Earth Sciences Commons^™

A Comparison Of Internal Bicarbonate Of Some Chlorosis-Resistant And Chlorosis-Susceptible Plants, Ralph Barlow Clark

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Iron chlorosis has been a srious problem for many years. This physiological disease has occurred so frequently on calcareous soils that it has been called lime-induced chlorosis by many of the workers. Because the western United States has so many soils of this type, the chlorosis problem has been of primary concern. Untold economic losses have been the result of this physiological disease.

Interveinal yellowing of the leaves along with loss of plant vigor and retarded growth characterize the disease. In severe cases die-back of the terminal growth and eventual death of the plant result. No single factor has been …

Development And Evaluation Of Laboratory Methods For Determining The Nitrogen Supplying Power Of The Irrigated Soils Of Northern Utah, Jerald Ross Wight

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Nitrogen is the most widely needed and the most widely used of the fertilizer elements. Yet, in spite of the voluminous research work of evaluating the nitrogen status of soils, laboratory tests for the purpose of predicting need of nitrogen fertilizer are not very widely used. In general, laboratory tests for nitrogen supplying power have not given satisfactory results. Methods currently employed by a few laboratories can be classified either as biological or chemical. In the former method, the soil is incubated under optimum conditions and the amount of nitrate released over a given period of time is measured and …

The Influence Of Age On The Cation Exchange Capacity Of Plant Roots, Einard S. Haniuk

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

A yellowing which develops in some plants growing on naturally calcareous soils is called lime-induced chlorosis. The problem is complex, as indicated by Brown and Holmes (1956) and Porter and Thorne (1955). Species and varieties of plants differ in their iron requirements, susceptibility to lime- induced chlorosis, and inter acting soil f actors which affect iron supply (Thorne et al 1950). Chlorosis of plants does not appear, therefore, to stem from a common causative factor. At least a part of this difference has been found to be associated with the plant roots. Thus, through the use of resistant root stock …

The Effect Of Nutrient Levels In Nutrient Cultures On The Translocation Of Foliar Applied Nutrients, David D. Neher

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Since man first grew crops on calcareous soils he has probably been troubled with what we today call lime-induced chlorosis. This chlorosis has determined whether he grew certain desirable ornamentals or crops or whether he had to substitute others which were less desirable.

Lime-induced chlorosis is spread world wide. It has been reported in the vine and fruit growing regions of Europe, in the chernozem soils of Russia, and many other areas where the rainfall is relatively low and the soil is relatively high in calcium carbonate. In the United States it most frequently occurrs where the average annual rainfall …

Geology Of The Southern Part Of Wellsville Mountain, Wasatch Range, Utah, Ronald H. Gelnett

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Wellsville Mountain is 10 miles west of Logan, Utah, at the northern extremity of the Wasatch Range. Paleozoic rocks form a northeast-dipping homocline bounded in part by northwest-trending high-angle faults and cut by a series of northeast-trending high-angle faults. A major transverse fault, with a stratigraphic displacement of 4,500 feet, divides the mountain into two distinct blocks.

The rock units of the area are comparable to those of the Logan quadrangle immediately to the east. Pre-Cambrian rocks crop out in Box Elder Canyon, just east of Brigham City, and are overlain by at least 20,000 feet of northeast-dipping Paleozoic rocks …

Horizontal Movement Of Moisture In Soil, D. W. L. Read

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The movement of water in soils is of great importance to all of us but especially to agriculturalists. If it were not for this movement plants would not be able to survive in soil. If the moisture moves too freely in the soil insufficient water can be stored to supply plants during dry periods. The movement of water through soil may remove plant nutrients or accumulate salts in soil horizons.

The flow of water in soil has been studied extensively for many years. Water movement can occur in either saturated or unsaturated soil. Darcy's law can be used with a …

An Application Of A Thermodynamic Flow Equation To Water Movement In Unsaturated Soil, Brennan Derry Soane

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The movement of water in soil presents many interesting problems to the research worker. It is also a subject which finds wide and important application in agriculture and several branches of engineering.

The object of this work was to examine the usefulness of a new equation of flow of water in unsaturated soil. If valid, this new approach may be able to eliminate some of the gaps in our present knowledge of the subject.

