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Articles 6571 - 6600 of 9024
Full-Text Articles in Computer Sciences
Near-Duplicate Video Retrieval: Current Research And Future Trends, Jiajun Liu, Zi Huang, Hongyun Cai, Heng Tao Shen, Chong-Wah Ngo, Wei Wang
Near-Duplicate Video Retrieval: Current Research And Future Trends, Jiajun Liu, Zi Huang, Hongyun Cai, Heng Tao Shen, Chong-Wah Ngo, Wei Wang
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
The exponential growth of online videos, along with increasing user involvement in video-related activities, has been observed as a constant phenomenon during the last decade. User's time spent on video capturing, editing, uploading, searching, and viewing has boosted to an unprecedented level. The massive publishing and sharing of videos has given rise to the existence of an already large amount of near-duplicate content. This imposes urgent demands on near-duplicate video retrieval as a key role in novel tasks such as video search, video copyright protection, video recommendation, and many more. Driven by its significance, near-duplicate video retrieval has recently attracted …
Click-Boosting Random Walk For Image Search Reranking, Xiaopeng Yang, Yongdong Zhang, Ting Yao, Zheng-Jun Zha, Chong-Wah Ngo
Click-Boosting Random Walk For Image Search Reranking, Xiaopeng Yang, Yongdong Zhang, Ting Yao, Zheng-Jun Zha, Chong-Wah Ngo
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Image reranking is an effective way for improving the retrieval performance of keyword-based image search engines. A fundamental issue underlying the success of existing image reranking approaches is the ability in identifying potentially useful recurrent patterns or relevant training examples from the initial search results. Ideally, these patterns and examples can be leveraged to upgrade the ranks of visually similar images, which are also likely to be relevant. The challenge, nevertheless, originates from the fact that keyword-based queries are used to be ambiguous, resulting in difficulty in predicting the search intention. Mining useful patterns and examples without understanding query is …
Self-Organizing Cognitive Models For Virtual Agents, Yilin Kang, Ah-Hwee Tan
Self-Organizing Cognitive Models For Virtual Agents, Yilin Kang, Ah-Hwee Tan
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Three key requirements of realistic characters or agents in virtual world can be identified as autonomy, interactivity, and personification. Working towards these challenges, this paper proposes a brain inspired agent architecture that integrates goal-directed autonomy, natural language interaction and human-like personification. Based on self-organizing neural models, the agent architecture maintains explicit mental representation of desires, intention, personalities, self-awareness, situation awareness and user awareness. Autonomous behaviors are generated via evaluating the current situation with active goals and learning the most appropriate social or goal-directed rule from the available knowledge, in accordance with the personality of each individual agent. We have built …
Large Scale Online Kernel Classification, Jialei Wang, Peilin Zhao, Steven C. H. Hoi, Jinfeng Zhuang, Zhi-Yong Liu
Large Scale Online Kernel Classification, Jialei Wang, Peilin Zhao, Steven C. H. Hoi, Jinfeng Zhuang, Zhi-Yong Liu
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
In this work, we present a new framework for large scale online kernel classification, making kernel methods efficient and scalable for large-scale online learning tasks. Unlike the regular budget kernel online learning scheme that usually uses different strategies to bound the number of support vectors, our framework explores a functional approximation approach to approximating a kernel function/matrix in order to make the subsequent online learning task efficient and scalable. Specifically, we present two different online kernel machine learning algorithms: (i) the Fourier Online Gradient Descent (FOGD) algorithm that applies the random Fourier features for approximating kernel functions; and (ii) the …
An Empirical Analysis Of A Network Of Expertise, Le Truc Viet, Minh Thap Nguyen
An Empirical Analysis Of A Network Of Expertise, Le Truc Viet, Minh Thap Nguyen
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
In this paper, we analyze the network of expertise constructed from the interactions of users on the online questionanswering (QA) community of Stack Overflow. This community was built with the intention of helping users with their programming tasks and, thus, questions are expected to be highly factual. This also indicates that the answers one provides may be highly indicative of one's level of expertise on the subject matter. Therefore, our main concern is how to model and characterize the user's expertise based on the constructed network and its centrality measures. We used the user's reputation established on Stack Overflow as …
Computing Immutable Regions For Subspace Top-K Queries, Kyriakos Mouratidis, Hwee Hwa Pang
