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Missouri University of Science and Technology

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Articles 1291 - 1320 of 1938

Full-Text Articles in Computer Sciences

Exploring The Use Of A Commercial Game Engine For The Development Of Educational Software, Hussain Alafaireet Jan 2009

Exploring The Use Of A Commercial Game Engine For The Development Of Educational Software, Hussain Alafaireet

Masters Theses

"Three-dimensional visualization and simulation environments are becoming increasingly important in both industrial and educational environments. However, developing these simulations can be a difficult and expensive task. Herein we explore the use of a commercial game engine to develop a 3-D, interactive computer game designed to teach players about the anatomy of a frog. The goal of this project is threefold: 1) to develop high-fidelity virtual reality educational software with a limited budget and limited personnel, 2) to define a software development process by which similar simulations can be developed, and 3) to explore the benefits that these simulations provide to …

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Integration Of A Gis Learning System Into Civil Engineering Curricula: An Evaluation, Basanta Tandon Jan 2009

Integration Of A Gis Learning System Into Civil Engineering Curricula: An Evaluation, Basanta Tandon

Masters Theses

"An evaluation of a web-based e-learning system to facilitate integration of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) into the Civil Engineering curriculum was conducted. The principal goals of the evaluation were to examine the effectiveness of the learning system and to develop a preliminary model to describe how students interact with the learning system. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected from 80 students who participated in a geotechnical engineering laboratory session, which covered soil borrow sites. Students rated the laboratory session as significantly more effective for learning, a nd more motivational than the class text. They also rated the lab significantly more …

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Grey Measurement Based On Rough Set Granule Calculations, Jian Liu, Zhili Huang, Shunxiang Wu, Ruiyi Chen Dec 2008

Grey Measurement Based On Rough Set Granule Calculations, Jian Liu, Zhili Huang, Shunxiang Wu, Ruiyi Chen

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper put the Rough set methodology based on the information table disposal to expand the dual (binary) relations described by the neighborhood system. To make full use of logic operations including AND operation by-bit, XOR operation by-bit and NOR operation by-bit, gains the certain and uncertain information among the various decision-making factors. The use of knowledge related with Grey system theory, establishes their mathematical model for decision making and data mining, according to the principle of the priority of certain information in decision-making and the ambiguity degree from small to big. At last, a new method for data mining …

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Expressiveness And Effectiveness Of Program Comprehension: Thoughts On Future Research Directions, Jonathan I. Maletic, Huzefa Kagdi Dec 2008

Expressiveness And Effectiveness Of Program Comprehension: Thoughts On Future Research Directions, Jonathan I. Maletic, Huzefa Kagdi

Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

A number of research challenges in the area of program comprehension are presented. the expressiveness and effectiveness of program comprehension are discussed, and research directions are organized along these two axes. Both fundament research issues are raised along with new applications for program comprehension methods. the work advocates the investigation of better measures, further empirical studies, and controlled experiments to assess the effectiveness of program comprehension techniques © 2008 IEEE.

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Ttl Based Packet Marking For Ip Traceback, Vamsi Paruchuri, Arjan Durresi, Sriram Chellappan Dec 2008

Ttl Based Packet Marking For Ip Traceback, Vamsi Paruchuri, Arjan Durresi, Sriram Chellappan

Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

Distributed Denial of Service Attacks continue to pose major threats to the Internet. in order to traceback attack sources (i.e., IP addresses), a well-studied approach is Probabilistic Packet Marking (PPM), where each intermediate router of a packet marks it with a certain probability, enabling a victim host to traceback the attack source. in a recent study, we showed how attackers can take advantage of probabilistic nature of packet markings in existing PPM schemes to create spoofed marks, hence compromising traceback. in this paper, we propose a new PPM scheme called TTL-Based PPM (TPM) scheme, where each packet is marked with …

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Pas: Predicate-Based Authentication Services Against Powerful Passive Adversaries, Sriram Chellappan, Xiaole Bai, Wenjun Gu, Xun Wang, Dong Xuan, Bin Ma Dec 2008

