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Full-Text Articles in Computer Sciences

Collaborative Knowledge As A Service Applied To The Disaster Management Domain, Katarina Grolinger, Emna Mezghani, Miriam Am Capretz, Ernesto Exposito Jan 2015

Collaborative Knowledge As A Service Applied To The Disaster Management Domain, Katarina Grolinger, Emna Mezghani, Miriam Am Capretz, Ernesto Exposito

Electrical and Computer Engineering Publications

Cloud computing offers services which promise to meet continuously increasing computing demands by using a large number of networked resources. However, data heterogeneity remains a major hurdle for data interoperability and data integration. In this context, a Knowledge as a Service (KaaS) approach has been proposed with the aim of generating knowledge from heterogeneous data and making it available as a service. In this paper, a Collaborative Knowledge as a Service (CKaaS) architecture is proposed, with the objective of satisfying consumer knowledge needs by integrating disparate cloud knowledge through collaboration among distributed KaaS entities. The NIST cloud computing reference architecture …


A Generalized Service Replication Process In Distributed Environments, Hany F. Elyamany, Marwa F. Mohamed, Katarina Grolinger, Miriam Am Capretz Jan 2015

A Generalized Service Replication Process In Distributed Environments, Hany F. Elyamany, Marwa F. Mohamed, Katarina Grolinger, Miriam Am Capretz

Electrical and Computer Engineering Publications

Replication is one of the main techniques aiming to improve Web services’ (WS) quality of service (QoS) in distributed environments, including clouds and mobile devices. Service replication is a way of improving WS performance and availability by creating several copies or replicas of Web services which work in parallel or sequentially under defined circumstances. In this paper, a generalized replication process for distributed environments is discussed based on established replication studies. The generalized replication process consists of three main steps: sensing the environment characteristics, determining the replication strategy, and implementing the selected replication strategy. To demonstrate application of the generalized …


Energy Cost Forecasting For Event Venues, Katarina Grolinger, Andrea Zagar, Miriam Am Capretz, Luke Seewald Jan 2015

Energy Cost Forecasting For Event Venues, Katarina Grolinger, Andrea Zagar, Miriam Am Capretz, Luke Seewald

Electrical and Computer Engineering Publications

Electricity price, consumption, and demand forecasting has been a topic of research interest for a long time. The proliferation of smart meters has created new opportunities in energy prediction. This paper investigates energy cost forecasting in the context of entertainment event-organizing venues, which poses significant difficulty due to fluctuations in energy demand and wholesale electricity prices. The objective is to predict the overall cost of energy consumed during an entertainment event. Predictions are carried out separately for each event category and feature selection is used to select the most effective combination of event attributes for each category. Three machine learning …


Table Of Contents Jan 2015

Table Of Contents

Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law

No abstract provided.


From The Editor-In-Chief, Ibrahim Baggili Jan 2015

From The Editor-In-Chief, Ibrahim Baggili

Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law

Welcome to JDFSL’s second issue for 2015! First, I would like to thank our editorial board, reviewers, and the JDFSL team for bringing this issue to life. In this issue, we continue our multidisciplinary tradition. The first paper, Two challenges of stealthy hypervisors detection: time cheating and data fluctuations, showcases an important contribution to the computing discipline. The use of virtualization has dramatically increased given our strong reliance on cloud services both private and public. Even though hypervisors enhance security, they can also be exploited by malware. Therefore, this paper is of importance given that it introduces a novel method …


From The Editor-In-Chief, Ibrahim Baggili Jan 2015

From The Editor-In-Chief, Ibrahim Baggili

Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law

Welcome to JDFSL’s first issue for 2015! First, I would like to thank our editorial board, reviewers, and the JDFSL team for bringing this issue to life. It has been a big year for JDFSL as the journal continues to progress. We are continuing our indexing efforts for the journal and we are getting closer with some of the major databases.


Network And Device Forensic Analysis Of Android Social-Messaging Applications, Daniel Walnycky, Ibrahim Baggili, Andrew Marrington, Jason Moore, Frank Breitinger Jan 2015

Network And Device Forensic Analysis Of Android Social-Messaging Applications, Daniel Walnycky, Ibrahim Baggili, Andrew Marrington, Jason Moore, Frank Breitinger

Electrical & Computer Engineering and Computer Science Faculty Publications

In this research we forensically acquire and analyze the device-stored data and network traffic of 20 popular instant messaging applications for Android. We were able to reconstruct some or the entire message content from 16 of the 20 applications tested, which reflects poorly on the security and privacy measures employed by these applications but may be construed positively for evidence collection purposes by digital forensic practitioners. This work shows which features of these instant messaging applications leave evidentiary traces allowing for suspect data to be reconstructed or partially reconstructed, and whether network forensics or device forensics permits the reconstruction of …