Computing Immutable Regions For Subspace Top-K Queries, Kyriakos Mouratidis, Hwee Hwa Pang
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Given a high-dimensional dataset, a top-k query can be used to shortlist the k tuples that best match the user’s preferences. Typically, these preferences regard a subset of the available dimensions (i.e., attributes) whose relative significance is expressed by user-specified weights. Along with the query result, we propose to compute for each involved dimension the maximal deviation to the corresponding weight for which the query result remains valid. The derived weight ranges, called immutable regions, are useful for performing sensitivity analysis, for finetuning the query weights, etc. In this paper, we focus on top-k queries with linear preference functions over …
Attribute-Based Encryption With Verifiable Outsourced Decryption, Junzuo Lai, Robert H. Deng, Chaowen Guan, Jian Weng
Attribute-Based Encryption With Verifiable Outsourced Decryption, Junzuo Lai, Robert H. Deng, Chaowen Guan, Jian Weng
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Attribute-based encryption (ABE) is a public-keybased one-to-many encryption that allows users to encrypt and decrypt data based on user attributes. A promising application of ABE is flexible access control of encrypted data stored in the cloud, using access polices and ascribed attributes associated with private keys and ciphertexts.One of themain efficiency drawbacks of the existing ABE schemes is that decryption involves expensive pairing operations and the number of such operations grows with the complexity of the access policy. Recently, Green et al. proposed an ABE system with outsourced decryption that largely eliminates the decryption overhead for users. In such a …
The User’S Communication Patterns On A Mobile Social Network Site, Youngsoo Kim
The User’S Communication Patterns On A Mobile Social Network Site, Youngsoo Kim
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Given that users are simultaneously connected in multiple communication channels in a social networking service site (e.g., chat, message, and group message), we explore user's collective networking behavior. We collected the data from a mobile social networking site with 4.8 million registered users. The empirical estimation shows interesting results: (1) there are cross-effects across the communication channels: substitute effects for "chat and message" and complementary effects for "message and group message" and "chat and group message" (2) there is significant local network effect but global network effect is not observed, (3) users utilize communication channels for different purposes according to …
Usmmc: A Self-Contained Model Checker For Uml State Machines, Shuang Liu, Yang Liu, Jun Sun, Manchun Zheng, Bimlesh Wadhwa, Jin Song Dong
Usmmc: A Self-Contained Model Checker For Uml State Machines, Shuang Liu, Yang Liu, Jun Sun, Manchun Zheng, Bimlesh Wadhwa, Jin Song Dong
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
UML diagrams are gaining increasing usage in Object-Oriented system designs. UML state machines are specifically used in modeling dynamic behaviors of classes. It has been widely agreed that verification of system designs at an early stage will dramatically reduce the development cost. Tool support for verification UML designs can also encourage consistent usage of UML diagrams throughout the software development procedure. In this work, we present a tool, named USMMC, which turns model checking of UML state machines into practice. USMMC is a self-contained toolkit, which provides editing, interactive simulation as well as powerful model checking support for UML state …
Vigilance Adaptation In Adaptive Resonance Theory, Lei Meng, Ah-Hwee Tan, Donald C. Winsch
Vigilance Adaptation In Adaptive Resonance Theory, Lei Meng, Ah-Hwee Tan, Donald C. Winsch
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Despite the advantages of fast and stable learning, Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) still relies on an empirically fixed vigilance parameter value to determine the vigilance regions of all of the clusters in the category field (F 2 ), causing its performance to depend on the vigilance value. It would be desirable to use different values of vigilance for different category field nodes, in order to fit the data with a smaller number of categories. We therefore introduce two methods, the Activation Maximization Rule (AMR) and the Confliction Minimization Rule (CMR). Despite their differences, both ART with AMR (AM-ART) and with …
An Agent-Based Network Analytic Perspective On The Evolution Of Complex Adaptive Supply Chain Networks, Loganathan Ponnanbalam, A. Tan, Xiuju Fu, Xiaofeng Yin, Zhaoxia Wang, Rick S. M. Goh
An Agent-Based Network Analytic Perspective On The Evolution Of Complex Adaptive Supply Chain Networks, Loganathan Ponnanbalam, A. Tan, Xiuju Fu, Xiaofeng Yin, Zhaoxia Wang, Rick S. M. Goh