Pas: Predicate-Based Authentication Services Against Powerful Passive Adversaries, Sriram Chellappan, Xiaole Bai, Wenjun Gu, Xun Wang, Dong Xuan, Bin Ma

Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

Securely authenticating a human user without assistance from any auxiliary device in the presence of powerful passive adversaries is an important and challenging problem. Passive adversaries are those that can passively monitor, intercept, and analyze every part of the authentication procedure, except for an initial secret shared between the user and the server. In this paper, we propose a new secure authentication scheme called predicate-based authentication service (PAS). In this scheme, for the first time, the concept of a predicate is introduced for authentication. We conduct analysis on the proposed scheme and implement its prototype system. Our analytical data and …

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Link Rate Allocation Under Bandwidth And Energy Constraints In Sensor Networks, Maggie Cheng, Xuan Gong, Lin Cai Dec 2008

Link Rate Allocation Under Bandwidth And Energy Constraints In Sensor Networks, Maggie Cheng, Xuan Gong, Lin Cai

Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

In sensor networks, both energy and band width are scarce resources. in the past, the energy efficient routing problem has been vastly studied in order to maximize network lifetime, but link bandwidth has been optimistically assumed to be abundant. as energy con straint affects how data should be routed, link bandwidth also affects not just the routing topology but also the allowed data rate on each link, which in turn affects lifetime. Previous works that focus on energy efficient operations in sensor networks with the sole objective of maximizing network lifetime only consider the energy constraint and ignore the bandwidth …

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Position Transformation: A Location Privacy Protection Method For Moving Objects, Dan Lin, Elisa Bertino, Reynold Cheng, Sunil Prabhakar Dec 2008

Position Transformation: A Location Privacy Protection Method For Moving Objects, Dan Lin, Elisa Bertino, Reynold Cheng, Sunil Prabhakar

Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

The expanding use of location-Based services has profound implications on the privacy of personal information. in this paper, we propose a framework for preserving location privacy based on the idea of sending to the service provider suitably modified location information. Agents execute data transformation, and the service provider directly processes the transformed dataset. Our technique not only prevents the service provider from knowing the exact locations of users, but also protects information about user movements and locations from being disclosed to other users who are not authorized to access this information. We also define a privacy model to analyze our …

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A Systematic Framework For Structured Object-Oriented Security Requirements Analysis In Embedded Systems, Sojan Markose, Xiaoqing Frank Liu, Bruce M. Mcmillin Dec 2008

A Systematic Framework For Structured Object-Oriented Security Requirements Analysis In Embedded Systems, Sojan Markose, Xiaoqing Frank Liu, Bruce M. Mcmillin

Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

The primary goal of this paper is to develop a structured objectoriented security requirements analysis methodology for the elicitation and analysis of security requirements in embedded systems. There are several approaches to elicit, analyze and specify security requirements in embedded systems ranging from formal mathematical models for proof of certain security properties to informal methods that are easily understood. Applicability of formal security models is limited because they are complex and it is time consuming to develop. On the other hand, informal security requirements analysis methods are not integrated with conceptual models in requirements analysis, and although both external and …

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Implementation And Analysis Of Practical Algorithm For Data Security, Willi Ballenthin, F. Kacani, Julia Albath, Sanjay Kumar Madria Dec 2008

Implementation And Analysis Of Practical Algorithm For Data Security, Willi Ballenthin, F. Kacani, Julia Albath, Sanjay Kumar Madria

Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

In this paper, we present a complete implementation of the Practical Algorithm for Data Security (PADS) proposed by Albath et al., an end-to-end security scheme employing symmetric key encryption. The implementation takes full advantage of the modular design of the TinyOS environment. The simplicity of the algorithm allows for efficient implementation in hardware, a requirement for resource constrained devices. The protocol adds only four bytes of data per packet, on par with industry standards. Simulation and empirical results of the scheme are also provided. The analysis shows that the Practical Algorithm for Data Security is superior to standard security schemes.

