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Articles 181 - 210 of 386
Full-Text Articles in Databases and Information Systems
Multi-Target Backdoor Attacks For Code Pre-Trained Models, Yanzhou Li, Shangqing Liu, Kangjie Chen, Xiaofei Xie, Tianwei Zhang, Yang Liu
Multi-Target Backdoor Attacks For Code Pre-Trained Models, Yanzhou Li, Shangqing Liu, Kangjie Chen, Xiaofei Xie, Tianwei Zhang, Yang Liu
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Backdoor attacks for neural code models have gained considerable attention due to the advancement of code intelligence. However, most existing works insert triggers into task-specific data for code-related downstream tasks, thereby limiting the scope of attacks. Moreover, the majority of attacks for pre-trained models are designed for understanding tasks. In this paper, we propose task-agnostic backdoor attacks for code pre-trained models. Our backdoored model is pre-trained with two learning strategies (i.e., Poisoned Seq2Seq learning and token representation learning) to support the multi-target attack of downstream code understanding and generation tasks. During the deployment phase, the implanted backdoors in the victim …
Multi-View Hypergraph Contrastive Policy Learning For Conversational Recommendation, Sen Zhao, Wei Wei, Xian-Ling Mao, Shuai: Yang Zhu, Zujie Wen, Dangyang Chen, Feida Zhu, Feida Zhu
Multi-View Hypergraph Contrastive Policy Learning For Conversational Recommendation, Sen Zhao, Wei Wei, Xian-Ling Mao, Shuai: Yang Zhu, Zujie Wen, Dangyang Chen, Feida Zhu, Feida Zhu
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Conversational recommendation systems (CRS) aim to interactively acquire user preferences and accordingly recommend items to users. Accurately learning the dynamic user preferences is of crucial importance for CRS. Previous works learn the user preferences with pairwise relations from the interactive conversation and item knowledge, while largely ignoring the fact that factors for a relationship in CRS are multiplex. Specifically, the user likes/dislikes the items that satisfy some attributes (Like/Dislike view). Moreover social influence is another important factor that affects user preference towards the item (Social view), while is largely ignored by previous works in CRS. The user preferences from these …
Generative Ai And Chatgpt Impact On Technostress Of Teachers, Xuenan Huo, Keng Siau
Generative Ai And Chatgpt Impact On Technostress Of Teachers, Xuenan Huo, Keng Siau
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Generative AI, such as ChatGPT, is a disruptive technology with significant impacts on education. While it has the potential to transform the delivery and accessibility of education, it can also undermine educational effectiveness by facilitating academic honesty and creating technostress for educators. This study aims to (i) evaluate the extent to which Generative AI, such as ChatGPT, brings technostress to teachers and (ii) how Generative AI changes teachers' professional identities and the technostress that results from such changes. We hypothesize that techno-eustress and techno-distress are determined by three types of self-discrepancies concerning professional identity construction: actual-ought, actual-ideal, and ought-ideal discrepancies. …
Plan-And-Solve Prompting: Improving Zero-Shot Chain-Of-Thought Reasoning By Large Language Models, Lei Wang, Wanyu Xu, Yihuai Lan, Zhiqiang Hu, Yunshi Lan, Roy Ka-Wei Lee, Ee-Peng Lim
Plan-And-Solve Prompting: Improving Zero-Shot Chain-Of-Thought Reasoning By Large Language Models, Lei Wang, Wanyu Xu, Yihuai Lan, Zhiqiang Hu, Yunshi Lan, Roy Ka-Wei Lee, Ee-Peng Lim
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Large language models (LLMs) have recently been shown to deliver impressive performance in various NLP tasks. To tackle multi-step reasoning tasks, few-shot chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting includes a few manually crafted step-by-step reasoning demonstrations which enable LLMs to explicitly generate reasoning steps and improve their reasoning task accuracy. To eliminate the manual effort, Zeroshot-CoT concatenates the target problem statement with “Let’s think step by step” as an input prompt to LLMs. Despite the success of Zero-shot-CoT, it still suffers from three pitfalls: calculation errors, missing-step errors, and semantic misunderstanding errors. To address the missing-step errors, we propose Planand-Solve (PS) Prompting. It …
Adaptive Split-Fusion Transformer, Zixuan Su, Jingjing Chen, Lei Pang, Chong-Wah Ngo, Yu-Gang Jiang
Adaptive Split-Fusion Transformer, Zixuan Su, Jingjing Chen, Lei Pang, Chong-Wah Ngo, Yu-Gang Jiang
