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Articles 1051 - 1080 of 1938
Full-Text Articles in Computer Sciences
Cross-Layer Schemes For Reducing Delay In Multihop Wireless Networks, Maggie Xiaoyan Cheng, Quanmin Ye, Lin Cai
Cross-Layer Schemes For Reducing Delay In Multihop Wireless Networks, Maggie Xiaoyan Cheng, Quanmin Ye, Lin Cai
Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works
End-to-end delay is an important QoS metric in multihop wireless networks such as sensor networks and mesh networks. End-to-end delay is defined as the total time it takes for a single packet to reach the destination. It is a result of many factors including the length of the route and the interference level along the path. in this paper we address how to minimize end-to-end delay jointly through optimizing routing and link layer scheduling. We present two cross-layer schemes, a loosely coupled cross-layer scheme and a tightly coupled cross-layer scheme. in the loosely coupled cross-layer scheme, routing is computed first …
Secure Hierarchical Data Aggregation In Wireless Sensor Networks: Performance Evaluation And Analysis, Vimal Kumar, Sanjay Kumar Madria
Secure Hierarchical Data Aggregation In Wireless Sensor Networks: Performance Evaluation And Analysis, Vimal Kumar, Sanjay Kumar Madria
Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works
Secure data aggregation in wireless sensor networks has two contrasting objectives, i) Efficiently collecting and aggregating data and ii) Aggregating the data securely. Many schemes do not take into account the possibility of corrupt aggregators and allow the aggregator to decrypt data in hop-by-hop algorithms. on the other hand, using public key cryptography for providing end to end security is not energy efficient. in this paper we present and analyze the performance of the secure hierarchical data aggregation algorithm which uses an efficient public key cryptosystem (elliptic curve cryptography) to achieve end to end security. Unlike many other secure data …
Trust Management Of Encrypted Data Aggregation In A Sensor Network Environment, Nayot Poolsappasit, Michael Busby, Sanjay Kumar Madria
Trust Management Of Encrypted Data Aggregation In A Sensor Network Environment, Nayot Poolsappasit, Michael Busby, Sanjay Kumar Madria
Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works
Efficient power management is vital for increasing the life of sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks (WSN). Thus, techniques such as data aggregation have been widely used in WSN to preserve nodes' energy. Despite its appealing and powerful features, data aggregation processes require a high level of security. Ensuring accuracy with aggregating data can become an issue even due to single bit errors. Hence, many encryption techniques have been proposed to secure the data aggregation process. However, once a wireless sensor is physically compromised, the keys stored on the sensor are exposed, thus rendering the cryptography useless. Moreover, most cryptographic …
Crowdsourcing: Dynamic Data Management In Mobile P2p Networks, Sanjay Kumar Madria, Anirban Mondal
Crowdsourcing: Dynamic Data Management In Mobile P2p Networks, Sanjay Kumar Madria, Anirban Mondal
Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works
No abstract provided.
