Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Computer Sciences Commons™

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Discipline
Keyword
Publication Year
File Type

Articles 6511 - 6540 of 8479

Full-Text Articles in Computer Sciences

Virality And Susceptibility In Information Diffusions, Tuan-Anh Hoang, Ee Peng Lim Jun 2012

Virality And Susceptibility In Information Diffusions, Tuan-Anh Hoang, Ee Peng Lim

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Viral diffusion allows a piece of information to widely and quickly spread within the network of users through word-ofmouth. In this paper, we study the problem of modeling both item and user factors that contribute to viral diffusion in Twitter network. We identify three behaviorial factors, namely user virality, user susceptibility and item virality, that contribute to viral diffusion. Instead of modeling these factors independently as done in previous research, we propose a model that measures all the factors simultaneously considering their mutual dependencies. The model has been evaluated on both synthetic and real datasets. The experiments show that our …


Prioritized Shaping Of Models For Solving Dec-Pomdps, Pradeep Reddy Varakantham, William Yeoh, Prasanna Velagapudi, Paul Scerri Jun 2012

Prioritized Shaping Of Models For Solving Dec-Pomdps, Pradeep Reddy Varakantham, William Yeoh, Prasanna Velagapudi, Paul Scerri

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

An interesting class of multi-agent POMDP planning problems can be solved by having agents iteratively solve individual POMDPs, find interactions with other individual plans, shape their transition and reward functions to encourage good interactions and discourage bad ones and then recompute a new plan. D-TREMOR showed that this approach can allow distributed planning for hundreds of agents. However, the quality and speed of the planning process depends on the prioritization scheme used. Lower priority agents shape their models with respect to the models of higher priority agents. In this paper, we introduce a new prioritization scheme that is guaranteed to …


Distributed Path Authentication For Dynamic Rfid-Enabled Supply Chains, Shaoying Cai, Yingjiu Li, Yunlei Zhao Jun 2012

Distributed Path Authentication For Dynamic Rfid-Enabled Supply Chains, Shaoying Cai, Yingjiu Li, Yunlei Zhao

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

In this paper, we propose a distributed path authentication solution for dynamic RFID-enabled supply chains to address the counterfeiting problem. Compared to existing general anti-counterfeiting solutions, our solution requires non sharing of item-level RFID information among supply chain parties, thus eliminating the requirement on high network bandwidth and fine-grained access control. Our solution is secure, privacy-preserving, and practical. It leverages on the standard EPCglobal network to share information about paths and parties in path authentication. Our solution can be implemented on standard EPC class 1 generation 2 tags with only 720 bits storage and no computational capability.


Spatial Queries In Wireless Broadcast Environments [Keynote Speech], Kyriakos Mouratidis May 2012

Spatial Queries In Wireless Broadcast Environments [Keynote Speech], Kyriakos Mouratidis

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Wireless data broadcasting is a promising technique for information dissemination that exploits the computational capabilities of mobile devices, in order to enhance the scalability of the system. Under this environment, the data are continuously broadcast by the server, interleaved with some indexing information for query processing. Clients may tune in the broadcast channel and process their queries locally without contacting the server. In this paper we focus on spatial queries in particular. First, we review existing methods on this topic. Next, taking shortest path computation as an example, we showcase technical challenges arising in this processing model and describe techniques …


Method And Apparatus For Rapid Identification Of Column Heterogeneity, Bing Tian Dai, Nikolaos Koudas, Beng Chin Ooi, Divesh Srivastava, Suresh Venkatasubranmanian May 2012

Method And Apparatus For Rapid Identification Of Column Heterogeneity, Bing Tian Dai, Nikolaos Koudas, Beng Chin Ooi, Divesh Srivastava, Suresh Venkatasubranmanian

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

A method and apparatus for rapid identification of column heterogeneity in databases are disclosed. For example, the method receives data associated with a column in a database. The method computes a cluster entropy for the data as a measure of data heterogeneity and then determines whether said data is heterogeneous in accordance with the cluster entropy.