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Neural networks for visual content understanding have recently evolved from convolutional ones to transformers. The prior (CNN) relies on small-windowed kernels to capture the regional clues, demonstrating solid local expressiveness. On the contrary, the latter (transformer) establishes long-range global connections between localities for holistic learning. Inspired by this complementary nature, there is a growing interest in designing hybrid models which utilize both techniques. Current hybrids merely replace convolutions as simple approximations of linear projection or juxtapose a convolution branch with attention without considering the importance of local/global modeling. To tackle this, we propose a new hybrid named Adaptive Split-Fusion Transformer …
Take A Break In The Middle: Investigating Subgoals Towards Hierarhical Script Generation, Xinze Li, Yixin Cao, Muhao Chen, Aixin Sun
Take A Break In The Middle: Investigating Subgoals Towards Hierarhical Script Generation, Xinze Li, Yixin Cao, Muhao Chen, Aixin Sun
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Goal-oriented Script Generation is a new task of generating a list of steps that can fulfill the given goal. In this paper, we propose to extend the task from the perspective of cognitive theory. Instead of a simple flat structure, the steps are typically organized hierarchically — Human often decompose a complex task into subgoals, where each subgoal can be further decomposed into steps. To establish the benchmark, we contribute a new dataset, propose several baseline methods, and set up evaluation metrics. Both automatic and human evaluation verify the high-quality of dataset, as well as the effectiveness of incorporating subgoals …
Balancing Privacy And Flexibility Of Cloud-Based Personal Health Records Sharing System, Yudi Zhang, Fuchun Guo, Willy Susilo, Guomin Yang
Balancing Privacy And Flexibility Of Cloud-Based Personal Health Records Sharing System, Yudi Zhang, Fuchun Guo, Willy Susilo, Guomin Yang
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
The Internet of Things and cloud services have been widely adopted in many applications, and personal health records (PHR) can provide tailored medical care. The PHR data is usually stored on cloud servers for sharing. Weighted attribute-based encryption (ABE) is a practical and flexible technique to protect PHR data. Under a weighted ABE policy, the data user's attributes will be “scored”, if and only if the score reaches the threshold value, he/she can access the data. However, while this approach offers a flexible access policy, the data owners have difficulty controlling their privacy, especially sharing PHR data in collaborative e-health …
Reducing Spatial Labeling Redundancy For Active Semi-Supervised Crowd Counting, Yongtuo Liu, Sucheng Ren, Liangyu Chai, Hanjie Wu, Dan Xu, Jing Qin, Shengfeng He
Reducing Spatial Labeling Redundancy For Active Semi-Supervised Crowd Counting, Yongtuo Liu, Sucheng Ren, Liangyu Chai, Hanjie Wu, Dan Xu, Jing Qin, Shengfeng He
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Labeling is onerous for crowd counting as it should annotate each individual in crowd images. Recently, several methods have been proposed for semi-supervised crowd counting to reduce the labeling efforts. Given a limited labeling budget, they typically select a few crowd images and densely label all individuals in each of them. Despite the promising results, we argue the None-or-All labeling strategy is suboptimal as the densely labeled individuals in each crowd image usually appear similar while the massive unlabeled crowd images may contain entirely diverse individuals. To this end, we propose to break the labeling chain of previous methods and …
Mdps As Distribution Transformers: Affine Invariant Synthesis For Safety Objectives, S. Akshay, Krishnendu Chatterjee, Tobias Meggendorfer, Dorde Zikelic
Mdps As Distribution Transformers: Affine Invariant Synthesis For Safety Objectives, S. Akshay, Krishnendu Chatterjee, Tobias Meggendorfer, Dorde Zikelic
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Markov decision processes can be viewed as transformers of probability distributions. While this view is useful from a practical standpoint to reason about trajectories of distributions, basic reachability and safety problems are known to be computationally intractable (i.e., Skolem-hard) to solve in such models. Further, we show that even for simple examples of MDPs, strategies for safety objectives over distributions can require infinite memory and randomization.In light of this, we present a novel overapproximation approach to synthesize strategies in an MDP, such that a safety objective over the distributions is met. More precisely, we develop a new framework for template-based …
Knowledge-Enhanced Mixed-Initiative Dialogue System For Emotional Support Conversations, Yang Deng, Wenxuan Zhang, Yifei Yuan, Wai Lam
Knowledge-Enhanced Mixed-Initiative Dialogue System For Emotional Support Conversations, Yang Deng, Wenxuan Zhang, Yifei Yuan, Wai Lam