Ctod: Collaborative Tree-Based Outlier Detection In Wireless Sensor Networks, Dylan Mcdonald, Sanjay Kumar Madria, Fikret Ercal, Ryan Birmingham, Thomas Lake
Ctod: Collaborative Tree-Based Outlier Detection In Wireless Sensor Networks, Dylan Mcdonald, Sanjay Kumar Madria, Fikret Ercal, Ryan Birmingham, Thomas Lake
Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works
Outlier detection is a well-studied problem in various fields. the unique challenges of wireless sensor networks such as limited bandwidth, memory, energy, and unreliable communication make this problem especially difficult. Sensors can detect outliers for a plethora of reasons and these reasons need to be inferred in real time. Here, we present a new robust communication framework for the unsupervised in network detection of outliers in a wireless sensor network. First, communication is minimized through an ad-hoc collaborative communication scheme which controls sensor behavior to increase overall visibility of individual streaming data sets. Second, an outlier detection algorithm is tailored …
Search-Based Detection Of High-Level Model Changes, Ameni Ben Fadhel, Marouane Kessentini, Philip Langer, Manuel Wimmer
Search-Based Detection Of High-Level Model Changes, Ameni Ben Fadhel, Marouane Kessentini, Philip Langer, Manuel Wimmer
Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works
Software models are iteratively refined, restructured and evolved. the detection and analysis of changes applied between two versions of a model are one of the most important tasks during evolution and maintenance activities. in this paper, we propose an approach to detect high-level model changes in terms of refactoring. Our approach takes as input an exhaustive list of possible refactoring, the initial model and revised model, and generates as output a list of detected changes representing a sequence of refactoring. a solution is defined as a combination of refactoring that should maximize as much as possible the similarity between the …
An Evaluation Of Fairness Among Heterogeneous Tcp Variants Over 10gbps High-Speed Networks, Lin Xue, Suman Kumary, Cheng Cui, Seung Jong Park
An Evaluation Of Fairness Among Heterogeneous Tcp Variants Over 10gbps High-Speed Networks, Lin Xue, Suman Kumary, Cheng Cui, Seung Jong Park
Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works
Several high-speed TCP variants are adopted by end users and therefore, heterogeneous congestion control has become the characteristic of newly emerging high-speed networks. In contrast to homogeneous TCP flows, fairness among heterogeneous TCP flows now depends on router parameters such as queue management scheme, buffer size, etc. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first evaluation of fairness among heterogeneous TCP variants over 10Gbps high-speed networks. Our evaluation scenarios for heterogeneous TCP flows consist of TCP variants with substantial presence in current Internet; therefore, TCP-SACK, CUBIC and HSTCP compete for bottleneck bandwidth. Experimental results for fairness are presented …
Structural And Message Based Private Friend Recommendation, Bharath K. Samanthula, Wei Jiang
Structural And Message Based Private Friend Recommendation, Bharath K. Samanthula, Wei Jiang
Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works
The emerging growth of online social networks have opened new doors for various business applications such as promoting a new product across its customers. Besides this, friend recommendation is an important tool for recommending potential candidates as friends to users in order to enhance the development of the entire network structure. Existing friend recommendation methods utilize social network structure and/or user profile information. However, these techniques can no longer be applicable if the privacy of users is taken into consideration. in this paper, we propose a two-phase private friend recommendation protocol for recommending friends to a given target user based …
Query Plan Execution In A Heterogeneous Stream Management System For Situational Awareness, Indrakshi Ray, Sanjay K. Madria, Mark Linderman
Query Plan Execution In A Heterogeneous Stream Management System For Situational Awareness, Indrakshi Ray, Sanjay K. Madria, Mark Linderman
Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works
Battlefield monitoring involves collecting streaming data from different sources, transmitting the data over a heterogeneous network, and processing queries in real-time in order to respond to events in a timely manner. Nodes in these networks differ with respect to their processing, storage and communication capabilities. Links in the network differ with respect to their communication bandwidth. the topology of the network itself is subject to change, as the nodes and links may become unavailable. Continuous queries executed in such environments must also meet some quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as, response time, throughput, and memory usage. We propose that …
Exploring Compile Time Caching Of Explicit Queries In Programming Codes, Venkata Krishna Suhas Nerella, Sanjay Madria, Thomas Weigert
Exploring Compile Time Caching Of Explicit Queries In Programming Codes, Venkata Krishna Suhas Nerella, Sanjay Madria, Thomas Weigert
Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works
Object oriented programming languages raised the level of abstraction by incorporating first class query constructs explicitly in the program codes. These query constructs allow programmers to express operations over collections as object queries and also provide optimal query execution utilizing query optimization strategies from domain of databases. However, when a query is repeated in the program, it is executed afresh. This paper presents an approach to reduce the run time execution of programs involving explicit queries by caching the results of repeated queries and incrementally maintaining the cached results. We propose determination of cache entries at compile time by performing …
Automatic Social Group Organization And Privacy Management, Anna Squicciarini, Dan Lin, Sushama Karumanchi, Nicole Desisto
Automatic Social Group Organization And Privacy Management, Anna Squicciarini, Dan Lin, Sushama Karumanchi, Nicole Desisto
Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works
With the dramatic increase of users on social network websites, the needs to assist users to manage their large number of contacts as well as providing privacy protection become more and more evident. Unfortunately, limited tools are available to address such needs and reduce users' workload on managing their social relationships. to tackle this issue, we propose an approach to facilitate online social network users to group their contacts into social circles with common interests. Further, we leverage the social group practice to automate the privacy setting process for users who add new contacts or upload new data items. We …
Search-Based Refactoring: Towards Semantics Preservation, Ali Ouni, Marouane Kessentini, Houari Sahraoui, Mohamed Salah Hamdi
Search-Based Refactoring: Towards Semantics Preservation, Ali Ouni, Marouane Kessentini, Houari Sahraoui, Mohamed Salah Hamdi
Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works
Refactoring restructures a program to improve its structure without altering its behavior. However, it is challenging to preserve the domain semantics of a program when refactoring is decided/implemented automatically. Indeed, a program could be syntactically correct, have the right behavior, but model incorrectly the domain semantics. in this paper, we propose a multi-objective optimization approach to find the best sequence of refactorings that maximizes quality improvements (program structure) and minimizes semantic errors. to this end, we use the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) to find the best compromise between these two conflicting objectives. We report the results of our experiments …
A Combinatorial Solution For Scheduling Spatial Multiplexing In Mimo-Based Ad Hoc Networks, Maggie Cheng, Quanmin Ye
A Combinatorial Solution For Scheduling Spatial Multiplexing In Mimo-Based Ad Hoc Networks, Maggie Cheng, Quanmin Ye
Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works
In a MIMO-Based ad hoc network, the conflict relation between transmissions is fundamentally changed due to the multiple packet reception capability of MIMO nodes. a MIMO node can receive from multiple data streams at the same time, which significantly increases data throughput. to fully utilize the additional spectrum capacity enabled by the MIMO technology, it is important that transmissions from different nodes are coordinated. the coordination scheme needs to consider both data stream multiplexing and transmission time scheduling for a maximum performance gain. in this paper, we use an optimization framework to jointly consider MIMO link spatial multiplexing and scheduling …
Three Point Encryption (3pe): Secure Communications In Delay Tolerant Networks, Roy Cabaniss, Vimal Kumar, Sanjay Madria
Three Point Encryption (3pe): Secure Communications In Delay Tolerant Networks, Roy Cabaniss, Vimal Kumar, Sanjay Madria
Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works
Mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) are a subset of Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs) composed of several mobile devices. These dynamic environments make conventional security algorithms unreliable, nodes that are far apart may not have access to the other's public key, making secure message exchange difficult. Other security methods rely on requesting the key from a trusted third party, which can be unavailable in DTN. the purpose of this paper is to introduce two message security algorithms capable of delivering messages securely against either eavesdropping or manipulation. the first algorithm, Chaining, uses multiple midpoints to re-encrypt the message for the destination …
Incentive Based Approach To Find Selfish Nodes In Mobile P2p Networks, Hemanth Meka, Sanjay K. Madria, Mark Linderman
Incentive Based Approach To Find Selfish Nodes In Mobile P2p Networks, Hemanth Meka, Sanjay K. Madria, Mark Linderman
Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works
