Earth Sciences Commons^™

A Few Parts In 108 Geodetic Baseline Repeatability In The Gulf Of California Using The Global Positioning System, David M. Tralli, Timothy H. Dixon

School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications

Global Positioning System (GPS) geodetic measurements of 350–650 km baselines across the Pacific-North America plate boundary in the Gulf of California are presented. The analysis employs a four-station U.S. fiducial network and combined carrier phase and pseudorange data. Water vapor radiometer (WVR) data at the Gulf sites are used to calibrate the GPS signal for wet tropospheric path delays. Residual tropospheric delays are modeled as first-order exponentially correlated stochastic processes. The measurement precision for horizontal components is a few parts in 10⁸ or better. Comparison of the Gulf data with other geodetic techniques is not yet possible, however the …

Pseudosinella Revisited (Collembola, Entomobryinae), Kenneth Christiansen

International Journal of Speleology

Eight controversies are active in the study of macroevolution. These are: 1) the meaning of the term macroevolution, 2) the role of chance, 3) the role of stasis and gradualism, 4) whether significant change is Iimited to speciation events, 5) the environmental conditions where macroevolutionary change occurs, 6) whether Neodarwinian mechanisms are adequate to explain change, 7) the existence and nature of hierarchical evolutìonary processes, and 8) Darwin’s views about all this. After a brief examination of each of these issues we used the extensive data available for 9 species of European and Nearctic cave Pseudosinella to examine the third, …

Paleoenvironment And Speciation In The Cave Beetle Complex Speonomus Delarouzeei (Coleoptera, Bathysciinae), Christian Juberthie

International Journal of Speleology

In the eastern part of the Pyrenees (France) the author describes a scenario of speciation in the cave species complex Speonomus delarouzeei (Coleoptera Bathysciinae); the speciation processes have been initiated by a breakdown of the ecological equilibrium induced during three glacial-interglacial episodes. The scenario is the following: — during the first glaciation (2.3-2.1 MY), psychrophilic populations ancestral to S. brucki were selected over the highest elevation of the range, by means of cold effect which produced an adaptive demographic advantage; adaptive characters of troglobitic species (K strategy) take place presumably in relation to colonization of caves and M.S.S.; — during …

Mating Behaviour And Barriers To Hybridization In The Cave Beetle Of The Speonomus Delarouzeei Complex (Coleoptera, Catopidae, Bathysciinae), Lysiane Juberthie-Jupeau

International Journal of Speleology

The complex Speonomus delarouzeei combines 6 species which were previously synonymized. Using behavioural data, based on 12 populations, the author assesses the validity of 4 species and points out the occurrence of 2 species as yet undescribed. Constant and important differences during the mating appear between these different species. They concern the number of behavioural steps, the duration, the number of clappings of antennae, the abdominal male movements and the rubbing of female abdomen. The results of crossing experiments between different species indicate a prezygotic reproductive isolation with atypical matings and no sperm deposit. Between the populations of S. delarouzeei …

Eruptions Of Pavlof Volcano And Their Possible Modulation By Ocean Load And Tectonic Stresses, Stephen R. Mcnutt, R. J. Beavan

School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications

All nine magmatic eruptions at Pavlof Volcano in six of the years from 1973 to 1984 have occurred between September 9 and November 20. Volumes of erupted material range from 0.1 to 15.9 × 10⁶ m³ (dense rock equivalent) at an average rate of ∼3 × 10⁶ m³ yr⁻¹. The volumes are estimated from eyewitness reports for two eruptions; the others are estimated from a relationship that we derive between eruption volume and harmonic tremor duration and amplitude. The volume of lava erupted is approximately time predictable. A significant correlation exists between the eruptions …

Lake Weir Eutrophication Study: Final Report For Phases I And Ii, Thomas Crisman, Anne E. Keller, Jeffrey K. Jones, Henry Meier, John R. Beaver

School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications

No abstract provided.