All soil lying above the capillary fringe of a water table is in the unsaturated state with respect to water. This means that in any macroscopic …

Geology Of The Northern Part Of Wellsville Mountain, Northern Wasatch Range, Utah, Stanley S. Beus

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Wellsville Mountain forms the extreme northern end of the Wasatch Range in northern Utah. It lies at the western margin of the Middle Rocky Mountain province and is bordered by valleys of the Basin and Range province. Many geologic investigations have been made in this region. Much of the Wasatch Range has been studied and mapped as well as parts of the Bear River Range, east of Cache Valley, and the Malad Range which extends north from Wellsville Mountain; however, the geology of Wellsville Mountain has not been studied or mapped in detail. Some reconnaissance mapping has been done and …

The Worm Creek Quartzite Member Of The St. Charles Formation, Utah-Idaho, Anthon V. Haynie Jr.

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

This report presents the results of a stratigraphic study of the Worm Creek quartzite, the basal member of the St. Charles formation of Upper Cambrian age. The member is present in the Bear River Range, the Malad Range, and the Promontory Range of Northern Utah and southeastern Idaho. The Worm Creek quartzite was differentiated as the basal unit of the St. Charles formation by Richardson (1913) and named for its occurrence in Worm Creek Canyon in the Bear River Range, Bear Lake County, Idaho.

A stratigraphic investigation of the Worm Creek quartzite, including thickness and lithologic changes, was made. Through …

Geology Of The East-Central Part Of The Malad Range, Idaho, Prapath Prammani

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

During recent years geologic investigations have been made in various parts of northern Utah and southern Idaho. In the Cache Valley area. the Bear River Range which bounds the east side of the valley has been studied and mapped. On the west side of the valley, the Wellsville Mountain and the southern part of Malad Range have also been studied. Still, little is known about the east-central part of the Malad Range. The study of this area will give additional information to the over-all picture of the geology of the region. The purpose of this thesis is threefold. The first …

Relationship Of Bicarbonate Concentration Of Plant Tissue To That Of The Growth Media As A Factor In Chlorosis, Gary H. Carlsen

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Throughout the years lime-induced chlorosis has contributed to untold economic losses. Although this disease has challenged the technical ingenuity of outstanding plant and soil scientists, the exact cause has never been determined; consequently, no preventative measures or permanent cures can, as yet, be recommended. This physiological malady, unchecked, continues its rampage in regions where the disease is prevalent.

The problem is of wide significance because calcareous soils are distributed throughout the world. It is of primary concern to us because the majority of the land of western United States is of this type. An estimated 500,000 acres of crops growing …

Growth And Nutrition Of Plants As Affected By Different Osmotic Concentrations Of Calcium Chloride And Sodium Chloride In The Substrate, Mumtaz Ali Khan

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Considerable experimental evidence supports the concept that the growth of plants generally decreases progressively as the salt concentration of the substrate increases, but certain relationships between plant and substrate are still not fully understood. The chemistry of salt toxicity to plants involves many interactions both as to the quantity and kind of ions presented to the roots and those accumulated in the plants. Many plant species have shown sensitivity to excess accumulation of specific salts frequently encountered in saline soils. Thus Eaton (1942), Wadleigh, Hayward, and Ayers (1951) have shown most of the fruit trees to be susceptible to injury …

The Thermodynamics And Some Practical Aspects Of Zinc Adsorption On Calcite, Dolomite, And Calcian-Magnesite Minerals, Jerome J. Jurinak

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Zinc is one of the essential elements required for the normal growth of plants. The total amount of zinc commonly occurring in soils is usually many times greater than that necessary to supply the needs of actively growing plants. The ability of the soil to "fix" zinc in form unavailable for plant use, however, has made the zinc deficiency disease an important plant nutrition problem in the major fruit and nut growing regions of the West. Fixation mechanisms which have been postulated as contributing to zinc deficiency include organic complexes, precipitation of insoluble inorganic salts, and strong zinc-clay intersections. It …

The Salt Lake Group In Cache Valley, Utah And Idaho, Robert D. Adamson

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Fluvial and lacustrine sediments of great thickness accumulated in the intermountain basins of the western United States during Tertiary time. The Salt Lake group in northern Utah and parts of surrounding states is a conspicuous stratigraphic unit of these basins. The "beds of light color" in Morgan Valley in the Wasatch Mountains of northern Utah were named the "Salt Lake group" by Hayden (1869) because of similar occurrences in Salt Lake Valley and because he reasoned that the succession could be divided into formations. Similar rocks crop out in Ogden Valley, north of Morgan Valley, and in Cache Valley, Utah …

The Influence Of Soil Moisture Conditions On The Absorption Of Phosphorus By Plants From Calcareous Soils, T. J. Denman

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Phosphorus is one of the major plant nutrients secured from the soil. The object of many investigations has been to discover the nature of the processes by which the soil supplies phosphorus to plants, and to determine the influence of soil factors upon these processes. Although much knowledge has been gained, these processes and the effects of soil factors upon them are still not clearly defined.