In a Mobile P2P (M-P2P) network, selfish nodes can drop packets to affect the efficiency of the whole network. Therefore, we propose a simple and efficient mechanism using virtual currency to identify selfish nodes in the network. Each node issues a receipt to its broker to prove that it has provided a forwarding service. based on receipts received each broker provides well-behaved nodes some virtual currency whereas selfish nodes are punished on dropping packets to make the network more efficient. When compared to other known approaches, our scheme provides real-time detection of selfish nodes and does not require/assume the presence …
Securing A Wireless Networked Control System Using Information Fusion, Brijesh Kashyap Chejerla, Sanjay Madria
Securing A Wireless Networked Control System Using Information Fusion, Brijesh Kashyap Chejerla, Sanjay Madria
Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works
Security of a wireless sensor network practically governs its usability in several applications. Especially, in applications like Industrial control systems which use NCS and SCADA systems, the security affects the stability of the system. We propose to use an information fusion scheme which allows us to profile the different attacks in wireless sensor networks and study their effects on the control systems stability and feedback. We make use of the Bayesian Networks to obtain hypotheses as outputs which form the decisions. These decisions are made based on the feature extraction and estimation process of the entire information fusion scheme. This …
Online Optimal Control Of Affine Nonlinear Discrete-Time Systems With Unknown Internal Dynamics By Using Time-Based Policy Update, Travis Dierks, Sarangapani Jagannathan
Online Optimal Control Of Affine Nonlinear Discrete-Time Systems With Unknown Internal Dynamics By Using Time-Based Policy Update, Travis Dierks, Sarangapani Jagannathan
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
In this paper, the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation is solved forward-in-time for the optimal control of a class of general affine nonlinear discrete-time systems without using value and policy iterations. the proposed approach, referred to as adaptive dynamic programming, uses two neural networks (NNs), to solve the infinite horizon optimal regulation control of affine nonlinear discrete-time systems in the presence of unknown internal dynamics and a known control coefficient matrix. One NN approximates the cost function and is referred to as the critic NN, while the second NN generates the control input and is referred to as the action NN. the cost …
A Cross Layer Approach To The Novel Distributed Scheduling Protocol And Event-Triggered Controller Design For Cyber Physical Systems, Hao Xu, Sarangapani Jagannathan
A Cross Layer Approach To The Novel Distributed Scheduling Protocol And Event-Triggered Controller Design For Cyber Physical Systems, Hao Xu, Sarangapani Jagannathan
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
In Cyber Physical Systems (CPS), multiple real-time dynamic systems are connected to their corresponding controllers through a shared communication network in contrast with a dedicated line. for such CPS, the existing scheduling schemes for instance Centralized or Distributed Scheduling schemes are unsuitable since the behavior of real-time dynamic systems is ignored during the network protocol design. Therefore, in this paper, a novel distributed scheduling protocol design via cross-layer approach is proposed to optimize the performance of CPS by maximizing the utility function which is generated by using the information collected from both the application and network layers. Subsequently, a novel …
Video Compressive Sensing With 3-D Wavelet And 3-D Noiselet, Dao Lam, Donald C. Wunsch
Video Compressive Sensing With 3-D Wavelet And 3-D Noiselet, Dao Lam, Donald C. Wunsch
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
A new compressive video sampling method is investigated. as opposed to other video sampling methods for which processing is conducted on a single-frame basis, this method is applied on multiple frames of the video stream. by exploiting the extension of Wavelet to 3-D with the support of Noiselet 3-D and combining it with fast reconstruction algorithms, this framework produces successful results quickly while maintaining the quality of the video stream. Despite its simplicity, this new approach outperforms other sophisticated methods. © 2012 IEEE.
Model Based Diagnostics And Prognostics Of Three-Phase Induction Motor For Vapor Compressor Applications, Raja Sekhar Kraleti, Maciej Jan Zawodniok, Sarangapani Jagannathan
Model Based Diagnostics And Prognostics Of Three-Phase Induction Motor For Vapor Compressor Applications, Raja Sekhar Kraleti, Maciej Jan Zawodniok, Sarangapani Jagannathan
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
In this work, a novel scheme for detection and prediction of multiple simultaneous faults in a three-phase induction motor in the context of vapor compression applications is presented. Induction motors used in vapor compression systems operate under variable speed conditions with variable frequencies. Such dynamic operating conditions may cause an occurrence of multiple, simultaneous faults including insulation degradation and a rotor bar breakage. These faults, when left undetected, lead to the failure of the motor and the entire vapor compression system. Hence, a condition monitoring of induction motors is essential. Conventional fault detection methods have various drawbacks including high implementation …
