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Articles 451 - 480 of 914
Full-Text Articles in Computer Sciences
Why Beta Priors: Invariance-Based Explanation, Olga Kosheleva, Vladik Kreinovich, Kittawit Autchariyapanitkul
Why Beta Priors: Invariance-Based Explanation, Olga Kosheleva, Vladik Kreinovich, Kittawit Autchariyapanitkul
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
In the Bayesian approach, to describe a prior distribution on the set [0,1] of all possible probability values, typically, a Beta distribution is used. The fact that there have been many successful applications of this idea seems to indicate that there must be a fundamental reason for selecting this particular family of distributions. In this paper, we show that the selection of this family can indeed be explained if we make reasonable invariance requirements.
How To Gauge A Combination Of Uncertainties Of Different Type: General Foundations, Ingo Neumann, Vladik Kreinovich, Thach N. Nguyen
How To Gauge A Combination Of Uncertainties Of Different Type: General Foundations, Ingo Neumann, Vladik Kreinovich, Thach N. Nguyen
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
In many practical situations, for some components of the uncertainty (e.g., of the measurement error) we know the corresponding probability distribution, while for other components, we know only upper bound on the corresponding values. To decide which of the algorithms or techniques leads to less uncertainty, we need to be able to gauge the combined uncertainty by a single numerical value -- so that we can select the algorithm for which this values is the best. There exist several techniques for gauging the combination of interval and probabilistic uncertainty. In this paper, we consider the problem of gauging the combination …
How To Apply Software Engineering Testing Methodologies To Education, Francisco Zapata, Olga Kosheleva, Vladik Kreinovich
How To Apply Software Engineering Testing Methodologies To Education, Francisco Zapata, Olga Kosheleva, Vladik Kreinovich
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
Testing is a very important part of quality control in education. To decide how to best test, it makes sense to use experience of other areas where testing is important, where there is a large amount of experimental data comparing the efficiency of different testing strategies. One such area is software engineering. The experience of software engineering shows that the most efficient approach to testing is to test thoroughly on every single stage of the project. In regards to teaching, the resulting recommendation means making testing as frequent as possible, preferably giving weekly quizzes. At first glance, this may seem …
How To Reconcile Maximum Entropy Approach With Intuition: E.G., Should Interval Uncertainty Be Represented By A Uniform Distribution, Vladik Kreinovich, Olga Kosheleva, Songsak Sriboonchitta
How To Reconcile Maximum Entropy Approach With Intuition: E.G., Should Interval Uncertainty Be Represented By A Uniform Distribution, Vladik Kreinovich, Olga Kosheleva, Songsak Sriboonchitta
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
In many practical situations, we only have partial information about the probabilities; this means that there are several different probability distributions which are consistent with our knowledge. In such cases, if we want to select one of these distributions, it makes sense not to pretend that we have a small amount of uncertainty -- and thus, it makes sense to select a distribution with the largest possible value of uncertainty. A natural measure of uncertainty of a probability distribution is its entropy. So, this means that out of all probability distributions consistent with our knowledge, we select the one whose …
Why The Obvious Necessary Condition Is (Often) Also Sufficient (Toncas): An Explanation Of The Phenomenon, Julio C. Urenda, Vladik Kreinovich
Why The Obvious Necessary Condition Is (Often) Also Sufficient (Toncas): An Explanation Of The Phenomenon, Julio C. Urenda, Vladik Kreinovich
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
In many graph-related problems, an obvious necessary condition is often also sufficient. This phenomenon is so ubiquitous that it was even named TONCAS, after the first letters of the phrase describing this phenomenon. In this paper, we provide a possible explanation for this phenomenon.
Why Lasso, En, And Clot: Invariance-Based Explanation, Hamza Alkhatib, Ingo Neumann, Vladik Kreinovich, Chon Van Le
Why Lasso, En, And Clot: Invariance-Based Explanation, Hamza Alkhatib, Ingo Neumann, Vladik Kreinovich, Chon Van Le
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
In many practical situations, observations and measurement results are consistent with many different models -- i.e., the corresponding problem is ill-posed. In such situations, a reasonable idea is to take into account that the values of the corresponding parameters should not be too large; this idea is known as regularization. Several different regularization techniques have been proposed; empirically the most successful are LASSO method, when we bound the sum of absolute values of the parameters, and EN and CLOT methods in which this sum is combined with the sum of the squares. In this paper, we explain the empirical success …
In The Absence Of Information, 1/N Investment Makes Perfect Sense, Julio Urenda, Vladik Kreinovich
In The Absence Of Information, 1/N Investment Makes Perfect Sense, Julio Urenda, Vladik Kreinovich
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
When people have several possible investment instruments, people often invest equally into these instruments: in the case of n instruments, they invest 1/n of their money into each of these instruments. Of course, if additional information about each instrument is available, this 1/n investment strategy is not optimal. We show, however, that in the absence of reliable information, 1/n investment is indeed the best strategy.