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Unlike empathetic dialogues, the system in emotional support conversations (ESC) is expected to not only convey empathy for comforting the help-seeker, but also proactively assist in exploring and addressing their problems during the conversation. In this work, we study the problem of mixed-initiative ESC where the user and system can both take the initiative in leading the conversation. Specifically, we conduct a novel analysis on mixed-initiative ESC systems with a tailor-designed schema that divides utterances into different types with speaker roles and initiative types. Four emotional support metrics are proposed to evaluate the mixed-initiative interactions. The analysis reveals the necessity …
Towards Robust Personalized Dialogue Generation Via Order-Insensitive Representation Regularization, Liang Chen, Hongru Wang, Yang Deng, Wai-Chung Kwan, Zezhong Wang, Kam-Fai Wong
Towards Robust Personalized Dialogue Generation Via Order-Insensitive Representation Regularization, Liang Chen, Hongru Wang, Yang Deng, Wai-Chung Kwan, Zezhong Wang, Kam-Fai Wong
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Generating persona consistent dialogue response is important for developing an intelligent conversational agent. Recent works typically fine-tune large-scale pre-trained models on this task by concatenating persona texts and dialogue history as a single input sequence to generate the target response. While simple and effective, our analysis shows that this popular practice is seriously affected by order sensitivity where different input orders of persona sentences significantly impact the quality and consistency of generated response, resulting in severe performance fluctuations (i.e., 29.4% on GPT2 and 83.2% on BART). To mitigate the order sensitivity problem, we propose a model-agnostic framework, ORder Insensitive Generation …
Peerda: Data Augmentation Via Modeling Peer Relation For Span Identification Tasks, Weiwen Xu, Xin Li, Yang Deng, Wai Lam, Lidong Bing
Peerda: Data Augmentation Via Modeling Peer Relation For Span Identification Tasks, Weiwen Xu, Xin Li, Yang Deng, Wai Lam, Lidong Bing
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Span identification aims at identifying specific text spans from text input and classifying them into pre-defined categories. Different from previous works that merely leverage the Subordinate (SUB) relation (i.e. if a span is an instance of a certain category) to train models, this paper for the first time explores the Peer (PR) relation, which indicates that two spans are instances of the same category and share similar features. Specifically, a novel Peer Data Augmentation (PeerDA) approach is proposed which employs span pairs with the PR relation as the augmentation data for training. PeerDA has two unique advantages: (1) There are …
Product Question Answering In E-Commerce: A Survey, Yang Deng, Wenxuan Zhang, Qian Yu, Wai Lam
Product Question Answering In E-Commerce: A Survey, Yang Deng, Wenxuan Zhang, Qian Yu, Wai Lam
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Product question answering (PQA), aiming to automatically provide instant responses to customer’s questions in E-Commerce platforms, has drawn increasing attention in recent years. Compared with typical QA problems, PQA exhibits unique challenges such as the subjectivity and reliability of user-generated contents in E-commerce platforms. Therefore, various problem settings and novel methods have been proposed to capture these special characteristics. In this paper, we aim to systematically review existing research efforts on PQA. Specifically, we categorize PQA studies into four problem settings in terms of the form of provided answers. We analyze the pros and cons, as well as present existing …
Goal Awareness For Conversational Ai: Proactivity, Non-Collaborativity, And Beyond, Yang Deng, Wenqiang Lei, Minlie Huang, Tat-Seng Chua
Goal Awareness For Conversational Ai: Proactivity, Non-Collaborativity, And Beyond, Yang Deng, Wenqiang Lei, Minlie Huang, Tat-Seng Chua
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Conversational systems are envisioned to provide social support or functional service to human users via natural language interactions. Conventional conversation researches mainly focus on the responseability of the system, such as dialogue context understanding and response generation, but overlooks the design of an essential property in intelligent conversations, i.e., goal awareness. The awareness of goals means the state of not only being responsive to the users but also aware of the target conversational goal and capable of leading the conversation towards the goal, which is a significant step towards higher-level intelligence and artificial consciousness. It can not only largely improve …
A Review On The Effects Of Chanting And Solfeggio Frequencies On Well-Being, Xuyu Yang, Fiona Fui-Hoon Nah, Fen Lin
A Review On The Effects Of Chanting And Solfeggio Frequencies On Well-Being, Xuyu Yang, Fiona Fui-Hoon Nah, Fen Lin
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
This paper presents our literature review on how chanting and solfeggio frequencies affect brain activity, enhance well-being, and inform the design of sound therapy. We call for more scientific research to investigate and better understand the effects of chanting and solfeggio frequencies on well-being.