The Evolution Of Non-Relictual Tropical Troglobites, Francis G. Howarth

International Journal of Speleology

The discovery of terrestrial troglobites living in caves on young oceanic islands with close epigean relatives living in nearby surface habitats offers unique opportunities to develop and test hypotheses concerning their evolution. Studies comparing the physiological ecology of troglobites with their epigean relatives suggest that troglobites are highly specialized to exploit resources within the system of interconnected medium-sized voids (mesocaverns) and only colonize cave passages (macrocaverns) with a stable, water vapor-saturated atmosphere. Few other animals can live in the mesocaverns. Rather than being relicts isolated in caves by the extinction of their epigean ancestral population, troglobites appear to evolve by …

The Role Of Gradualism And Punctuation In Cave Adaptation, David C. Culver

International Journal of Speleology

The theory of punctuated equilibrium, offers a potential explanation for the profound morphological changes that accompany isolation in caves. I consider three aspects of punctuation theory: the association of morphological change with speciation; periods of stasis; and the number of genes controlling a trait. If the evolution of cave organisms is associated with speciation, then speciose groups and cave species derived from other cave-limited species should show increased adaptation. Analysis of Kane and Barr’s data on the subspecies of Neaphaenops tellkampfi and Holsinger’s data on crangonyctid amphipods fails to provide any support for the hypothesis. If the evolution is characterized …

Stratigraphic Sections In The Ste. Genevieve Formation (Middle Mississippian) Exposed In Garrison Chapel Karst Area Caverns - Western Monroe County, Indiana Usa, Garre A. Conner

International Journal of Speleology

The Ste. Genevieve Formation and related strata in the Blue River Group comprise more than 75 meters of Middle Mississippian carbonate deposition across the Indiana portion of the Eastern Interior Basin in Valmeyeran seaways. Forty kilometres of subterranean caverns occur in this carbonate rock sequence in the Garrison Chapel karst area where blind valleys are a striking topographical feature. The bedrock floor of a karst valley is locally accordant with a continuous horizon of lithographic limestone named Indian Creek Beds and illustrated on five cavern stratigraphic reference profiles.

Les Mésaventures Des Sources De L'Estavelle Et De L'Inversac En Languedoc Méditerranéen, Bernard Gèze

International Journal of Speleology

The Estavelle and the Inversac are two celebrated springs in the Mediterranean Languedoc (South of France). Unfortunately, the first one has been chosen as a type for the karstic cavities alternatively absorbing or discharging the waters, according to the season, which has never been the case. On the opposite, the second one can be taken as model for this alternation as swallow hole or emergence.

History Of Cultural Eutrophication At Lake Manitou, Indiana And Prospects For Its Management, Thomas Crisman

School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications

No abstract provided.

Carbonate Surface Solution In The Classical Karst, Franco Cucchi, Fabio Forti, Furio Finocchiaro

International Journal of Speleology

The current research on the dissolution of carbonate rocks in the Karst of Trieste indicates that the average degradation of surfaces exposed to atmospheric agents is 0.028 mm/year with an average rainfall of 1350 mm. The maximum levels (0.031 mm/year) correspond to micro-crystalline limestones, the minimum values (0.014 mm/year) to dolomites.

Food-Finding Ability In Cave Fish (Astyanax Fasciatus), Kathrin Hüppop

International Journal of Speleology

When competing under cave similar conditions, such as darkness and food scarcity, cave fish find much more food than their epigean relatives. The cave fish not only react much faster to food but also their food-finding ability is four times higher compared to that of the epigean fish. Several morphological and ethological alterations in the cave fish, described by other authors, seem to be responsible for this adaptation to the cave conditions.

Genetic Analysis Of Evolutionary Processes, Horst Wilkens

International Journal of Speleology

Epigean and cave populations of A. fasciatus (Characidae, Pisces) differ in a series of morphological physiological, and ethological features. The interfertility of these populations made possible a genetic analysis of organs characteristic of interspecific divergence. The study of the regressive organs “eye” and “melanophore system” on the one hand and that of the constructively improved “gustatory equipment" and "feeding behaviour” on the other yielded identical principles of genetic manifestation: (1) All features have a polygenic basis with an at least di- to hexahybrid inheritance. (2) All polygenes have the same amount of expressivity. (3) After recombination of a minimum number …

Paleoenvironmental Data For N. W. Georgia, U.S.A., From Fossils In Cave Speleothems, George A. Brook, Eugene P. Keferl, Rudy J. Nickmann

International Journal of Speleology

Pollen grains and gastropod shells in two speleothems from Red Spider Cave, Georgia indicate that ca. 10,000 yr B.P. the vegetation near the cave was Mixed Mesophytic Forest. Conditions were cooler and moister than today and a shallow pond existed in the doline above the cave. As these findings support palynologic evidence from nearby pond sites it is clear that cave speleothems are a potential source of paleoecological data to ca. 350,000 yr. B.P.