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Supply chain networks of modern era are complex adaptive systems that are dynamic and highly interdependent in nature. Business continuity of these complex systems depend vastly on understanding as to how the supply chain network evolves over time (based on the policies it adapts), and identifying the susceptibility of the evolved networks to external disruptions. The objective of this article is to illustrate as to how an agent-based network analytic perspective can aid this understanding on the network-evolution dynamics, and identification of disruption effects on the evolved networks. To this end, we developed a 4-tier agent based supply chain model …
Adaptive Collective Routing Using Gaussian Process Dynamic Congestion Models, Siyuan Liu, Yisong Yue, Ramayya Krishnan
Adaptive Collective Routing Using Gaussian Process Dynamic Congestion Models, Siyuan Liu, Yisong Yue, Ramayya Krishnan
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
We consider the problem of adaptively routing a fleet of cooperative vehicles within a road network in the presence of uncertain and dynamic congestion conditions. To tackle this problem, we first propose a Gaussian Process Dynamic Congestion Model that can effectively characterize both the dynamics and the uncertainty of congestion conditions. Our model is efficient and thus facilitates real-time adaptive routing in the face of uncertainty. Using this congestion model, we develop an efficient algorithm for non-myopic adaptive routing to minimize the collective travel time of all vehicles in the system. A key property of our approach is the ability …
Delayflow Centrality For Identifying Critical Nodes In Transportation Networks, Yew-Yih Cheng, Roy Ka Wei Lee, Ee-Peng Lim, Feida Zhu
Delayflow Centrality For Identifying Critical Nodes In Transportation Networks, Yew-Yih Cheng, Roy Ka Wei Lee, Ee-Peng Lim, Feida Zhu
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
In an urban city, its transportation network supports efficient flow of people between different parts of the city. Failures in the network can cause major disruptions to commuter and business activities which can result in both significant economic and time losses. In this paper, we investigate the use of centrality measures to determine critical nodes in a transportation network so as to improve the design of the network as well as to devise plans for coping with network failures. Most centrality measures in social network analysis research unfortunately consider only topological structure of the network and are oblivious of transportation …
Automated Generation Of Interaction Graphs For Value-Factored Decentralized Pomdps, William Yeoh, Akshat Kumar, Shlomo Zilberstein
Automated Generation Of Interaction Graphs For Value-Factored Decentralized Pomdps, William Yeoh, Akshat Kumar, Shlomo Zilberstein
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
The Decentralized Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (Dec-POMDP) is a powerful model for multi-agent planning under uncertainty, but its applicability is hindered by its high complexity – solving Dec-POMDPs optimally is NEXP-hard. Recently, Kumar et al. introduced the Value Factorization (VF) framework, which exploits decomposable value functions that can be factored into subfunctions. This framework has been shown to be a generalization of several specialized models such as TI-Dec-MDPs, ND-POMDPs and TD-POMDPs, which leverage different forms of sparse agent interactions to improve the scalability of planning. Existing algorithms for these models assume that the interaction graph of the problem is …
Cost-Sensitive Online Active Learning With Application To Malicious Url Detection, Peilin Zhao, Steven C. H. Hoi
Cost-Sensitive Online Active Learning With Application To Malicious Url Detection, Peilin Zhao, Steven C. H. Hoi
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Malicious Uniform Resource Locator (URL) detection is an important problem in web search and mining, which plays a critical role in internet security. In literature, many existing studies have attempted to formulate the problem as a regular supervised binary classification task, which typically aims to optimize the prediction accuracy. However, in a real-world malicious URL detection task, the ratio between the number of malicious URLs and legitimate URLs is highly imbalanced, making it very inappropriate for simply optimizing the prediction accuracy. Besides, another key limitation of the existing work is to assume a large amount of training data is available, …
Robust Median Reversion Strategy For On-Line Portfolio Selection, Dingjiang Huang, Junlong Zhou, Bin Li, Steven Hoi, Shuigeng Zhou
Robust Median Reversion Strategy For On-Line Portfolio Selection, Dingjiang Huang, Junlong Zhou, Bin Li, Steven Hoi, Shuigeng Zhou
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