Faster Quantum Alternative To Softmax Selection In Deep Learning And Deep Reinforcement Learning, Oscar Galindo, Christian Ayub, Martine Ceberio, Vladik Kreinovich
Faster Quantum Alternative To Softmax Selection In Deep Learning And Deep Reinforcement Learning, Oscar Galindo, Christian Ayub, Martine Ceberio, Vladik Kreinovich
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
Deep learning and deep reinforcement learning are, at present, the best available machine learning tools for use in engineering problems. However, at present, the use of these tools is limited by the fact that they are very time-consuming, usually requiring the use of a high performance computer. It is therefore desirable to look for possible ways to speed up the corresponding computations. One of the time-consuming parts of these algorithms is softmax selection, when instead of selecting the alternative with the largest possible value of the corresponding objective function, we select all possible values, with probabilities increasing with the value …
How To Use Quantum Computing To Check Which Inputs Are Relevant: A Proof That Deutsch-Jozsa Algorithm Is, In Effect, The Only Possibility, Vladik Kreinovich, Martine Ceberio, Ricardo Alvarez
How To Use Quantum Computing To Check Which Inputs Are Relevant: A Proof That Deutsch-Jozsa Algorithm Is, In Effect, The Only Possibility, Vladik Kreinovich, Martine Ceberio, Ricardo Alvarez
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
One of the main reasons why computations -- in particular, engineering computations -- take long is that, to be on the safe side, models take into account all possible affecting features, most of which turn out to be not really relevant for the corresponding physical problem. From this viewpoint, it is desirable to find out which inputs are relevant. In general, the problem of checking the input's relevancy is itself NP-hard, which means, crudely speaking, that no feasible algorithm can always solve it. Thus, it is desirable to speed up this checking as much as possible. One possible way to …
Intuitive Idea Of Implication Vs. Formal Definition: How To Define The Corresponding Degree, Olga Kosheleva, Vladik Kreinovich
Intuitive Idea Of Implication Vs. Formal Definition: How To Define The Corresponding Degree, Olga Kosheleva, Vladik Kreinovich
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
Formal implication does not capture the intuitive idea of "if A then B", since in formal implication, every two true statements -- even completely unrelated ones -- imply each other. A more adequate description of intuitive implication happens if we consider how much the use of A can shorten a derivation of B. At first glance, it may seem that the number of bits by which we shorten this derivation is a reasonable degree of implication, but we show that this number is not in good accordance with our intuition, and that a natural formalization of this intuition leads to …
How Earthquake Risk Depends On The Closeness To A Fault: Symmetry-Based Geometric Analysis, Aaron A. Velasco, Solymar Ayala Cortez, Olga Kosheleva, Vladik Kreinovich
How Earthquake Risk Depends On The Closeness To A Fault: Symmetry-Based Geometric Analysis, Aaron A. Velasco, Solymar Ayala Cortez, Olga Kosheleva, Vladik Kreinovich
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
Earthquakes can lead to a huge damage -- and the big problem is that they are very difficult to predict. To be more precise, it is very difficult to predict the time of a future earthquake. However, we can estimate which earthquake locations are probable. In general, earthquakes are mostly concentrated around the corresponding faults. For some faults, all the earthquakes occur in a narrow vicinity of the fault, while for other faults, areas more distant from the fault are risky as well. To properly estimate the earthquake's risk, it is important to understand when this risk is limited to …
Optimization Under Uncertainty Explains Empirical Success Of Deep Learning Heuristics, Vladik Kreinovich, Olga Kosheleva
Optimization Under Uncertainty Explains Empirical Success Of Deep Learning Heuristics, Vladik Kreinovich, Olga Kosheleva
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
One of the main objectives of science and engineering is to predict the future state of the world -- and to come up with devices and strategies that would make this future state better. In some practical situations, we know how the state changes with time -- e.g., in meteorology, we know the partial differential equations that describes the atmospheric processes. In such situations, prediction becomes a purely computational problem. In many other situations, however, we do not know the equation describing the system's dynamics. In such situations, we need to learn this dynamics from data. At present, the most …