Robust And Parallel Segmentation Model (Rpsm) For Early Detection Of Skin Cancer Disease Using Heterogeneous Distributions, Nancy Zreika, Ali El-Zaart, Abdallah El Chakik
Robust And Parallel Segmentation Model (Rpsm) For Early Detection Of Skin Cancer Disease Using Heterogeneous Distributions, Nancy Zreika, Ali El-Zaart, Abdallah El Chakik
BAU Journal - Science and Technology
Melanoma is the most common dangerous type of skin cancer; however, it is preventable if it is diagnosed early. Diagnosis of Melanoma would be improved if an accurate skin image segmentation model is available. Many computer vision methods have been investigated, yet the problem of finding a consistent and robust model that extracts the best threshold value, persists. This paper suggests a novel image segmentation approach using a multilevel cross entropy thresholding algorithm based on heterogeneous distributions. The proposed strategy searches the problem space by segmenting the image into several levels, and applying for each level one of the three …
Product Costing And Pricing In Small And Medium Enterprises In Tanzania, Cosmas F Kindole
Product Costing And Pricing In Small And Medium Enterprises In Tanzania, Cosmas F Kindole
Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)
metalwork small and medium enterprises located in Dar es Salaam with the aim of establishing methods used by SMEs in Tanzania in setting selling prices of their products. The study was necessitated by the apparent discrepancy of prices for similar products from SMEs. The approach used to gather information was mainly through direct interview and the use of questionnaires. Direct observation and literature review were also used to establish the whole costing and pricing practices in metal manufacturing SMEs. The findings of the study established that product selling practices of the surveyed SMEs were based on instinct and appearance of …
Assessment On Usage Of The Library Website Resources By Students In The Information Studies Programme At The University Of Dar Es Salaam, Hosea N. Mungwabi
Assessment On Usage Of The Library Website Resources By Students In The Information Studies Programme At The University Of Dar Es Salaam, Hosea N. Mungwabi
Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)
The study investigated students' usage of electronic resources available on the UDSM Library's website. Specifically, the study determined whether information studies students were aware of the electronic resources, how frequently they used them, and whether their demographic characteristics influenced their usage. The study also examined the students' satisfaction with the functional and non functional attributes of the website resources. A mixed-methods research design combining both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods was used. The sample consisted of 118 student respondents who were selected using a stratified random sampling technique. The data were collected through questionnaires and interviews with class representatives …
On The Use Of Wireless Technologies For Wildlife Monitoring: Wireless Sensor Network Routing Protocols, Lilian Mutalemwa
On The Use Of Wireless Technologies For Wildlife Monitoring: Wireless Sensor Network Routing Protocols, Lilian Mutalemwa
Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)
Traditional methods for wildlife monitoring are labor-intensive and time-consuming. Therefore, advanced technologies and remote monitoring methods are becoming increasingly popular. This paper presents a study on wireless technologies for wildlife monitoring. In the study, a review of the literature was done to identify the most commonly used wireless technologies. Various technologies were explored including unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), Internet of Things (IoT), wireless sensor networks (WSNs), artificial intelligence (AI), global positioning system (GPS), and very high frequency (VHF) radio. Then, a more detailed study was done on WSN technology. Investigations were done to observe the performance of routing protocols in …
Deep Learning Model Compression Techniques: Advances, Opportunities, And Perspective, Hubert Msuya
Deep Learning Model Compression Techniques: Advances, Opportunities, And Perspective, Hubert Msuya
Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)