On-line portfolio selection has been attracting increasing interests from artificial intelligence community in recent decades. Mean reversion, as one most frequent pattern in financial markets, plays an important role in some state-of-the-art strategies. Though successful in certain datasets, existing mean reversion strategies do not fully consider noises and outliers in the data, leading to estimation error and thus non-optimal portfolios, which results in poor performance in practice. To overcome the limitation, we propose to exploit the reversion phenomenon by robust L1-median estimator, and design a novel on-line portfolio selection strategy named "Robust Median Reversion" (RMR), which makes optimal …
Learning To Name Faces: A Multimodal Learning Scheme For Search-Based Face Annotation, Dayong Wang, Steven C. H. Hoi, Pengcheng Wu, Jianke Zhu, Ying He, Chunyan Miao
Learning To Name Faces: A Multimodal Learning Scheme For Search-Based Face Annotation, Dayong Wang, Steven C. H. Hoi, Pengcheng Wu, Jianke Zhu, Ying He, Chunyan Miao
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Automated face annotation aims to automatically detect human faces from a photo and further name the faces with the corresponding human names. In this paper, we tackle this open problem by investigating a search-based face annotation (SBFA) paradigm for mining large amounts of web facial images freely available on the WWW. Given a query facial image for annotation, the idea of SBFA is to first search for top-n similar facial images from a web facial image database and then exploit these top-ranked similar facial images and their weak labels for naming the query facial image. To fully mine those information, …
“Network-Theoretic” Queuing Delay Estimation In Theme Park Attractions, Ajay Aravamudhan, Archan Misra, Hoong Chuin Lau
“Network-Theoretic” Queuing Delay Estimation In Theme Park Attractions, Ajay Aravamudhan, Archan Misra, Hoong Chuin Lau
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Queuing is a common phenomenon in theme parks which negatively affects visitor experience and revenue yields. There is thus a need for park operators to infer the real queuing delays without expensive investment in human effort or complex tracking infrastructure. In this paper, we depart from the classical queuing theory approach and provide a data-driven and online approach for estimating the time-varying queuing delays experienced at different attractions in a theme park. This work is novel in that it relies purely on empirical observations of the entry time of individual visitors at different attractions, and also accommodates the reality that …
Best Upgrade Plans For Large Road Networks, Yimin Lin, Kyriakos Mouratidis
Best Upgrade Plans For Large Road Networks, Yimin Lin, Kyriakos Mouratidis
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
In this paper, we consider a new problem in the context of road network databases, named Resource Constrained Best Upgrade Plan computation (BUP, for short). Consider a transportation network (weighted graph) G where a subset of the edges are upgradable, i.e., for each such edge there is a cost, which if spent, the weight of the edge can be reduced to a specific new value. Given a source and a destination in G, and a budget (resource constraint) B, the BUP problem is to identify which upgradable edges should be upgraded so that the shortest path distance between source and …
Flotra: Flower-Shape Trajectory Mining For Instance-Specific Parameter Tuning, Lindawati Lindawati, Feida Zhu, Hoong Chuin Lau
Flotra: Flower-Shape Trajectory Mining For Instance-Specific Parameter Tuning, Lindawati Lindawati, Feida Zhu, Hoong Chuin Lau
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
The performance of a heuristic algorithm is highly dependent on its parameter configuration, yet finding a good parameter configuration is often a time-consuming task. In this paper we propose FloTra, a Flower graph mining for graph search Trajectory pattern extraction for generic instance-specific automated parameter tuning. This algorithm provides efficient extraction of compact and discriminative features of the search trajectory, upon which problem instances are clustered and the corresponding optimal parameter configurations are computed. Experimental evaluations of our approach on the Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP) show that our approach offers promising improvement over existing parameter tuning algorithms. In this work, …
Improving Patient Length-Of-Stay In Emergency Department Through Dynamic Resource Allocation Policies, Kar Way Tan, Wei Hao Tan, Hoong Chuin Lau
Improving Patient Length-Of-Stay In Emergency Department Through Dynamic Resource Allocation Policies, Kar Way Tan, Wei Hao Tan, Hoong Chuin Lau
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
In this work, we consider the problem of allocating doctors in the ambulatory area of a hospital's emergency department (ED) based on a set of policies. Traditional staffing methods are static, hence do not react well to surges in patient demands. We study strategies that intelligently adjust the number of doctors based on current and historical information about the patient arrival. Our main contribution is our proposed data-driven online approach that performs adaptive allocation by utilizing historical as well as current arrivals by running symbiotic simulation in real-time. We build a simulation prototype that models ED process that is close …