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A Model Based Fault Detection And Prognostic Scheme For Uncertain Nonlinear Discrete-Time Systems, Balaje T. Thumati, Jagannathan Sarangapani Dec 2008

A Model Based Fault Detection And Prognostic Scheme For Uncertain Nonlinear Discrete-Time Systems, Balaje T. Thumati, Jagannathan Sarangapani

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A new fault detection and prognostics (FDP) framework is introduced for uncertain nonlinear discrete time system by using a discrete-time nonlinear estimator which consists of an online approximator. A fault is detected by monitoring the deviation of the system output with that of the estimator output. Prior to the occurrence of the fault, this online approximator learns the system uncertainty. In the event of a fault, the online approximator learns both the system uncertainty and the fault dynamics. A stable parameter update law in discrete-time is developed to tune the parameters of the online approximator. This update law is also …

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Neural Network Output Feedback Control Of A Quadrotor Uav, Jagannathan Sarangapani, Travis Alan Dierks Dec 2008

Neural Network Output Feedback Control Of A Quadrotor Uav, Jagannathan Sarangapani, Travis Alan Dierks

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A neural network (NN) based output feedback controller for a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is proposed. The NNs are utilized in the observer and for generating virtual and actual control inputs, respectively, where the NNs learn the nonlinear dynamics of the UAV online including uncertain nonlinear terms like aerodynamic friction and blade flapping. It is shown using Lyapunov theory that the position, orientation, and velocity tracking errors, the virtual control and observer estimation errors, and the NN weight estimation errors for each NN are all semi-globally uniformly ultimately bounded (SGUUB) in the presence of bounded disturbances and NN functional …

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Neural-Network-Based State Feedback Control Of A Nonlinear Discrete-Time System In Nonstrict Feedback Form, Pingan He, Jagannathan Sarangapani Dec 2008

Neural-Network-Based State Feedback Control Of A Nonlinear Discrete-Time System In Nonstrict Feedback Form, Pingan He, Jagannathan Sarangapani

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

In this paper, a suite of adaptive neural network (NN) controllers is designed to deliver a desired tracking performance for the control of an unknown, second-order, nonlinear discrete-time system expressed in nonstrict feedback form. In the first approach, two feedforward NNs are employed in the controller with tracking error as the feedback variable whereas in the adaptive critic NN architecture, three feedforward NNs are used. In the adaptive critic architecture, two action NNs produce virtual and actual control inputs, respectively, whereas the third critic NN approximates certain strategic utility function and its output is employed for tuning action NN weights …

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Localizing Sensor Networks In Un-Friendly Environments, Sriram Chellappan, Vamsi Paruchuri, Dylan Mcdonald, Arjan Durresi Nov 2008

Localizing Sensor Networks In Un-Friendly Environments, Sriram Chellappan, Vamsi Paruchuri, Dylan Mcdonald, Arjan Durresi

Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

In this paper, we study the issue of defending against a wireless sensor network (WSN) that has been deployed by a malicious enemy agent in an area of interest to us. While there can be many approaches to defend against maliciously deployed WSNs, we propose the design of a localization centric approach. Specifically, the problem we address is: given an enemy deployed WSN in an area of interest to us, how can we determine locations of the sensors without co-operating with the sensors themselves during localization. In our approach, we employ a physically mobile agent called the localizer (e.g., a …

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Secure Communications Over Hybrid Military Networks, Vamsi Paruchuri, Arjan Durresi, Sriram Chellappan Nov 2008

Secure Communications Over Hybrid Military Networks, Vamsi Paruchuri, Arjan Durresi, Sriram Chellappan

Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

Stealthiness can be described as a disposition to be sly and to do things surreptitiously. This paper presents a new architecture for flexible and secure networking in battlefields that enables stealthy and covert communication in the presence of node mobility. Our architecture is based on the combination of optical (fiber) and wireless links. Our objective is to be able to carry on undeterred communication without the attack/eavesdropping nodes being able to detect the presence of any communication. This objective is not only crucial for successful completion of the operation, but also for the safety of our mobile nodes, by not …

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Who Can Help Me With This Source Code Change, Huzefa Kagdi, Maen Hammad, Jonathan I. Maletic Oct 2008