Empirical Studies On Collaboration In Software Development: A Systematic Literature Review, Christoph Treude, Margaret-Anne Storey, Jens Weber May 2012

Empirical Studies On Collaboration In Software Development: A Systematic Literature Review, Christoph Treude, Margaret-Anne Storey, Jens Weber

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Collaboration in software development is a complex is- sue that has been examined by various researchers over the last decade. This paper presents a systematic literature re- view of pertinent literature on empirical studies on collabo- rative software development. We found that a lot of progress has been achieved in the field of global or distributed de- velopment. While there are still many challenges, today's projects seem to have overcome at least some of those. Also, first steps have been made in understanding the collabora- tive aspects of requirements engineering and design. Re- search on tools for collaboration is advanced, …


Spatial Queries In Wireless Broadcast Environments [Keynote Speech], Kyriakos Mouratidis May 2012

Spatial Queries In Wireless Broadcast Environments [Keynote Speech], Kyriakos Mouratidis

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Wireless data broadcasting is a promising technique for information dissemination that exploits the computational capabilities of mobile devices, in order to enhance the scalability of the system. Under this environment, the data are continuously broadcast by the server, interleaved with some indexing information for query processing. Clients may tune in the broadcast channel and process their queries locally without contacting the server. In this paper we focus on spatial queries in particular. First, we review existing methods on this topic. Next, taking shortest path computation as an example, we showcase technical challenges arising in this processing model and describe techniques …


Coercion Resistance In Authentication Responsibility Shifting, Payas Gupta, Xuhua Ding, Debin Gao May 2012

Coercion Resistance In Authentication Responsibility Shifting, Payas Gupta, Xuhua Ding, Debin Gao

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Responsibility shifting, a popular solution used in the event of failure of primary authentication where a human helper is involved in regaining access, is vulnerable to coercion attacks. In this work, we report our user study which investigates the helper’s emotional status when being coerced to assist in an attack. Results show that the coercion causes involuntary skin conductance fluctuation on the helper, which indicates that he/she is nervous and stressed. This response can be used to strengthen the security of the authentication system by providing coercion resistance.


Pamr: Passive-Aggressive Mean Reversion Strategy For Portfolio Selection, Bin Li, Peilin Zhao, Steven C. H. Hoi, Vivekanand Gopalkrishnan May 2012

Pamr: Passive-Aggressive Mean Reversion Strategy For Portfolio Selection, Bin Li, Peilin Zhao, Steven C. H. Hoi, Vivekanand Gopalkrishnan

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

This project proposes a novel online portfolio selection strategy named ``Passive Aggressive Mean Reversion" (PAMR). Unlike traditional trend following approaches, the proposed approach relies upon the mean reversion relation of financial markets. Equipped with online passive aggressive learning technique from machine learning, the proposed portfolio selection strategy can effectively exploit the mean reversion property of markets. By analyzing PAMR's update scheme, we find that it nicely trades off between portfolio return and volatility risk and reflects the mean reversion trading principle. We also present several variants of PAMR algorithm, including a mixture algorithm which mixes PAMR and other strategies. We …


Spalendar: Visualizing A Group's Calendar Events Over A Geographic Space On A Public Display, Chen Xiang, Sebastian Boring, Sheelagh Carpendale, Anthony Tang, Saul Greenberg May 2012

Spalendar: Visualizing A Group's Calendar Events Over A Geographic Space On A Public Display, Chen Xiang, Sebastian Boring, Sheelagh Carpendale, Anthony Tang, Saul Greenberg

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Portable paper calendars (i.e., day planners and organizers) have greatly influenced the design of group electronic calendars. Both use time units (hours/days/weeks/etc.) to organize visuals, with useful information (e.g., event types, locations, attendees) usually presented as - perhaps abbreviated or even hidden - text fields within those time units. The problem is that, for a group, this visual sorting of individual events into time buckets conveys only limited information about the social network of people. For example, people’s whereabouts cannot be read ‘at a glance’ but require examining the text. Our goal is to explore an alternate visualization that can …


Organizing User Search Histories, Heasoo Hwang, Hady W. Lauw, Lise Getoor, Alexandros Ntoulas May 2012