Recently, deep learning (DL) models have excelled in a wide range of fields. All of these successes are built on intricate DL models. The hundreds of millions or even billions of parameters and high-performance computing graphical processing units or tensor processing units are largely responsible for their achievement. DL model integration into real-time devices with tight latency limitations, limited memory, and power-constrained requirements is the key driving force behind investigation of DL model compression techniques. Also, there is an increase in data availability that encourages multimodal fusion in DL models to boost the models' predictive accuracy. In order to create …
Path Of Trust: An Off-Chain Performance Enhancement Algorithm For Public Blockchains, Anthony Kigombola
Path Of Trust: An Off-Chain Performance Enhancement Algorithm For Public Blockchains, Anthony Kigombola
Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)
Blockchain technology is one among the latest innovations in computing industry. Blockchains have gathered widespread interest in the industry due to their potential as secure data storage. Despite the potential benefits of blockchains, there are several limitations which hinders mass deployment, one of these limitations being low throughput. Low throughput has limited blockchain adoption in large scale applications such as banking or mobile payments. This study addresses this limitation through development of a performance enhancement algorithm called Path of Trust (PoT). PoT uses off-chain stratergy in which transactions meeting certain criteria bypass the main chain and sent direct to the …
Assessment Of Spatial Variability Of Groundwater Levels In Moroto District, Uganda, Augustina Clara Alexander Dr
Assessment Of Spatial Variability Of Groundwater Levels In Moroto District, Uganda, Augustina Clara Alexander Dr
Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)
Globally, the variation of groundwater levels is increasingly overwhelming due to over exploitation resulting from population growth. The dynamic nature of socio-economic activities in Moroto District such as agriculture, settlements and increased trends in irrigation technology has been well-known worldwide as common parameters triggering groundwater variability. Nevertheless, determination of groundwater levels for groundwater management and development purpose is a challenge due to spatial variability in levels across Moroto District. In this study, geostatistical technique in Geographical Information System (GIS) was used to analyze spatial variability of water levels in the study area. The analysis utilized ordinary Kriging method to predict …
Trend Observation: Analysis On Development Trend Of Precision Medicine
Trend Observation: Analysis On Development Trend Of Precision Medicine
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
No abstract provided.
Development And Issues Of Biotech Seed Industry In China, Peijuan Chi, Hualing Xie, Ping Zhao, Fang Chen, Ning Wu, Zhixi Tian, Weicai Yang, Yanping Yang
Development And Issues Of Biotech Seed Industry In China, Peijuan Chi, Hualing Xie, Ping Zhao, Fang Chen, Ning Wu, Zhixi Tian, Weicai Yang, Yanping Yang
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Biotech seed industry is a strategic core industry. Biotechnology combined with digital technology has promoted the seed industry into an intelligent era, and the breeding paradigm has changed from “experimental selection” to “computational selection”. Biotech seed industry has become a research and development intensive industry, and the market is highly concentrated, which is controlled by large multinational enterprises. The scientific and technological output of China and the United States is in the first echelon, and the number of papers and authorized patents ranks among the top two in the world. From the perspective of core competitiveness, the United States is …
Epl Card Reader Capstone: The Strengths Of Partner Programming From A Team Leader's Perspective, Zach Yost
Epl Card Reader Capstone: The Strengths Of Partner Programming From A Team Leader's Perspective, Zach Yost
University Honors Theses
This essay looks to reflect back upon the successes and failures of the EPL Card Reader capstone project, sponsored by Edward Ivory, head of Portland State University's Electronics Prototyping Lab. The EPL Card Reader's goal is to provide a means of tracking and updating student activity and training on the various machines in the lab. Using a local computer port to host this web app a lab administrator or manager is able to scan a student's access badge to review which machines they have been trained on as well as update that training status. The app also has a running …
Cybersecurity: Stochastic Intensity Function And Monitoring Indicators, Hackers Demographics, Statistical Analysis And Treatment Of Ovarian Cancer, Ranju Karki
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