Who Can Help Me With This Source Code Change, Huzefa Kagdi, Maen Hammad, Jonathan I. Maletic

Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

An approach to recommend a ranked list of developers to assist in performing software changes to a particular file is presented. The ranking is based on change expertise, experience, and contributions of developers, as derived from the analysis of the previous commits involving the specific file in question. The commits are obtained from a software system's version control repositories (e.g., Subversion). The basic premise is that a developer who has substantially contributed changes to specific files in the past is likely to best assist for their current or future change. Evaluation of the approach on a number of open source …

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Joint Adaptive Distributed Rate And Power Control For Wireless Networks, James W. Fonda, Jagannathan Sarangapani, Steve Eugene Watkins Oct 2008

Joint Adaptive Distributed Rate And Power Control For Wireless Networks, James W. Fonda, Jagannathan Sarangapani, Steve Eugene Watkins

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A novel adaptive distributed rate and power control (ADRPC) protocol is introduced for wireless networks. The proposed controller contrasts from others by providing nonlinear compensation to the problem of transmission power and bit-rate adaptation. The protocol provides control of both signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) and quality-of-service (QoS) support to bit-rate adaptation. Bit-rate adaptation is performed by local estimation of congestion levels, rendering little packet overhead, using Lyapunov based adaptive control methods. Performance of the proposed control scheme is shown through analytical proof and simulation examples.

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Novel Dynamic Representation And Control Of Power Networks Embedded With Facts Devices, Shahab Mehraeen, Jagannathan Sarangapani, Mariesa Crow Oct 2008

Novel Dynamic Representation And Control Of Power Networks Embedded With Facts Devices, Shahab Mehraeen, Jagannathan Sarangapani, Mariesa Crow

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

FACTS devices have been shown to be powerful in damping power system oscillations caused by faults; however, in the multi machine control using FACTS, the control problem involves solving differential-algebraic equations of a power network which renders the available control schemes ineffective due to heuristic design and lack of know how to incorporate FACTS into the network. A method to generate nonlinear dynamic representation of a power system consisting of differential equations alone with universal power flow controller (UPFC) is introduced since differential equations are typically preferred for controller development. Subsequently, backstepping methodology is utilized to reduce the generator oscillations …

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A Model Based Fault Detection Scheme For Nonlinear Multivariable Discrete-Time Systems, Balaje T. Thumati, Jagannathan Sarangapani Oct 2008

A Model Based Fault Detection Scheme For Nonlinear Multivariable Discrete-Time Systems, Balaje T. Thumati, Jagannathan Sarangapani

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

In this paper, a novel robust scheme is developed for detecting faults in nonlinear discrete time multi-input and multi-output systems in contrast with the available schemes that are developed in continuous-time. Both state and output faults are addressed by considering separate time profiles. The faults, which could be incipient or abrupt, are modeled using input and output signals of the system. By using nonlinear estimation techniques, the discrete-time system is monitored online. Once a fault is detected, its dynamics are characterized using an online approximator. A stable parameter update law is developed for the online approximator scheme in discrete-time. The …

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Optimal Energy-Delay Routing Protocol With Trust Levels For Wireless Ad Hoc Networks, Eyad Taqieddin, Ann K. Miller, Jagannathan Sarangapani Sep 2008

Optimal Energy-Delay Routing Protocol With Trust Levels For Wireless Ad Hoc Networks, Eyad Taqieddin, Ann K. Miller, Jagannathan Sarangapani

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper presents the Trust Level Routing (TLR) pro- tocol, an extension of the optimized energy-delay rout- ing (OEDR) protocol, focusing on the integrity, reliability and survivability of the wireless network. TLR is similar to OEDR in that they both are link state routing proto- cols that run in a proactive mode and adopt the concept of multi-point relay (MPR) nodes. However, TLR aims at incorporating trust levels into routing by frequently changing the MPR nodes as well as authenticating the source node and contents of control packets. TLR calcu- lates the link costs based on a composite metric (delay …