Hierarchial Multiclass Classification Works Better Than Direct Classification: An Explanation Of The Empirical Fact, Julio Urenda, Nancy Avila, Nelly Gordillo, Vladik Kreinovich
Hierarchial Multiclass Classification Works Better Than Direct Classification: An Explanation Of The Empirical Fact, Julio Urenda, Nancy Avila, Nelly Gordillo, Vladik Kreinovich
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
Machine learning techniques have been very efficient in many applications, in particular, when learning to classify a given object to one of the given classes. Such classification problems are ubiquitous: e.g., in medicine, such a classification corresponds to diagnosing a disease, and the resulting tools help medical doctors come up with the correct diagnosis. There are many possible ways to set up the corresponding neural network (or another machine learning technique). A direct way is to design a single neural network with as many outputs as there are classes -- so that for each class i, the system would …
Geometric Aspects Of Wound Healing, Julio Urenda, Vladik Kreinovich
Geometric Aspects Of Wound Healing, Julio Urenda, Vladik Kreinovich
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
In this paper, we show that many aspects of complex biological processes related to wound healing can be explained in terms of the corresponding geometric symmetries.
Why Some Non-Classical Logics Are More Studied?, Olga Kosheleva, Vladik Kreinovich, Nguyen Hoang Phuong
Why Some Non-Classical Logics Are More Studied?, Olga Kosheleva, Vladik Kreinovich, Nguyen Hoang Phuong
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
It is well known that the traditional 2-valued logic is only an approximation to how we actually reason. To provide a more adequate description of how we actually reason, researchers proposed and studied many generalizations and modifications of the traditional logic, generalizations and modifications in which some rules of the traditional logic are no longer valid. Interestingly, for some of such rules (e.g., for law of excluded middle), we have a century of research in logics that violate this rule, while for others (e.g., commutativity of ``and''), practically no research has been done. In this paper, we show that fuzzy …
Accuracy Of Data Fusion: Interval (And Fuzzy) Case, Christian Servin, Olga Kosheleva, Vladik Kreinovich
Accuracy Of Data Fusion: Interval (And Fuzzy) Case, Christian Servin, Olga Kosheleva, Vladik Kreinovich
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
The more information we have about a quantity, the more accurately we can estimate this quantity. In particular, if we have several estimates of the same quantity, we can fuse them into a single more accurate estimate. What is the accuracy of this estimate? The corresponding formulas are known for the case of probabilistic uncertainty. In this paper, we provide similar formulas for the cases of interval and fuzzy uncertainty.
Code Reuse Between Java And Android Applications, Yoonsik Cheon, Carlos V. Chavez, Ubaldo Castro
Code Reuse Between Java And Android Applications, Yoonsik Cheon, Carlos V. Chavez, Ubaldo Castro
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
Java and Android applications can be written in the same programming language. Thus, it is natural to ask how much code can be shared between them. In this paper, we perform a case study to measure quantitatively the amount of code that can be shared and reused for a multiplatform application running on the Java platform and the Android platform. We first configure a development environment consisting of platform-specific tools and supporting continuous integration. We then propose a general architecture for a multiplatform application under a guiding design principle of having clearly defined interfaces and employing loose coupling to accommodate …
Why H-Index, Vladik Kreinovich, Olga Kosheleva, Nguyen Hoang Phuong
Why H-Index, Vladik Kreinovich, Olga Kosheleva, Nguyen Hoang Phuong
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
At present, one of the main ways to gauge the quality of a researcher is to use his or her h-index, which is defined as the largest integer n such that the researcher has at least n publications each of which has at least n citations. The fact that this quantity is widely used indicates that h-index indeed reasonably adequately describes the researcher's quality. So, this notion must capture some intuitive idea. However, the above definition is not intuitive at all, it sound like a somewhat convoluted mathematical exercise. So why is h-index so efficient? In this paper, we …