Organizing User Search Histories, Heasoo Hwang, Hady W. Lauw, Lise Getoor, Alexandros Ntoulas

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Users are increasingly pursuing complex task-oriented goals on the web, such as making travel arrangements, managing finances, or planning purchases. To this end, they usually break down the tasks into a few codependent steps and issue multiple queries around these steps repeatedly over long periods of time. To better support users in their long-term information quests on the web, search engines keep track of their queries and clicks while searching online. In this paper, we study the problem of organizing a user's historical queries into groups in a dynamic and automated fashion. Automatically identifying query groups is helpful for a …


Vignette: Interactive Texture Design And Manipulation With Freeform Gestures For Pen-And-Ink Illustration, Rubaiat Habib Kazi, Takeo Igarashi, Shengdong Zhao, Richard C. Davis May 2012

Vignette: Interactive Texture Design And Manipulation With Freeform Gestures For Pen-And-Ink Illustration, Rubaiat Habib Kazi, Takeo Igarashi, Shengdong Zhao, Richard C. Davis

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Vignette is an interactive system that facilitates texture creation in pen-and-ink illustrations. Unlike existing systems, Vignette preserves illustrators' workflow and style: users draw a fraction of a texture and use gestures to automatically fill regions with the texture. We currently support both 1D and 2D synthesis with stitching. Our system also has interactive refinement and editing capabilities to provide a higher level texture control, which helps artists achieve their desired vision. A user study with professional artists shows that Vignette makes the process of illustration more enjoyable and that first time users can create rich textures from scratch within minutes.


Student Usage Patterns And Perceptions For Differentiated Lab Exercises In An Undergraduate Programming Course, Heng Ngee Mok May 2012

Student Usage Patterns And Perceptions For Differentiated Lab Exercises In An Undergraduate Programming Course, Heng Ngee Mok

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Differentiated instruction in the form of tiered take-home lab exercises was implemented for students of an undergraduate-level programming course. This paper attempts to uncover the perceptions and usage patterns of students toward these new lab exercises using a comprehensive survey. Findings reveal that these tiered exercises are generally very well received and preferred over their traditional "one size fits all" counter-parts. Although the study does not show that tiered exercises have improved proÞciency or scores, it does seem to indicate higher student engagement and motivation levels. Based on the survey results, a list of recommendations is put forth for the …


Expressive Cp-Abe With Partially Hidden Access Structures, Junzuo Lai, Robert H. Deng, Yingjiu Li May 2012

Expressive Cp-Abe With Partially Hidden Access Structures, Junzuo Lai, Robert H. Deng, Yingjiu Li

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

At Eurocrypt 2005, Sahai and Waters [7] introduced the concept of attribute-based encryption (ABE). ABE enables public key based one-to-many encryption and is envisioned as a promising cryptographic primitive for realizing scalable and fine-grained access control systems. There are two kinds of ABE schemes [1], key-policy ABE (KP-ABE) and ciphertext-policy ABE (CP-ABE) schemes. This paper, our concern is on the latter.


#Epicplay: Crowd-Sourcing Sports Video Highlights, Anthony Tang, Sebastian Boring May 2012

#Epicplay: Crowd-Sourcing Sports Video Highlights, Anthony Tang, Sebastian Boring

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

During a live sports event, many sports fans use social media as a part of their viewing experience, reporting on their thoughts on the event as it unfolds. In this work, we use this information stream to semantically annotate live broadcast sports games, using these annotations to select video highlights from the game. We demonstrate that this approach can be used to select highlights specific for fans of each team, and that these clips reflect the emotions of a fan during a game. Further, we describe how these clips differ from those seen on nightly sportscasts.