An Empirical Comparison Of Widely Adopted Hash Functions In Digital Forensics: Does The Programming Language And Operating System Make A Difference?, Satyendra Gurjar, Ibrahim Baggili, Frank Breitinger, Alice E. Fischer Jan 2015

An Empirical Comparison Of Widely Adopted Hash Functions In Digital Forensics: Does The Programming Language And Operating System Make A Difference?, Satyendra Gurjar, Ibrahim Baggili, Frank Breitinger, Alice E. Fischer

Electrical & Computer Engineering and Computer Science Faculty Publications

Hash functions are widespread in computer sciences and have a wide range of applications such as ensuring integrity in cryptographic protocols, structuring database entries (hash tables) or identifying known files in forensic investigations. Besides their cryptographic requirements, a fundamental property of hash functions is efficient and easy computation which is especially important in digital forensics due to the large amount of data that needs to be processed when working on cases. In this paper, we correlate the runtime efficiency of common hashing algorithms (MD5, SHA-family) and their implementation. Our empirical comparison focuses on C-OpenSSL, Python, Ruby, Java on Windows and …


Impact Of Repeaters On The Performance Of Indoor Visible Light Communications, Refi̇k Çağlar Kizilirmak Jan 2015

Impact Of Repeaters On The Performance Of Indoor Visible Light Communications, Refi̇k Çağlar Kizilirmak

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

In this study, we examine the performance of fixed gain amplify-and-forward repeaters for visible light communication (VLC) systems. We present the wireless optical channel model for VLC with the repeater and we evaluate the bit-error-rate (BER) performance for pulse-position modulation over the multipath channel with additive white Gaussian noise. The results reveal that when a repeater is placed, both the BER and the illuminance performance can be improved at any location in a typical office space. The benefit of VLC repeaters is also discussed when the channel from the source to the destination is shadowed. It is found that when …


Impact Of Large-Scale Installation Of Led Lamps In A Distribution System, Sohel Uddin, Hussain Sharef, Olav Krause, Azah Mohamed, Mohammad Abdul Hannan, Naz Niamul Islam Jan 2015

Impact Of Large-Scale Installation Of Led Lamps In A Distribution System, Sohel Uddin, Hussain Sharef, Olav Krause, Azah Mohamed, Mohammad Abdul Hannan, Naz Niamul Islam

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

The aim of this paper was to examine the utilization of a large number of nonlinear light emitting diode (LED) lamps in a distribution system and its impact on system power quality. Initially, harmonic and others electrical characteristics were identified by carrying out an experiment on four types of LED lamps available on the local market. On the basis of the identified characteristics, a new LED lamp model was developed in MATLAB Simulink. This model is called the time-dependent current source model and gives more accurate results than the fixed current source model. Then this model was applied to a …


Simulation Of Locating Buried Objects Via Fringe Pattern-Based Measurements In An Optical Fiber Sensor-Integrated Continuous-Wave Ground-Penetrating Radar System, Asaf Behzat Şahi̇n, Hati̇ce Gonca Bulur Jan 2015

Simulation Of Locating Buried Objects Via Fringe Pattern-Based Measurements In An Optical Fiber Sensor-Integrated Continuous-Wave Ground-Penetrating Radar System, Asaf Behzat Şahi̇n, Hati̇ce Gonca Bulur

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

A new ground-penetrating radar system that can determine the depth and position of a buried metal cylinder, which is the combination of an optical fiber sensor (OFS), continuous-wave transmitter, and optical communication link, is proposed and simulated in the MATLAB and Optiwave program packages. Employing an optical sensor instead of a standard radio frequency (RF) receiver offers the advantage of preventing electromagnetic interference along the sensor's main unit cable and lower amplification noise. In this paper, the electric field distribution at the OFS due to reflections from the soil surface and the buried object is obtained mathematically using Green's function. …


Intelligent Text Classification System Based On Self-Administered Ontology, Manoj Manuja, Deepak Garg Jan 2015

Intelligent Text Classification System Based On Self-Administered Ontology, Manoj Manuja, Deepak Garg

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

Over the last couple of decades, web classification has gradually transitioned from a syntax- to semantic-centered approach that classifies the text based on domain ontologies. These ontologies are either built manually or populated automatically using machine learning techniques. A prerequisite condition to build such systems is the availability of ontology, which may be either full-fledged domain ontology or a seed ontology that can be enriched automatically. This is a dependency condition for any given semantics-based text classification system. We share the details of a proof of concept of a web classification system that is self-governed in terms of ontology population …


Moving As A Whole: Multirobot Traveling Problem Constrained By Connectivity, Yun Wang, Cheng Hu Jan 2015

Moving As A Whole: Multirobot Traveling Problem Constrained By Connectivity, Yun Wang, Cheng Hu