Multi-Agent Orienteering Problem With Time-Dependent Capacity Constraints, Cen Chen, Shih-Fen Cheng, Hoong Chuin Lau
Multi-Agent Orienteering Problem With Time-Dependent Capacity Constraints, Cen Chen, Shih-Fen Cheng, Hoong Chuin Lau
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
The Orienteering Problem (OP), as originally defined by Tsiligirides, is the problem of cross-countr sport in which participants get rewards from visiting a predefined set of checkpoints. As Orienteering Problem can be used to describe a wide variety of real-world problems like route planning for facility inspection, patrolling of strategic location, and reward-weighted traveling salesman problem, it has attracted continuous interests from researchers and a large number of variants and corresponding algorithms for solving them have been introduced.
Scalable Randomized Patrolling For Securing Rapid Transit Networks, Pradeep Varakantham, Hoong Chuin Lau, Zhi Yuan
Scalable Randomized Patrolling For Securing Rapid Transit Networks, Pradeep Varakantham, Hoong Chuin Lau, Zhi Yuan
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Mass Rapid Transit using rail is a popular mode of transport employed by millions of people in many urban cities across the world. Typically, these networks are massive, used by many and thus, can be a soft target for criminals. In this paper, we consider the problem of scheduling randomised patrols for improving security of such rail networks. Similar to existing work in randomised patrols for protecting critical infrastructure, we also employ Stackelberg Games to represent the problem. In solving the Stackelberg games for massive rail networks, we make two key contributions. Firstly, we provide an approach called RaPtoR for …
A Multi-Objective Memetic Algorithm For Vehicle Resource Allocation In Sustainable Transportation Planning, Hoong Chuin Lau, Lucas Agussurja, Shih-Fen Cheng, Pang Jin Tan
A Multi-Objective Memetic Algorithm For Vehicle Resource Allocation In Sustainable Transportation Planning, Hoong Chuin Lau, Lucas Agussurja, Shih-Fen Cheng, Pang Jin Tan
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Sustainable supply chain management has been an increasingly important topic of research in recent years. At the strategic level, there are computational models which study supply and distribution networks with environmental considerations. At the operational level, there are, for example, routing and scheduling models which are constrained by carbon emissions. Our paper explores work in tactical planning with regards to vehicle resource allocation from distribution centers to customer locations in a multi-echelon logistics network. We formulate the bi-objective optimization problem exactly and design a memetic algorithm to efficiently derive an approximate Pareto front. We illustrate the applicability of our approach …
Politics, Sharing And Emotion In Microblogs, Tuan-Anh Hoang, William Cohen, Ee Peng Lim, Doug Pierce, David Redlawsk
Politics, Sharing And Emotion In Microblogs, Tuan-Anh Hoang, William Cohen, Ee Peng Lim, Doug Pierce, David Redlawsk
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
In political contexts, it is known that people act as "motivated reasoners", i.e., information is evaluated first for emotional affect, and this emotional reaction influences later deliberative reasoning steps. As social media becomes a more and more prevalent way of receiving political information, it becomes important to understand more completely the interaction between information, emotion, social community, and information-sharing behavior. In this paper, we describe a high-precision classifier for politically-oriented tweets, and an accurate classifier of a Twitter user's political affiliation. Coupled with existing sentiment-analysis tools for microblogs, these methods enable us to systematically study the interaction of emotion and …
Performance Measurement Design For A Parcel Delivery Company, Junyu Choy, Nang Laik Ma, Ping Shung Koo
Performance Measurement Design For A Parcel Delivery Company, Junyu Choy, Nang Laik Ma, Ping Shung Koo
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
There were extensive researches on the topic of performance management in various organizations across multiple fields. Literature on performance measurements in logistics can be divided into specific measures and their application in the context or complete framework for performance measurements. In this paper, the focus of the discussion will be the formulation of the framework which handles performance measurements for package delivery service and how the metrics measure the performance and their application in the context of package delivery service.