Setting Up A Low-Cost Lab Management System For A Multi-Purpose Computing Laboratory Using Virtualisation Technology, Heng Ngee Mok, Wee Kiat Tan Apr 2012

Setting Up A Low-Cost Lab Management System For A Multi-Purpose Computing Laboratory Using Virtualisation Technology, Heng Ngee Mok, Wee Kiat Tan

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

This paper describes how a generic computer laboratory equipped with 52 workstations is set up for teaching IT-related courses and other general purpose usage. The authors have successfully constructed a lab management system based on decentralised, client-side software virtualisation technology using Linux and free software tools from VMware that fulfils the requirements of fast "switch over" time between consecutive lab sessions, the ability to support a wide range of IT courses and usage scenarios, low cost, easy maintenance, and a sandboxed environment for potentially disruptive IT security lab exercises. Sufficient implementation details are provided so that readers can build a …


Provable De-Anonymization Of Large Datasets With Sparse Dimensions, Anupam Datta, Divya Sharma, Arunesh Sinha Apr 2012

Provable De-Anonymization Of Large Datasets With Sparse Dimensions, Anupam Datta, Divya Sharma, Arunesh Sinha

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

There is a significant body of empirical work on statistical de-anonymization attacks against databases containing micro-dataabout individuals, e.g., their preferences, movie ratings, or transactiondata. Our goal is to analytically explain why such attacks work. Specifically, we analyze a variant of the Narayanan-Shmatikov algorithm thatwas used to effectively de-anonymize the Netflix database of movie ratings. We prove theorems characterizing mathematical properties of thedatabase and the auxiliary information available to the adversary thatenable two classes of privacy attacks. In the first attack, the adversarysuccessfully identifies the individual about whom she possesses auxiliaryinformation (an isolation attack). In the second attack, the adversarylearns additional …


Structural Analysis In Multi-Relational Social Networks, Bing Tian Dai, Freddy Chong Tat Chua, Ee-Peng Lim Apr 2012

Structural Analysis In Multi-Relational Social Networks, Bing Tian Dai, Freddy Chong Tat Chua, Ee-Peng Lim

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Modern social networks often consist of multiple relationsamong individuals. Understanding the structureof such multi-relational network is essential. In sociology,one way of structural analysis is to identify differentpositions and roles using blockmodels. In thispaper, we generalize stochastic blockmodels to GeneralizedStochastic Blockmodels (GSBM) for performing positionaland role analysis on multi-relational networks.Our GSBM generalizes many different kinds of MultivariateProbability Distribution Function (MVPDF) tomodel different kinds of multi-relational networks. Inparticular, we propose to use multivariate Poisson distributionfor multi-relational social networks. Our experimentsshow that GSBM is able to identify the structuresfor both synthetic and real world network data.These structures can further be used for predicting …


Obfuscating The Topical Intention In Enterprise Text Search, Hwee Hwa Pang, Xiaokui Xiao, Jialie Shen Apr 2012

Obfuscating The Topical Intention In Enterprise Text Search, Hwee Hwa Pang, Xiaokui Xiao, Jialie Shen

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

The text search queries in an enterprise can reveal the users' topic of interest, and in turn confidential staff or business information. To safeguard the enterprise from consequences arising from a disclosure of the query traces, it is desirable to obfuscate the true user intention from the search engine, without requiring it to be re-engineered. In this paper, we advocate a unique approach to profile the topics that are relevant to the user intention. Based on this approach, we introduce an (ε 1, ε 2)-privacy model that allows a user to stipulate that topics relevant to her intention …


Detecting Extreme Rank Anomalous Collections, Hanbo Dai, Feida Zhu, Ee-Peng Lim, Hwee Hwa Pang Apr 2012

Detecting Extreme Rank Anomalous Collections, Hanbo Dai, Feida Zhu, Ee-Peng Lim, Hwee Hwa Pang

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Anomaly or outlier detection has a wide range of applications, including fraud and spam detection. Most existing studies focus on detecting point anomalies, i.e., individual, isolated entities. However, there is an increasing number of applications in which anomalies do not occur individually, but in small collections. Unlike the majority, entities in an anomalous collection tend to share certain extreme behavioral traits. The knowledge essential in understanding why and how the set of entities becomes outliers would only be revealed by examining at the collection level. A good example is web spammers adopting common spamming techniques. To discover this kind of …


Motivated Learning For The Development Of Autonomous Agents, Janusz A. Starzyk, James T. Graham, Pawel Raif, Ah-Hwee Tan Apr 2012