Diatom, Contributors Of Coralloid Speleothems, From Togawa-Sakaidani-Do Cave In Miyazaki Prefecture, Central Kyushu, Japan, Naruhiko Kashima, Teruo Irie, Nobuhiro Kinoshita

International Journal of Speleology

Coralloid speleothems are commonly distributed in Togawa-Sakaidani-do Cave in Miyazaki Prefecture, Central Kyushu, but their speleological study has not heretofore been achieved. Light and scanning microscopes analyses revealed that coralloid speleothems consist of alternating layers of diatom colonies, detrital minerals and clay. Electron microprobe analysis shows coralloid speleothems to be silicious. This paper asserts that diatom (genus Melosira) is one of the important contributors to siliceous coralloid speleothems in the threshold zone at non-calcareous caves.

Relationships Between The Internal And External Evolution Of The Monte Cucco Karst Complex, Umbria, Central Italy, Fausto Guzzetti

International Journal of Speleology

The relationships between the internal and external evolution of the Mt. Cucco karst complex are studied. A classic set of equations, involving the oxidation of hydrogen sulphide, originated at depth in an evaporitic formation, is used to explain the presence of massive gypsum deposits in the Mt. Cucco and the Faggeto Tondo caves. The distribution and the morphology of more than 30 caves in the system, the presence of gypsum, always located along faults, and the presence of broken stalactites and columns, suggest that the evolution of the karst system has been controlled by tectonic movements. Relationships between the development …

Transient Electromagnetic Sounding For Groundwater, David V. Fitterman, Mark T. Stewart

Geology Faculty Publications

The feasibility of using the transient electromagnetic sounding (TS or TDEM) method for groundwater exploration can be studied by means of numerical models. As examples of its applicability to groundwater exploration, we study four groundwater exploration problems: (1) mapping of alluvial fill and gravel zones over bedrock; (2) mapping of sand and gravel lenses in till; (3) detection of salt or brackish water interfaces in freshwater aquifers; and (4) determination of hydrostratigraphy. These groundwater problems require determination of the depth to bedrock; location of resistive, high-porosity zones associated with fresh water; determination of formation resistivity to assess water quality; and …

Determination Of Large-Scale Velocity Structure Of The Crust And Upper Mantle In The Vicinity Of Pavlof Volcano, Alaska, Stephen R. Mcnutt, K. H. Jacob

School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications

Pavlof Volcano is a 2715-m-high stratovolcano located at latitude 55.4°N and longitude 161.9°W, near the western end of the Alaska Peninsula. In this study the large-scale lateral perturbations to a vertical reference velocity structure in the vicinity of Pavlof Volcano are determined using modified versions of standard three-dimensional inversion techniques. We use as the primary data set P wave arrival times and residuals from shallow (deep) regional earthquakes located by the Shumagin Islands seismic network. Relative residuals mainly from refracted (e.g., Pn) arrivals allow us to constrain models for a laterally varying crustal velocity structure. Several strong ray path dependent …

Surface Sediment Composition And Distribution In Hillsborough Bay, Florida 1986, City Of Tampa Department Of Sanitary Sewers Bay Study Group

Reports

Surface sediments were mapped to determine the approximate boundaries and percent areal coverage of "mud" in Hillsborough Bay. Depth recorder soundings along 29 transects were used in conjunction with sediment grain size analyses form 19 stations to produce a sediment map.

Historical Analysis Of The Cultural Eutrophication Of Lake Maxinkuckee, Indiana, Thomas Crisman

School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications

No abstract provided.

Evidence For Karstic Mechanisms Involved In The Evolution Of Moroccan Hamadas, Vittorio Castellani, Walter Dragoni

International Journal of Speleology

Underground tubular karst features, observed in an arid envinronment of southern Morocco, are described. On the basis of various evidences, it is suggested that such features were originated mainly by condensation water. A computation of the time necessary for their formation supports this hypothesis.

The Speleogenetic Role Of Air Flow Caused By Convection. 1st Contribution, Arrigo A. Cigna, Paolo Forti

International Journal of Speleology

In the past some authors described the speleogenetic role of convection in phreatic conditions. Similar effects exist also in the air-filled part of vadose passages of caves as a consequence of an air circulation due to a relevant temperature gradient; the effects can be enhanced by the presence of some acids as, e.g., H₂S, H₂SO₄, etc. In this paper the conditions matching convection and condensation which produce typical forms, very similar to those found under phreatic conditions, are discussed both for limestone and gypsum caves.

