ESE-trending fault zones extending from Uludağ (Bursa) in the northwest to Sultanhanı in the southeast. Between İnönü and Sivrihisar, the Eskişehir fault zone of the İEFS trends WNW, but east of Sivrihisar the İEFS changes its direction to NW-SE and splays out into four fault zones, named the Ilıca, Yeniceoba, Cihanbeyli and Sultanhanı fault zones and extends to south of Tuzgölü in the east. The NW-SE-trending Yeniceoba fault zone (YFZ), exposed between Günyüzü in the west …

Tectonic Evolution Of The Kiraz Basin, Küçük Menderes Graben: Evidence For Compression/Uplift-Related Basin Formation Overprinted By Extensional Tectonics In West Anatolia, Tahi̇r Emre, Hasan Sözbi̇li̇r

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

The Kiraz Basin which is located at the eastern end of the Küçük Menderes Graben was previously considered to be an extensional basin. However, the data presented here allow us to infer that the tectonic evolution of the Kiraz Basin could be explained by an alternate model which suggests compression/uplift-related basin formation at the early stage of basin evolution followed, later, by block faulting in an extensional neotectonic regime. The successive compressional and extensional strain is accommodated by a predominantly NE-trending strike-slip fault system. The new model is based on the detailed mapping, field-cross sections and kinematic analyses of the …

Ground-Water Age And Quality In The High Plains Aquifer Near Seward, Nebraska, 2003-2004, Jennifer S. Stanton, Matthew K. Landon, Michael J. Turco

United States Geological Survey: Publications

The U.S. Geological Survey, In cooperation with the City of Seward, Nebraska, conducted a study of ground-water age and quality to improve understanding of: (1) travel-times from recharge areas to public-supply wells, (2) the effects of geochemical reactions in the aquifer on water quality, and (3) how water quality has changed historically in response to land-use practices. Samples were collected from four supply wells in the Seward west well field and from nine monitoring wells along two approximate ground-water flow paths leading the well field.

Temporal Differences In The Hydrologic Regime Of The Lower Platte River, Nebraska, 1895–2006, Daniel Ginting, Ronald B. Zelt, Joshua I. Linard

United States Geological Survey: Publications

In cooperation with the Lower Platte South Natural Resources District for a collaborative study of the cumulative effects of water and channel management practices on stream and riparian ecology, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) compiled, analyzed, and summarized hydrologic information from long-term gaging stations on the lower Platte River to determine any significant temporal differences among six discrete periods during 1895-2006 and to interpret any significant changes in relation to changes in climatic conditions or other factors. A subset of 171 examined hydrologic indices (HIs) were selected for use as indices that (1) included most of the variance in the …

Simulations Of Ground-Water Flow, Transport, Age, And Particle Tracking Near York, Nebraska, For A Study Of Transport Of Anthropogenic And Natural Contaminants (Tanc) To Public-Supply Wells, Brian R. Clark, Matthew K. Landon, Leon J. Kauffman, George Hornberger

United States Geological Survey: Publications

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is committed to providing the Nation with credible scientific information that helps to enhance and protect the overall quality of life and that facilitates effective management of water, biological, energy, and mineral resources (http://www.usgs.gov/). Information on the Nation’s water resources is critical to ensuring long-term availability of water that is safe for drinking and recreation and is suitable for industry, irrigation, and fish and wildlife. Population growth and increasing demands for water make the availability of that water, now measured in terms of quantity and quality, even more essential to the long-term sustainability of our …

The Influence Of Sublacustrine Hydrothermal Vent Fluids On The Geochemistry Of Yellowstone Lake, Laurie S. Balistrieri, Wayne C. Shanks Iii, Russell L. Cuhel, Carmen Aguilar, J. Val Klump

United States Geological Survey: Publications

The geochemical composition of Yellowstone Lake water is strongly influenced by sublacustrine hydrothermal vent activity. The evidence for this conclusion is twofold. First, mass-balance calculations indicate that the outflow from Yellowstone Lake is enriched in dissolved As, B, Cl, Cs, Ge, Li, Mo, Sb, and W relative to inflowing waters. Calculations involving stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen (δD and δ18O, respectively) and mass-balances indicate about 13 percent evapoconcentration in the lake, which is inadequate to account for the enrichment of these elements in the water column. Second, linear relationships between the concentration of Cl and many other elements in …

Is Yellowstone Losing Its Steam?— Chloride Flux Out Of Yellowstone National Park, Irving Friedman, Daniel R. Norton

United States Geological Survey: Publications

Chloride flux, a surrogate for heat flow, was determined for the four rivers draining Yellowstone National Park (the Park) for the water years (October 1 through September 30) 1983 through 2003, with the exception of 1995 and 1996. The chloride emitted by the geothermal system underlying Yellowstone Park is designated “thermal chloride,” and it constitutes 94 percent of the total chloride exiting the Park. The remainder of the chloride is contributed by rainfall, rock weathering, and a minor amount due to human impact.

Of this 94 percent, the Fall, Madison, Snake, and Yellowstone Rivers have been determined to discharge 93 …

Monitoring Changes In Geothermal Activity At Norris Geyser Basin By Satellite Telemetry, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, Irving Friedman

United States Geological Survey: Publications

Instrumentation on a weir on Tantalus Creek, which captures 98 percent of the surface discharge of Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park (the Park), records discharge and water temperature every 10 minutes and telemeters recorded data every hour via GOES satellite. Plots of discharge from June 1998 through mid-November 2003 record frequent—and often large—changes in
discharge.

Data recorded during five eruptions of Steamboat Geyser (May 2000, April 2002, September 2002, April 2003, and October 2003) allow calculation of the time and duration of the eruptions, as well as amounts of water released by each eruption.

Water discharge at the weir …

Hydrothermally Altered Rock And Hot-Spring Deposits At Yellowstone National Park—Characterized Using Airborne Visible- And Infrared-Spectroscopy Data, K. Eric Livo, Fred A. Kruse, Roger N. Clark, Raymond F. Kokaly, W. C. Shanks Iii

United States Geological Survey: Publications

The hydrothermal system in Yellowstone National Park has created altered rock and hot-spring deposits that were mapped using AVIRIS (airborne visible and infrared imaging spectrometer) data. The mapped minerals are indicative of the geologic processes and environments that controlled their formation. Ongoing volcanic activity is expressed at the surface by geothermal features, earthquakes, and geologically recent caldera formation. Precipitated minerals such as siliceous sinter and travertine on the surface are derived from chloride-rich alkaline solutions that are leaching silica and calcite from the underlying country rock. Siliceous sinter and montmorillonite are associated with hydrothermal systems abundant in hot water, whereas …