Motivated Learning For The Development Of Autonomous Agents, Janusz A. Starzyk, James T. Graham, Pawel Raif, Ah-Hwee Tan

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

A new machine learning approach known as motivated learning (ML) is presented in this work. Motivated learning drives a machine to develop abstract motivations and choose its own goals. ML also provides a self-organizing system that controls a machine’s behavior based on competition between dynamically-changing pain signals. This provides an interplay of externally driven and internally generated control signals. It is demonstrated that ML not only yields a more sophisticated learning mechanism and system of values than reinforcement learning (RL), but is also more efficient in learning complex relations and delivers better performance than RL in dynamically changing environments. In …


Hasbe: A Hierarchical Attribute-Based Solution For Flexible And Scalable Access Control In Cloud Computing, Zhiguo Wan, Jun'e Liu, Robert H. Deng Apr 2012

Hasbe: A Hierarchical Attribute-Based Solution For Flexible And Scalable Access Control In Cloud Computing, Zhiguo Wan, Jun'e Liu, Robert H. Deng

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Cloud computing has emerged as one of the most influential paradigms in IT industry in recent years. Since this new computing technology requires users to entrust their valuable data to cloud providers, there have been increasing security and privacy concerns on outsourced data. Several schemes employing attribute-based encryption (ABE) have been proposed for access control of outsourced data in cloud computing; however, most of them suffer from inflexibility in implementing complex access control policies. In order to realize scalable, flexible, and fine-grained access control of outsourced data in cloud computing, in this paper we propose hierarchical attribute-set-based encryption (HASBE) by …


Mining Social Dependencies In Dynamic Interaction Networks, Freddy Chong-Tat Chua, Hady W. Lauw, Ee Peng Lim Apr 2012

Mining Social Dependencies In Dynamic Interaction Networks, Freddy Chong-Tat Chua, Hady W. Lauw, Ee Peng Lim

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

User-to-user interactions have become ubiquitous in Web 2.0. Users exchange emails, post on newsgroups, tag web pages, co-author papers, etc. Through these interactions, users co-produce or co-adopt content items (e.g., words in emails, tags in social bookmarking sites). We model such dynamic interactions as a user interaction network, which relates users, interactions, and content items over time. After some interactions, a user may produce content that is more similar to those produced by other users previously. We term this effect social dependency, and we seek to mine from such networks the degree to which a user may be socially dependent …


Evaluation Of Different Electronic Product Code Discovery Service Models, Su Mon Kywe, Jie Shi, Yingjiu Li, Raghuwanshi Kailash Apr 2012

Evaluation Of Different Electronic Product Code Discovery Service Models, Su Mon Kywe, Jie Shi, Yingjiu Li, Raghuwanshi Kailash

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Electronic Product Code Discovery Service (EPCDS) is an important concept in supply chain processes and in Internet of Things (IOT). It allows supply chain participants to search for their partners, communicate with them and share product information using standardized interfaces securely. Many researchers have been proposing different EPCDS models, considering different requirements. In this paper, we describe existing architecture designs of EPCDS systems, namely Directory Service Model, Query Relay Model and Aggregating Discovery Service Model (ADS). We also briefly mention Secure Discovery Service (SecDS) Model, which is an improved version of Directory Service Model with a secure attribute-based access control …


Scalable Activity-Travel Pattern Monitoring Framework For Large-Scale City Environment, Youngki Lee, Sangjeong Lee, Byoungjip Kim, Jungwoo Kim, Yunseok Rhee, Junehwa Song Apr 2012

Scalable Activity-Travel Pattern Monitoring Framework For Large-Scale City Environment, Youngki Lee, Sangjeong Lee, Byoungjip Kim, Jungwoo Kim, Yunseok Rhee, Junehwa Song

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

In this paper, we introduce Activity Travel Pattern (ATP) monitoring in a large-scale city environment. ATP represents where city residents and vehicles stay and how they travel around in a complex megacity. Monitoring ATP will incubate new types of value-added services such as predictive mobile advertisement, demand forecasting for urban stores, and adaptive transportation scheduling. To enable ATP monitoring, we develop ActraMon, a high-performance ATP monitoring framework. As a first step, ActraMon provides a simple but effective computational model of ATP and a declarative query language facilitating effective specification of various ATP monitoring queries. More important, ActraMon employs the shared …