Origination Of Stone Forests In China, Lin Hua Song

International Journal of Speleology

The stone forests are widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical climatic areas. The stone forests may be divided into hilltop stone forest, hill slope stone forest and the stone forest in the depressions or valleys. The conditions for stone forest development should be (1) thick and pure limestone, (2) gentle dipping of limestone formation, generally less than 15°, (3) a lot of vertical joint and fissure networks, (4) the soil covering on the limestone surface inhomogeneous, thick in the fissures and thin on the rock top surface, and (5) the soil should be wet and contain rich organic materials …

Use Of Cave-Maps For Tectonic Surveys, Franz Jaskolla, Peter Volk

International Journal of Speleology

Results of the author’s investigations show the useful application of cave-map-data for tectonic assessment. Considering speleological features, cave genesis, and structural differences, it is possible to select of the cave map’s pattern various jointing and stress systems. By 7 selected cave maps, representing areas of different tectonic history (W-Germany, Austria and Switzerland) it will be demonstrated that three types of kinematic joint-systems can be identified (fundamental, orthogonal- fold- and shear-system). Therefore, tectonic models are expected to become more valuable. It must be stated that future tectonic investigations in karst-areas should include the additional use of cave maps.

Kurzbericht Der Ersten Deutschen Speläologischen Himalaya-Expedition, Herbert Daniel Gebauer

International Journal of Speleology

The first German speleological expedition to the Himalaya went to the terrace sediments of Pokhara, Nepal. New discoveries could be made in the longest cave of the Himalaya (Patalae Chhango or Harpan-River-Cave) and other caves were surveyed for the first time. Due to the observations the classification of conglomerate-caves as pseudokarst-appearances has to be questioned.

Geophysical And Hydrogeological Effects Of Astorm-Water Retention Pond On The Floridan Aquifer, Hillsborough County, Florida, Abdullah M. Alamri

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

An integrated geologic, hydrologic, and geophysical investigation was conducted to determine the effect of a storm-water retention pond on the Floridan aquifer. Surface DC resistivity surveys were used to delineate the hydrostratigraphy. There are four distinct geoelectric layers: (1) Layer 1, high resistivity, 3 meters thick, fine to very fine unsaturated sand; (2) Layer 2, moderate resistivity, 1 to 2.5 meters thick, saturated sands and silts; (3) Layer 3, lower resistivity, 4 to 10 meters thick, silt and clay; (4) Layer 4, moderate resistivity, argillaceous limestone. Two fracture zones are defined by resistivity lows and marked by deep, V-shaped depressions …

Nouvelles Données Morphologiques Et Caryologie Du Triclade Hypogé Pyrénéen Dendrocoelum Lescherae, Nicole Gourbault

International Journal of Speleology

The study of a new strain of the hypogeous Tricladida Dendrocoelum lescherae has demonstrated the very low anatomical variability of this species. The chromosome complement was found to be 2n = 32; measurements of somatic mitoses have shown that these elements are metacentric; the gametocytes possess 16 bivalents. Number and morphology of the chromosomes are similar within the subgenus Dendrocoelides.

Morphological Clines In Reduced Areas. The Case Of Henrotius Jordai (Reitter), Cave-Dwelling Beetle From Majorca Island, Xavier Bellés

International Journal of Speleology

The present paper shows a statistically significant correlation between the geographical latitude and the morphological variation of the pronotum of Henrotius jordai (Reitter) (Col. Caraboidea), cave-dwelling beetle from Majorca island, after studying the linear and curvilinear regression between these two variables. The existence of specimens situated at different heights of the regression lines leads to the conclusion that morphological variation is clinal. The phenomenon of “semi-isolation” to which the studied populations are subjected, because of their cavernicolous character, allows to explain the existence of a cline in such a restricted area as that occupied by this beetle (ca. 500 Km …

Polydesmide Et Craspedosomides Cavernicoles Nouveaux De France Et Du Maroc (Myriapoda - Diplopoda), Jean Paul Mauriès

International Journal of Speleology

This is a description of the affinities and biogeographic significance of three new cavernicolous species of Diplopoda from France and Morocco. One species apparently belongs to the Polydesmida (family Paradoxosomidae) and the other two to Craspedosomida (families Caratosphydae and Chordeumidae).

1) Eviulisoma abadi n.sp. is distinguished from other species of this genus by total depigmentation, by the characters of the gonopodial orifice and the male gonopods, by the low number of segments (19) and by its geographic isolation (Morocco) and ecology (Kef Aziza cave). This justifies the establishment of a new sub-genus, Jeekelosoma. The other species of this genus …