Relationship Between Measurement Results And Expert Estimates Of Cumulative Quantities, On The Example Of Pavement Roughness, Edgar Daniel Rodriguez Velasquez, Carlos M. Chang Albitres, Vladik Kreinovich
Relationship Between Measurement Results And Expert Estimates Of Cumulative Quantities, On The Example Of Pavement Roughness, Edgar Daniel Rodriguez Velasquez, Carlos M. Chang Albitres, Vladik Kreinovich
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
In many practical situation, we are interesting in values of cumulative quantities -- e.g., quantities that describe the overall quality of a long road segment. Some of these quantities we can measure, but measuring such quantities requiring measuring many local values and is, thus, expensive and time-consuming. As a result, in many cases, instead of the measurement, we reply on expert estimating such cumulative quantities on a scale, e.g., from 0 to 5. Researchers have come up with an empirical formula that provides a relation between the measurement result and a 0-to-5 expert estimate. In this paper, we provide a …
Why Fuzzy Partition In F-Transform?, Vladik Kreinovich, Olga Kosheleva, Songsak Sriboonchitta
Why Fuzzy Partition In F-Transform?, Vladik Kreinovich, Olga Kosheleva, Songsak Sriboonchitta
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
In many application problems, F-transform algorithms are very efficient. In F-transform techniques, we replace the original signal or image with a finite number of weighted averages. The use of weighted average can be naturally explained, e.g., by the fact that this is what we get anyway when we measure the signal. However, most successful applications of F-transform have an additional not-so-easy-to-explain feature: the partition requirement, that the sum of all the related weighting functions is a constant. In this paper, we show that this seemingly difficult-to-explain requirement can also be naturally explained in signal-measuring terms: namely, this requirement can be …
Softmax And Mcfadden's Discrete Choice Under Interval (And Other) Uncertainty, Bartłomiej Jacek Kubica, Laxman Bokati, Olga Kosheleva, Vladik Kreinovich
Softmax And Mcfadden's Discrete Choice Under Interval (And Other) Uncertainty, Bartłomiej Jacek Kubica, Laxman Bokati, Olga Kosheleva, Vladik Kreinovich
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
One of the important steps in deep learning is softmax, when we select one of the alternatives with a probability depending on its expected gain. A similar formula describes human decision making: somewhat surprisingly, when presented with several choices with different expected equivalent monetary gain, we do not just select the alternative with the largest gain; instead, we make a random choice, with probability decreasing with the gain -- so that it is possible that we will select second highest and even third highest value. Both formulas assume that we know the exact value of the expected gain for each …
Why Liquids? A Symmetry-Based Solution To Weisskopf's Challenge, Julio Urenda, Vladik Kreinovich
Why Liquids? A Symmetry-Based Solution To Weisskopf's Challenge, Julio Urenda, Vladik Kreinovich
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
In 1977, the renowned physicist Victor Weisskopf challenged the physics community to provide a fundamental explanation for the existence of the liquid phase of matter. A recent essay confirms that Weisskopf's 1977 question remains a challenge. In this paper, we use natural symmetry ideas to show that liquids are actually a natural state between solids and gases.
Why A Is Usually 90, B Is 80, Etc.: A Possible Explanation, Francisco Zapata, Olga Kosheleva, Vladik Kreinovich
Why A Is Usually 90, B Is 80, Etc.: A Possible Explanation, Francisco Zapata, Olga Kosheleva, Vladik Kreinovich
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
In the US education system, instructors typically use 90/100, 80/100, 70/100, and 60/100 thresholds to gauge students' knowledge: students who get 90 or more points out of 100 get the highest grade of A, students whose grades are in between 80 and 90 get a B, followed by C, D, and F (fail). In this paper, we show that these seemingly arbitrary threshold have a natural explanation: A means that a student can solve almost all problems; C means that two students with this level of knowledge can solve almost all problems when working together; D means that we need …
The Heresy Of Unheard-Of Simplicity: Comment On "The Unreasonable Effectiveness Of Small Neural Ensembles In High-Dimensional Brain" By A. N. Gorban, V. A. Makarov, And I. Y. Tyukin, Vladik Kreinovich
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
No abstract provided.