Message Passing Algorithms For Map Estimation Using Dc Programming, Akshat Kumar, Shlomo Zilberstein, Marc Toussaint Apr 2012

Message Passing Algorithms For Map Estimation Using Dc Programming, Akshat Kumar, Shlomo Zilberstein, Marc Toussaint

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

We address the problem of finding the most likely assignment or MAP estimation in a Markov random field. We analyze the linear programming formulation of MAP through the lens of difference of convex functions (DC) programming, and use the concave-convex procedure (CCCP) to develop efficient message-passing solvers. The resulting algorithms are guaranteed to converge to a global optimum of the well-studied local polytope, an outer bound on the MAP marginal polytope. To tighten the outer bound, we show how to combine it with the mean-field based inner bound and, again, solve it using CCCP. We also identify a useful relationship …


Hoare-Style Verification Of Graph Programs, Christopher M. Poskitt, Detlef Plump Mar 2012

Hoare-Style Verification Of Graph Programs, Christopher M. Poskitt, Detlef Plump

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

GP (for Graph Programs) is an experimental nondeterministic programming language for solving problems on graphs and graph-like structures. The language is based on graph transformation rules, allowing visual programming at a high level of abstraction. In particular, GP frees programmers from dealing with low-level data structures. In this paper, we present a Hoare-style proof system for verifying the partial correctness of (a subset of) graph programs. The pre- and postconditions of the calculus are nested graph conditions with expressions, a formalism for specifying both structural graph properties and properties of labels. We show that our proof system is sound with …


Boosting Web Video Categorization With Contextual Information From Social Web, Xiao Wu, Chong-Wah Ngo, Yi-Ming Zhu, Qiang Peng Mar 2012

Boosting Web Video Categorization With Contextual Information From Social Web, Xiao Wu, Chong-Wah Ngo, Yi-Ming Zhu, Qiang Peng

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Web video categorization is a fundamental task for web video search. In this paper, we explore web video categorization from a new perspective, by integrating the model-based and data-driven approaches to boost the performance. The boosting comes from two aspects: one is the performance improvement for text classifiers through query expansion from related videos and user videos. The model-based classifiers are built based on the text features extracted from title and tags. Related videos and user videos act as external resources for compensating the shortcoming of the limited and noisy text features. Query expansion is adopted to reinforce the classification …


Dynamic Lookahead Mechanism For Conserving Power In Multi-Player Mobile Games, Karthik Thirugnanam, Bhojan Anand, Jeena Sebastian, Pravein Kannan, Akhihebbal L. Ananda, Rajesh Krishna Balan, Mun Choon Chan Mar 2012

Dynamic Lookahead Mechanism For Conserving Power In Multi-Player Mobile Games, Karthik Thirugnanam, Bhojan Anand, Jeena Sebastian, Pravein Kannan, Akhihebbal L. Ananda, Rajesh Krishna Balan, Mun Choon Chan

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

As the current generation of mobile smartphones become more powerful, they are being used to perform more resource intensive tasks making battery lifetime a major bottleneck. In this paper, we present a technique called dynamic AoV lookahead for reducing wireless interface power consumption up to 50% while playing a popular, yet resource intensive, mobile multiplayer games.


Quality And Leniency In Online Collaborative Rating Systems, Hady W. Lauw, Ee Peng Lim, Ke Wang Mar 2012

Quality And Leniency In Online Collaborative Rating Systems, Hady W. Lauw, Ee Peng Lim, Ke Wang

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

The emerging trend of social information processing has resulted in Web users’ increased reliance on user-generated content contributed by others for information searching and decision making. Rating scores, a form of user-generated content contributed by reviewers in online rating systems, allow users to leverage others’ opinions in the evaluation of objects. In this article, we focus on the problem of summarizing the rating scores given to an object into an overall score that reflects the object’s quality. We observe that the existing approaches for summarizing scores largely ignores the effect of reviewers exercising different standards in assigning scores. Instead of …