One of the major tasks in the present day-era is securing computer systems against unauthorized access. Every year we lost millions of dollars because of cyber attacks and thousands of people suffer economically and psychologically. Rapid development in the field of information technology increases the challenges to the Information technology personnel working on protecting against cyber attacks. In cyber security, vulnerabilities and hackers play a major role. Researchers are putting in enormous efforts to develop methods and models to control vulnerabilities and psychological behavior and motivation of hackers. Our study defines two important aspects of the computer operating system concerning …
Digital Transformation In Local Governments: A Case Study Of Abu Dhabi Municipality Transport Department, Alia Sahmi Al Ahbabi
Digital Transformation In Local Governments: A Case Study Of Abu Dhabi Municipality Transport Department, Alia Sahmi Al Ahbabi
Theses
The new generation is rapidly adapting to the digital era, where government and private services are being transformed into electronic services, commonly known as Eservices. Cities are leveraging digitalization to streamline their business processes and business services. This digitalization has improved service delivery time and quality for individuals. With digitalization, business processes align with technology, enhancing performance and customer satisfaction. However, there are challenges associated with digitalization, particularly people working in various municipality departments who find it challenging to adapt to digitization. Employees may take time to adjust to the new techniques and technologies, which may hamper the actions of …
Avoiding Starvation Of Arms In Restless Multi-Armed Bandit, Dexun Li, Pradeep Varakantham
Avoiding Starvation Of Arms In Restless Multi-Armed Bandit, Dexun Li, Pradeep Varakantham
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Restless multi-armed bandits (RMAB) is a popular framework for optimizing performance with limited resources under uncertainty. It is an extremely useful model for monitoring beneficiaries (arms) and executing timely interventions using health workers (limited resources) to ensure optimal benefit in public health settings. For instance, RMAB has been used to track patients’ health and monitor their adherence in tuberculosis settings, ensure pregnant mothers listen to automated calls about good pregnancy practices, etc. Due to the limited resources, typically certain individuals, communities, or regions are starved of interventions, which can potentially have a significant negative impact on the individual/community in the …
Identifying And Sharing Per-And Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Hot-Spot Areas And Exposures In Drinking Water, Sweta Ojha, P. Travis Thompson, Christian D. Powell, Hunter N. B. Moseley, Kelly G. Pennell
Identifying And Sharing Per-And Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Hot-Spot Areas And Exposures In Drinking Water, Sweta Ojha, P. Travis Thompson, Christian D. Powell, Hunter N. B. Moseley, Kelly G. Pennell
Markey Cancer Center Faculty Publications
Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in drinking water is widely recognized as a public health concern. Decision-makers who are responsible for managing PFAS drinking water risks lack the tools to acquire the information they need. In response to this need, we provide a detailed description of a Kentucky dataset that allows decision-makers to visualize potential hot-spot areas and evaluate drinking water systems that may be susceptible to PFAS contamination. The dataset includes information extracted from publicly available sources to create five different maps in ArcGIS Online and highlights potential sources of PFAS contamination in the environment in relation …
Preference-Aware Delivery Planning For Last-Mile Logistics, Qian Shao, Shih-Fen Cheng
Preference-Aware Delivery Planning For Last-Mile Logistics, Qian Shao, Shih-Fen Cheng
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Optimizing delivery routes for last-mile logistics service is challenging and has attracted the attention of many researchers. These problems are usually modeled and solved as variants of vehicle routing problems (VRPs) with challenging real-world constraints (e.g., time windows, precedence). However, despite many decades of solid research on solving these VRP instances, we still see significant gaps between optimized routes and the routes that are actually preferred by the practitioners. Most of these gaps are due to the difference between what's being optimized, and what the practitioners actually care about, which is hard to be defined exactly in many instances. In …