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Automated Code Generation For Industrial-Strength Systems, Thomas Weigert, Frank Weil, Aswin Van Den Berg, Paul Dietz, Kevin Marth Aug 2008

Automated Code Generation For Industrial-Strength Systems, Thomas Weigert, Frank Weil, Aswin Van Den Berg, Paul Dietz, Kevin Marth

Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

Model-driven engineering proposes to develop software systems by first creating an executable model of the system design and then transforming this model into an implementation. This paper discusses the design of an automatic code generation system that transforms such models into product implementations for highly reliable, industrial-strength systems. It provides insights, practical considerations, and lessons learned when developing code generators for applications that must conform to the constraints imposed by real-world, high-performance systems. Automatic code generation has played a large part in dramatically increasing both the quality and the reliability of software for these systems.

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An Open Framework For Highly Concurrent Real-Time Hardware-In-The-Loop Simulation, Ryan C. Underwood, Bruce M. Mcmillin, Mariesa Crow Aug 2008

An Open Framework For Highly Concurrent Real-Time Hardware-In-The-Loop Simulation, Ryan C. Underwood, Bruce M. Mcmillin, Mariesa Crow

Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) real-time simulation is becoming a significant tool in prototyping complex, highly available systems. The HIL approach permits testing of hardware prototypes of components that would be extremely costly or difficult to test in the deployed environment. In power system simulation, key issues are the ability to wrap the systems of equations (such as Partial Differential Equations) describing the deployed environment into real-time software models, provide low synchronization overhead between the hardware and software, and reduce reliance on proprietary platforms. This paper introduces an open source HIL simulation framework that can be ported to any standard Unix-like system on …

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Security Property Violation In Cps Through Timing, Han Tang, Bruce M. Mcmillin Jul 2008

Security Property Violation In Cps Through Timing, Han Tang, Bruce M. Mcmillin

Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

Security in a cyber-physical system (CPS) is not well understood. Interactions between components in the cyber and physical domains lead to unintended information flow. This paper makes use of formal information flow models to describe leakage in a model CPS, the Cooperating FACTS Power System. Results show that while a casual observer cannot ascertain confidential internal information, when application semantics, including timing, are considered, this confidentiality is lost. Model checking is used to verify the result. The significance of the paper is in showing an example of the complex interactions that occur between the Cyber and Physical domains and their …

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Transactional Agents For Pervasive Computing, Machigar Ongtang, A. R. Hurson, Yu Jiao Jul 2008

Transactional Agents For Pervasive Computing, Machigar Ongtang, A. R. Hurson, Yu Jiao

Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

Pervasive computing enables seamless integration of computing technology into everyday life to make upto- date information and services proactively available to the users based on their needs and behaviors. We aim to develop a transaction management scheme as a pertinent component for such environment supported by either structured or ad hoc networks. We propose Transactional Agents for Pervasive COmputing (TAPCO), which utilizes a dynamic hierarchical meta data structure that captures the semantic contents of the underlying heterogeneous data sources. Mobile agents process the transactions collaboratively, to preserve ACID properties without violating local autonomy of the data sources. TAPCO is simulated …

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Damping Inter-Area Oscillations By Upfcs Based On Selected Global Measurements, Mahyar Zarghami, Yilu Liu, Jagannathan Sarangapani, Mariesa Crow Jul 2008

Damping Inter-Area Oscillations By Upfcs Based On Selected Global Measurements, Mahyar Zarghami, Yilu Liu, Jagannathan Sarangapani, Mariesa Crow

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper introduces a method of using a selected set of the global data for controlling inter-area oscillations of the power network using unified power flow controllers. This novel algorithm utilizes reduced order observers for estimating the missing data the purpose of control when all the data is unavailable through frequency measurements in a wide area control approach. The paper will also address the problem of time-delay in data acquisition through examples.