A New Data Aggregation Scheme Via Adaptive Compression For Wireless Sensor Networks, Priya Kasirajan, Carl Larsen, S. Jagannathan
A New Data Aggregation Scheme Via Adaptive Compression For Wireless Sensor Networks, Priya Kasirajan, Carl Larsen, S. Jagannathan
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Data aggregation is necessary for extending the network lifetime of wireless sensor nodes with limited processing and power capabilities, since energy expended in transmitting a single data bit would be at least several orders of magnitude higher when compared to that needed for a 32-bit computation. Therefore, in this article, a novel nonlinear adaptive pulse coded modulation-Based compression (NADPCMC) scheme is proposed for data aggregation in a wireless sensor network (WSN). the NADPCMC comprises of two estimators-one at the source or transmitter and the second one at the destination node. the estimator at the source node approximates the data value …
Network-Aware Scheduling Of Mapreduce Framework On Distributed Clusters Over High Speed Networks, Praveenkumar Kondikoppa, Chui Hui Chiu, Cheng Cui, Lin Xue, Seung Jong Park
Network-Aware Scheduling Of Mapreduce Framework On Distributed Clusters Over High Speed Networks, Praveenkumar Kondikoppa, Chui Hui Chiu, Cheng Cui, Lin Xue, Seung Jong Park
Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works
Google's MapReduce has gained significant popularity as a platform for large scale distributed data processing. Hadoop [1] is an open-source implementation of MapReduce [11] framework, originally it was developed to operate over single cluster environment and could not be leveraged for distributed data processing across federated clusters. At multiple federated clusters connected with high-speed networks, computing resources are provisioned from any of the clusters from the federation. Placement of map tasks close to its data split is critical for performance of Hadoop. In this work, we add network awareness in Hadoop while scheduling the map tasks over federated clusters. We …
Identification Of Faction Groups And Leaders In Web-Based Intelligent Argumentation System For Collaborative Decision Support, Ravi Santosh Arvapally, Xiaoqing Liu, Wei Jiang
Identification Of Faction Groups And Leaders In Web-Based Intelligent Argumentation System For Collaborative Decision Support, Ravi Santosh Arvapally, Xiaoqing Liu, Wei Jiang
Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works
Argumentation is an important and critical process in a collaborative decision-making environment. Several argumentation frameworks and systems have been proposed for collaborative decision making earlier. However, limited decision support is provided to stakeholders. in an argumentation process, stakeholders tend to form groups, called faction groups based on their opinions and exchange of arguments. Each faction group is usually led by a faction leader in the group. Identification of faction groups and leaders in argumentation becomes an important challenge which has not been addressed adequately in the past. the faction assessment in argumentation provides the decision maker with more information about …
A Brokerage-Based Approach For Cloud Service Selection, Smitha Sundareswaran, Anna Squicciarini, Dan Lin
A Brokerage-Based Approach For Cloud Service Selection, Smitha Sundareswaran, Anna Squicciarini, Dan Lin
Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works
great opportunities for consumers to find the best service and best pricing, which however raises new challenges on how to select the best service out of the huge pool. It is time-consuming for consumers to collect the necessary information and analyze all service providers to make the decision. This is also a highly demanding task from a computational perspective, because the same computations may be conducted repeatedly by multiple consumers who have similar requirements. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a novel brokerage-Based architecture in the Cloud, where the Cloud brokers is responsible for the service selection. in particular, we …
Awsr: Active Web Service Recommendation Based On Usage History, Guosheng Kang, Jianxun Liu, Mingdong Tang, Xiaoqing Liu, Buqing Cao, Yu Xu
Awsr: Active Web Service Recommendation Based On Usage History, Guosheng Kang, Jianxun Liu, Mingdong Tang, Xiaoqing Liu, Buqing Cao, Yu Xu
Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works
Web services are very prevalent nowadays. Recommending Web services that users are interested in becomes an interesting and challenging research problem. in this paper, we present AWSR (Active Web Service Recommendation), an effective Web service recommendation system based on users' usage history to actively recommend Web services to users. AWSR extracts user's functional interests and QoS preferences from his/her usage history. Similarity between user's functional interests and a candidate Web service is calculated first. a hybrid new metric of similarity is developed to combine functional similarity measurement and nonfunctional similarity measurement based on comprehensive QoS of Web services. the AWSR …