Contrast Similarity Measures Of Fuzzy Sets, Ildar Batyrshin, Olga Kosheleva, Vladik Kreinovich, Nailya Kubysheva, Raouf Akhtiamov
Contrast Similarity Measures Of Fuzzy Sets, Ildar Batyrshin, Olga Kosheleva, Vladik Kreinovich, Nailya Kubysheva, Raouf Akhtiamov
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
The paper proposes a new class of fuzzy set similarity measures taking into account the proximity of membership values to the border values 0 and 1. These similarity measures take values in [0,1] and generalize the crisp weak equality relation of fuzzy sets considered in the theory of fuzzy sets. The method of construction of a contrast similarity measure using a bipolar function symmetric with respect to 0.5 is presented. The similarity measure defined by the contrast intensification operation considered by Lotfi Zadeh is discussed.
Multiplatform Application Development For Android And Java, Yoonsik Cheon
Multiplatform Application Development For Android And Java, Yoonsik Cheon
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
Software developers of today are under increasing pressure to support multiple platforms, in particular mobile platforms. However, developing a multiplatform application is difficult and challenging due to a variety of platform differences. We propose a native approach for developing a multiplatform application running on two similar but different platforms, Java and Android. We address practical software engineering concerns attributed to native multiplatform application development, from configuration of tools to software design and development process. Our approach allows one to share 37%~40% of application code between the two platforms as well as improving the quality of the application. We believe our …
Global Independence, Possible Local Dependence: Towards More Realistic Error Estimates For Indirect Measurements, Vladik Kreinovich
Global Independence, Possible Local Dependence: Towards More Realistic Error Estimates For Indirect Measurements, Vladik Kreinovich
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
In many practical situations, it is not realistically possible to directly measure the desired physical quantity. In such situations, we have to measure this quantity indirectly, i.e., measure related quantities and use the known relation to estimate the value of the desired quantity. How accurate it the resulting estimate? The traditional approach assumes that the measurement errors of all direct measurements are independent. In many practical situations, this assumption works well, but in many other practical situations, it leads to a drastic underestimation of the resulting estimation error: e.g., when we base our estimate on measurements performed at nearby moments …
Why Patients Do Not Always Follow Doctor's Advice: Systems Approach Explains Empirical Observation, Griselda Acosta, Eric Smith, Vladik Kreinovich
Why Patients Do Not Always Follow Doctor's Advice: Systems Approach Explains Empirical Observation, Griselda Acosta, Eric Smith, Vladik Kreinovich
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
Empirical studies show that when a medical doctor prescribes a medicine, only two third of the patients fill the prescription, and of this filling-prescription group, only half follow the doctor's instructions when taking the medicine. In this paper, we show that a general systems approach -- namely, abstracting from the specifics of this situation -- helps explain these empirical observations. We also mention that systems approach can not only explains this problem, it can also help solve it -- i.e., it can help increase the patients' adherence to the doctors' recommendations.
Why Triangular Membership Functions Are So Efficient In F-Transform Applications: A Global Explanation To Supplement The Existing Local One, Olga Kosheleva, Vladik Kreinovich, Thach N. Nguyen
Why Triangular Membership Functions Are So Efficient In F-Transform Applications: A Global Explanation To Supplement The Existing Local One, Olga Kosheleva, Vladik Kreinovich, Thach N. Nguyen
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
The main ideas of F-transform came from representing expert rules. It would be therefore re reasonable to expect that the more accurately the membership functions describe human reasoning, the more efficient will be the corresponding F-transform formulas. We know that an adequate description of our reasoning corresponds to complicated membership functions -- however, somewhat surprisingly, most efficient applications of F-transform use the simplest possible triangular membership functions. There exist some explanations for this phenomenon which are based on local behavior of the signal. In this paper, we supplement this local explanation by a global one: namely, we prove that triangular …
Geometric Reformulation Of Learning Models Can Help Prepare Better Teachers, Vladik Kreinovich, Olga Kosheleva
Geometric Reformulation Of Learning Models Can Help Prepare Better Teachers, Vladik Kreinovich, Olga Kosheleva
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
Many researchers have been analyzing how to further improve teacher preparation -- and thus, how to improve teaching. Many of their results are based on complex models and/or on complex data analysis. Because of this complexity, future teachers often view the resulting recommendations as black boxes, without understanding the motivations for these recommendations -- and thus, without much willingness to follow these recommendations. One of the natural ways to make these recommendations clearer is to reformulate them in geometric terms, since geometric models are usually easier to understand than algebraic more abstract ones. In this paper, on the example of …