One factor which profoundly affects plant growth is the amount and relative availability of soil moisture. The results of some investigations have suggested that this factor may also have considerable influence on the absorption …

The Effect Of The Bicarbonate Ion On The Respiration Of Excised Roots, Gene W. Miller

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

For many years man has been searching for a cure for lime-induced chlorosis. This disease is prevalent throughout the entire western United States and is characterized by a yellowing of the leaves, destruction of the chlorophyll, and eventual death of the plant. It has brought devastation of fruit orchards in Utah, costing fruit producers millions of dollars. Hardly any county in Utah is free from this destructive nutritional disease.

Growth And Nutrition Of Plants As Affected By Various Levels Of Exchangeable Sodium, Mohammad B. Choudhri

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

In saline soils, which are characterized by an appreciable quantity of neutral soluble salts, plant growth is adversely affected due to the increase in osmotic pressure and the consequent decrease in the physiological availability of water. In addition, growth may also be restricted through the accumulation of toxic quantities of various ions within the plant.

On the other hand, alkali soils, whether saline or non-saline, are characterized by a high content of exchangeable sodium in the cation-exchange complex. One reason of low productivity on these soils is the unfavorable physical conditions induced by the dispersing action of the sodium ions. …

Soil Additives And Their Effect On The Yield Of Various Crops And The Physical Properties Of An Agricultural Soil, Gaylen L. Ashcroft

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

It is generally accepted that soil structure is very important in keeping productivity at a high level. When soils are loose and friable, mechanical impedance to root growth and seedling emergence is greatly reduced. Such soils infiltrate greater quantities of precipitation, are better aerated, and possess a more favorable temperature than puddled soils. Essential plant nutrients are also more easily available in well aggregated soil.

In the last few years, several synthetic soil additives have been placed on the market. Extravagant claims have been made about the ability of these amendments to maintain soil structure, without a sound body of …

Geology Of The Rendezvous Peak Area, Cache And Box Elder Counties, Utah, Robert L. Ezell

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

This thesis presents the results of a geologic investigation of the Rendezvous Peak area, Cache and Box Elder Counties, Utah (Figure 1). The area lies between the Bear River Range on the east and the Northern Wasatch Mountains on the west (Figure 2). It is south of Cache Valley in which Logan, Utah, is located and north of Ogden Valley, east of the Wasatch Range near Ogden, Utah.

The Rendezvous Peak area is centrally located in a little known and critical area between the Logan Peak syncline in the Bear River Range and the more complex structures in the Wasatch …

Effect Of Bicarbonate Ion And Root Aeration On Lime-Induced Chlorosis, Willard L. Lindsay

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Chlorosis in plants has been recognized as a devastating disease for over one-hundred and fifty years. It is easily recognized by a yellowing of the plant foilage and is associated with a reduced chlorophyll synthesis.

Chlorosis is found so frequently on calcareous soils that its cause is attributed at least in part to this soil factor. It is therefore referred to as lime-induced chlorosis. This type of chlorosis has become a serious problem, especially in many of the fruit-growing regions of Europe and the Western United States where the soils are calcareous. In Utah the disease is more destructive than …

Geology Of The Mink Creek Region, Idaho, Allen S. Keller

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The Mink Creek region is centered 14 miles northeast of Preston in Franklin County, Idaho (see Index Map, Figure 1). The area of this report comprises approximately 70 square miles. It is bounded on the north and south by parallels 42°17' and 42°11' North Latitude and on the east and west by meridians 111°37' and 111°49'. The easternmost part of the area is located in the Bear River Range and is part of the Cache National Forest.

The region is readily accessible. A paved Idaho State Highway goes through the center of the area and State Highway 34 skirts the …

The Freezing Point Of Water In Puddled And Unpuddled Soils At Different Soil Moisture Tension Values, Robert B. Campbell

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

A technique that will adequately describe the physical condition of water in the soil has long been desired by scientists. The method should include the effect of soluble materials on the osmotic pressure of the soil solution, and also the effect of surface force action between the soil and soil water.

Parker (8) demonstrated that the freezing point was reduced in the presence of finely divided material. This suggested the possibility of using the cryoscopic procedure to measure the physical condition of water soil. More recently, the introduction of Thermistors for accurate temperature measurement have made it desirable to investigate …

The Potash Status Of Utah Soils, Sukhendu Bikas Chaudhuri

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Potassium is one of the essential plant nutrient elements. It is used by plants in the synthesis and distribution of carbohydrates (25)² and in the formation of proteins and oils. Potassium also seems to exert many of its effects by influencing enzymatic activity in cells.