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Incorporation Of Evidences Into An Intelligent Computational Argumentation Network For A Web-Based Collaborative Engineering Design System, Xiaoqing Frank Liu, Ekta Khudkhudia, Ming-Chuan Leu May 2008

Incorporation Of Evidences Into An Intelligent Computational Argumentation Network For A Web-Based Collaborative Engineering Design System, Xiaoqing Frank Liu, Ekta Khudkhudia, Ming-Chuan Leu

Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

Conflicts among the stakeholders are unavoidable in the process of collaborative engineering design. Resolution of these conflicts is a challenging task. In our previous research, a web based intelligent collaborative system was developed which provides decision-making support, using computational argumentation techniques. Enhancements were done to this system to incorporate the priorities of the stakeholders and to detect arguments that self conflict. As an effort to make this system more effective and more objective in the process of decision making, we develop a method to assess the effect of evidences in the argumentation network, using Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence and fuzzy …

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Updated Data Dissemination For Applications With Time Constraints In Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, Takahiro Hara, Sanjay Kumar Madria Apr 2008

Updated Data Dissemination For Applications With Time Constraints In Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, Takahiro Hara, Sanjay Kumar Madria

Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

In our previous work, we proposed few updated data dissemination methods to refresh old replicas efficiently in mobile ad hoc networks. These methods disseminate updated data items every time when owners of original data items update the items or every time two mobile hosts are newly connected with each other and this causes heavy traffic in the entire network. In this paper, we assume applications that periodically execute read operations with strict deadlines to data items and propose few alternative updated data dissemination methods. These methods reduces the traffic for data dissemination while keeping a high success ratio for read …

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Economic-Based Incentive Schemes For Dynamic Data Management In Mobile P2p Computing, Sanjay Kumar Madria, Anirban Mondal Apr 2008

Economic-Based Incentive Schemes For Dynamic Data Management In Mobile P2p Computing, Sanjay Kumar Madria, Anirban Mondal

Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

Data management in mobile peer to peer (M-P2P) systems needs dynamic data management due to mobility and fragile wireless connection connecting resource constraint devices. Traditional methods of data management and services in mobile P2P environment generally assume all peers to cooperate. Since peer activities in M-P2P are not generally monitored, users assume that they are free to use the resources anyway they like. Under this feeling of freedom, a subset of users (free riders) begins to consume much more resources available on M-P2P than they wish to contribute. In addition, due to the dynamic nature of moving hosts, topology changes …

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Missouri S&T Mote-Based Demonstration Of Energy Monitoring Solution For Network Enabled Manufacturing Using Wireless Sensor Networks (Wsn), James W. Fonda, Maciej Jan Zawodniok, Al Salour, Jagannathan Sarangapani, Donald Miller Apr 2008

Missouri S&T Mote-Based Demonstration Of Energy Monitoring Solution For Network Enabled Manufacturing Using Wireless Sensor Networks (Wsn), James W. Fonda, Maciej Jan Zawodniok, Al Salour, Jagannathan Sarangapani, Donald Miller

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

In this work, an inexpensive electric utilities monitoring solution using wireless sensor networks is demonstrated that can easily be installed, deployed, maintained and eliminate unnecessary energy costs and effort. The monitoring solution is designed to support network enabled manufacturing (NEM) program using Missouri University of Science and Technology (MST), formerly the University of Missouri-Rolla (UMR), motes.

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Output Feedback Controller For Operation Of Spark Ignition Engines At Lean Conditions Using Neural Networks, Jonathan B. Vance, Brian C. Kaul, Jagannathan Sarangapani, J. A. Drallmeier Mar 2008

Output Feedback Controller For Operation Of Spark Ignition Engines At Lean Conditions Using Neural Networks, Jonathan B. Vance, Brian C. Kaul, Jagannathan Sarangapani, J. A. Drallmeier

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Spark ignition (SI) engines operating at very lean conditions demonstrate significant nonlinear behavior by exhibiting cycle-to-cycle bifurcation of heat release. Past literature suggests that operating an engine under such lean conditions can significantly reduce NO emissions by as much as 30% and improve fuel efficiency by as much as 5%-10%. At lean conditions, the heat release per engine cycle is not close to constant, as it is when these engines operate under stoichiometric conditions where the equivalence ratio is 1.0. A neural network controller employing output feedback has shown ability in simulation to reduce the nonlinear cyclic dispersion observed under …

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