Location-Aware Collaborative Filtering For Qos-Based Service Recommendation, Mingdong Tang, Yechun Jiang, Jianxun Liu, Xiaoqing Liu
Location-Aware Collaborative Filtering For Qos-Based Service Recommendation, Mingdong Tang, Yechun Jiang, Jianxun Liu, Xiaoqing Liu
Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works
Collaborative filtering is one of widely used Web service recommendation techniques. in QoS-Based Web service recommendation, predicting missing QoS values of services is often required. There have been several methods of Web service recommendation based on collaborative filtering, but seldom have they considered locations of both users and services in predicting QoS values of Web services. Actually, locations of users or services do have remarkable impacts on values of QoS factors, such as response time, throughput, and reliability. in this paper, we propose a method of location-aware collaborative filtering to recommend Web services to users by incorporating locations of both …
Adaptive Dynamic Programming-Based State Quantized Networked Control System Without Value And/Or Policy Iterations, Qiming Zhao, Hao Xu, S. Jagannathan
Adaptive Dynamic Programming-Based State Quantized Networked Control System Without Value And/Or Policy Iterations, Qiming Zhao, Hao Xu, S. Jagannathan
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
In this paper, the Bellman equation is used to solve the stochastic optimal control of unknown linear discrete-time system with communication imperfections including random delays, packet losses and quantization. a dynamic quantizer for the sensor measurements is proposed which essentially provides system states to the controller. to eliminate the effect of the quantization error, the dynamics of the quantization error bound and an update law for tuning its range are derived. Subsequently, by using adaptive dynamic programming technique, the infinite horizon optimal regulation of the uncertain NCS is solved in a forward-in-time manner without using value and/or policy iterations by …
A Decentralized Fault Detection And Prediction Scheme For Nonlinear Interconnected Continuous-Time Systems, Hasan Ferdowsi, Deepthi L. Raja, S. Jagannathan
A Decentralized Fault Detection And Prediction Scheme For Nonlinear Interconnected Continuous-Time Systems, Hasan Ferdowsi, Deepthi L. Raja, S. Jagannathan
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Complex nonlinear systems such as an aircraft, trains, automobiles, power plants and chemical plants are represented as nonlinear interconnected subsystems. Therefore, in this paper a novel decentralized fault diagnosis and prognosis (FDP) methodology is proposed for such large-scale systems. Current FDP approaches require the knowledge of the entire state or its estimated vector. But the main goal in this work is to design a local fault detector (LFD) or observer for each subsystem based on the measured local states of the subsystem alone. a local residual signal is generated via the measured states of the local subsystem and the estimated …
Tinypack Xml: Real Time Xml Compression For Wireless Sensor Networks, Tommy Szalapski, Sanjay Madria, Mark Linderman
Tinypack Xml: Real Time Xml Compression For Wireless Sensor Networks, Tommy Szalapski, Sanjay Madria, Mark Linderman
Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works
Wireless networks possess significant limitations in bandwidth. Additionally, real-time networks cannot tolerate high latency. While some good XML compression algorithms exist, there remains a need for methods that reduce latency and bandwidth usage further in real time wireless applications. This paper presents a new compression scheme which reduces bandwidth while minimizing latency of XML data while in transit. XML structural data is reduced to format strings and arguments are sent as they are generated using modifications of real-time compression techniques specific to each data type. Methods are introduced to gracefully handle lost data in environments where delivery of all packets …
A Highly Optimized Algorithm For Continuous Intersection Join Queries Over Moving Objects, Rui Zhang, Jianzhong Qi, Dan Lin, Wei Wang, Raymond Chi Wing Wong
A Highly Optimized Algorithm For Continuous Intersection Join Queries Over Moving Objects, Rui Zhang, Jianzhong Qi, Dan Lin, Wei Wang, Raymond Chi Wing Wong
Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works
Given two sets of moving objects with nonzero extents, the continuous intersection joins query reports every pair of intersecting objects, one from each of the two moving object sets, for every timestamp. This type of queries is important for a number of applications, e. g., in the multi-billion-dollar computer game industry, massively multiplayer online games like World of Warcraft need to monitor the intersection among players' attack ranges and render players' interaction in real time. the computational cost of a straightforward algorithm or an algorithm adapted from another query type is prohibitive, and answering the query in real time poses …