Mining Direct Antagonistic Communities In Signed Social Networks, David Lo, Didi Surian, Philips Kokoh Prasetyo, Zhang Kuan, Ee Peng Lim
Mining Direct Antagonistic Communities In Signed Social Networks, David Lo, Didi Surian, Philips Kokoh Prasetyo, Zhang Kuan, Ee Peng Lim
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Social networks provide a wealth of data to study relationship dynamics among people. Most social networks such as Epinions and Facebook allow users to declare trusts or friendships with other users. Some of them also allow users to declare distrusts or negative relationships. When both positive and negative links co-exist in a network, some interesting community structures can be studied. In this work, we mine Direct Antagonistic Communities (DACs) within such signed networks. Each DAC consists of two sub-communities with positive relationships among members of each sub-community, and negative relationships among members of the other sub-community. Identifying direct antagonistic communities …
Improving Tool Support For Software Reverse Engineering In A Security Context, Brendan Cleary, Christoph Treude, Fernando Figueira Filho, Margaret-Anne Storey, Martin Salois
Improving Tool Support For Software Reverse Engineering In A Security Context, Brendan Cleary, Christoph Treude, Fernando Figueira Filho, Margaret-Anne Storey, Martin Salois
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Illegal cyberspace activities are increasing rapidly and many software engineers are using reverse engineering methods to respond to attacks. The security-sensitive nature of these tasks, such as the understanding of malware or the decryption of encrypted content, brings unique challenges to reverse engineering: work has to be done offline, files can rarely be shared, time pressure is immense, and there is a lack of tool and process support for capturing and sharing the knowledge obtained while trying to understand assembly code. To help us gain an understanding of this reverse engineering work, we conducted an exploratory study at a government …
Orion: A Software Project Search Engine With Integrated Diverse Software Artifacts, Tegawende F. Bissyande, Ferdian Thung, David Lo, Lingxiao Jiang, Laurent Réveillère
Orion: A Software Project Search Engine With Integrated Diverse Software Artifacts, Tegawende F. Bissyande, Ferdian Thung, David Lo, Lingxiao Jiang, Laurent Réveillère
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Software projects produce a wealth of data that is leveraged in different tasks and for different purposes: researchers collect project data for building experimental datasets; software programmers reuse code from projects; developers often explore the opportunities for getting involved in the development of a project to gain or offer expertise. Finding relevant projects that suit one needs is however currently challenging with the capabilities of existing search systems. We propose Orion, an integrated search engine architecture that combines information from different types of software repositories from multiple sources to facilitate the construction and execution of advanced search queries. Orion provides …
Popularity, Interoperability, And Impact Of Programming Languages In 100,000 Open Source Projects, Tegawende F. Bissyande, Ferdian Thung, David Lo, Lingxiao Jiang, Laurent Réveillère
Popularity, Interoperability, And Impact Of Programming Languages In 100,000 Open Source Projects, Tegawende F. Bissyande, Ferdian Thung, David Lo, Lingxiao Jiang, Laurent Réveillère
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Programming languages have been proposed even before the era of the modern computer. As years have gone, computer resources have increased and application domains have expanded, leading to the proliferation of hundreds of programming languages, each attempting to improve over others or to address new programming paradigms. These languages range from procedural languages like C, object oriented languages like Java, and functional languages such as ML and Haskell. Unfortunately, there is a lack of large scale and comprehensive studies that examine the “popularity”, “interoperability”, and “impact” of various programming languages. To fill this gap, this study investigates a hundred thousands …