Potassium occurs as the monovalent cation on plant cells and undoubtedly exerts important effects upon such phnomona as the permiability of the cytoplasmic membranes and hydration of protoplasma. Plants assimilate potassium either from the soil solution or directly from the exchange complex.

The Effect Of Light, Soil Temperature, And Soil Moisture On High-Lime Chlorosis, Lauren M. Burtch

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Chlorosis of plants from a lack of available iron is one of the most common plant nutrient problems of the calcareous soils of the west. The disease is characterized by a yellowing of the plant leaves and is accompanied, in severe cases, by a partial root death and premature defoliation (3). In addition to reducing growth, the disease greatly reduces the quality and yield of plants.

Many types of plants are affected by iron chlorosis. In Hawaii and Porto Rico rice, sugar cane and pineapple are susceptible, while in California and Arizona, citrus trees are seriously affected. In Utah apples, …

Solubility And Physiological Availability Of Phosphates In Sodium And Calcium Systems, Parker F. Pratt

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

One of the principal fertility problems of calcareous soils is the lack of available phosphates. The factors which control this availability are not completely understood. One hindrance to the solution of the problems involved results from confusion of the concepts of solubility and availability. Availability is the net effect of the chemical state of a plant nutrient element and the ability of the plant to utilize the forms of the element present under the existing chemical and physical environmental conditions. In this paper, the term solubility will be used to designate the chemical solubility of an element in water or …

The Dry Lake Section Of The Brazer Foundation, James S. Yolton

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The Dry Lake section of the Brazer formation, totalling 3100 feet in thickness, is an excellent exposure containing an abundance of fossils many of which are well preserved. The fauna indicates that the formation is to be correlated with the Upper Iowan and Chester series of the type Mississippian system in the Mississippi Valley section. Substantial fossil evidence indicates the following correlation for the Brazer formation members. The C unit represents the western equivalent of the Middle Meramec group, i.e., the Salem and St. Louis limestones. The D member is decidedly Ste. Genevieve in general faunal aspects but, because of …

Phosphate Deposits In Western Summit, Wasatch, Salt Lake, Morgan, And Weber Counties, Utah, Alvin M. Hanson

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Phosphate deposits in the western United States have been the subject of considerable discussion in the last decade, and during the last few years much interest has been aroused in them. Phosphate was first discovered in this area in 1889, but it was not until 1906 that the United States Government took active interest in the study of these deposits. The investigation by the government of the occurrence of western phosphate was begun by Weeks and Ferrier (10), and later carried on by others. On December 9, 1908 the western phosphate reserve was created and many acres of land were …

Cambrian Stratigraphy In The Northern Wasatch Region, George Burke Maxey

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

An exhaustive field study of the Cambrian stratigraphy of the northern Wasatch region indicates that in addition to the Blacksmith Fork section there are two complete and better exposed middle and upper sections. Several other good exposures of the lower Middle Cambrian section have been studied in detail. The Spence shale is found to be a member low in the Langston, not the basal member of the Ute. Relative ages of the Spence shale and Ptarmigania faunas have been determined. Other Cambrian faunal zones have been discovered and are discussed. Paleontologic evidence suggests that the Nounan formation is of Upper …

Zinc Relationships Of Some Utah Soils, Wilford Derby Laws Jr.

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Recent reports from many parts of the United States indicate that the so-called zinc-deficiency disease is wide spread. It affects some varieties of trees in some areas and all varieties in other areas, and occurs from Florida westward to the Pacific coast and northward to the Canadian line. Although the disease is more prevalent in trees, it is also known to affect annual plants.

A recent survey of Utah orchards shows a wide-spread occurrence of little-leaf, a zinc deficiency disease, in fruit trees. The disease was found to be common on the upper sandy soils between Ogden and Salt Lake …

Glaciation In The Logan Quadrangle, Utah, J. Llewellyn Young

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

That the higher valleys of the Wasatch Mountains were occupied by Pleistocene glaciers has long been known. King, Hague, and Emmons, geologists of the Fortieth Parallel Survey, the first to undertake a systematic study of any part of the Wasatch Mountains, recognized this fact and their report includes a map which shows in a rough way the extent of the glaciated areas in the Central Wasatch (11 ). In 1909 Atwood (1) made a detailed study of the glacial features of the Central Wasatch in connection with his study of glaciation in the Uinta Mountains. He mapped the deposits of …