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

A multirobot system provides many advantages over a single robot. In certain situations, robots need to maintain global connectivity while proceeding through tasks such as traveling to spots of interest in an area. This paper formulates the problem of multiple robots traveling while constrained by connectivity and analyzes the limits of increase in total traveling distance (TTD) caused by connectivity constraints. A connection condition is proposed and proven, which can be used to direct the design of solutions. Two algorithms satisfying the connection condition, connected nearest neighbor (CNN) and bold Lin-Kernighan heuristic (B-LKH), are proposed to solve this problem, which …


Exact Solution Of Conducting Half Plane Problems In Terms Of A Rapidly Convergent Series And An Application Of The Multiplicative Calculus, Ali̇ Uzer Jan 2015

Exact Solution Of Conducting Half Plane Problems In Terms Of A Rapidly Convergent Series And An Application Of The Multiplicative Calculus, Ali̇ Uzer

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

The problem of cylindrical wave incidence on a conducting half plane has been considered. A modal solution for Green's function of the problem is transformed into contour integral representations in a complex plane. Some contour deformations and changes of variables are then made for the integrals. Finally, the resultant integrals are transformed back into a series, which converges rapidly to the exact solution when the observation angles are close to the reflection/shadow boundaries (RSBs) of the conducting half plane. The multiplicative calculus is employed in deriving an expression that can be used for obtaining approximate solutions when the observation angles …


Capacitive Sensor Supporting Multiple Touch Switches Using A Resistor String, Kwangsu Seong Jan 2015

Capacitive Sensor Supporting Multiple Touch Switches Using A Resistor String, Kwangsu Seong

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

In a low-cost integrated circuit (IC) chip, the packaging cost is a considerable portion of the total manufacturing cost of the chip. As the packaging cost is directly related to the total number of I/O pins, it is highly desirable to minimize the number of I/O pins while maintaining the same functionality. We propose a capacitive sensor that supports multiple touch switches with only two IC pins. The electrode plates of the touch switches are placed at the ends of a resistor string and between every two adjacent resistors in the resistor string. The proposed method measures rise times at …


Optimal Backup Parent Pools For Resilient Multicast Trees On Peer-To-Peer Networks, Emrullah Turhan Tunali, Müge Sayit Jan 2015

Optimal Backup Parent Pools For Resilient Multicast Trees On Peer-To-Peer Networks, Emrullah Turhan Tunali, Müge Sayit

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

Due to churn as well as node and link failures in peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, providing resilient multicast is a challenging issue, particularly for overlay trees. In this work, we first study analytical properties of the backup parent pool that aims at improving the resilience of overlay multicast trees in P2P video streaming. We then present a novel greedy degree-constrained multicast tree construction algorithm that addresses the tradeoffs between maximizing resiliency, maximizing bandwidth utilization, and minimizing delay. The choice of essential design parameters is studied together with seamlessness of the streaming under a variety of fault scenarios. Simulation results indicate that …


Performance Evaluation Of Three Phase Srf-Pll And Maf-Srf-Pll, Anirban Ghoshal, Vinod John Jan 2015

Performance Evaluation Of Three Phase Srf-Pll And Maf-Srf-Pll, Anirban Ghoshal, Vinod John

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

Synchronous reference frame phase locked loop (SRF-PLL) is a well established technique used for maintaining synchronism of a grid connected VSI with an electric grid. Many methods of PLL are present in the literature to achieve improved performance under nonideal grid condition. These solutions are based on SRF-PLL structure along with some modification to achieve improved performance. It is observed that faster and better performance are achieved at the expense of more computations. Moving average filter (MAF) SRF-PLL structure is one such solution that consumes less resources and gives a reasonably fast response. In this work the performance of a …


An Elegant Emergence Of Optimal Siting And Sizing Of Multiple Distributed Generators Used For Transmission Congestion Relief, Rajamanickam Manickaraj Sasiraja, Velu Suresh Kumar, Sankaralingam Ponmani Jan 2015

An Elegant Emergence Of Optimal Siting And Sizing Of Multiple Distributed Generators Used For Transmission Congestion Relief, Rajamanickam Manickaraj Sasiraja, Velu Suresh Kumar, Sankaralingam Ponmani

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

After the implementation of deregulation in a power system, an appreciable volume of renewable energy sources is used to generate electric power. Even though they are intended to improve the reliability of the power system, the unpredictable outages of generators or transmission lines, an impulsive increase in demand, and failures of other equipment lead to congestion in one or more transmission lines. There are several ways to alleviate this transmission congestion, such as the installation of new generation facilities in the place where the demand is high, the addition of a new transmission facility, generation rescheduling, and curtailment of load …


Advanced Wireless Communications Using Large Numbers Of Transmit Antennas And Receive Nodes, Junil Choi Jan 2015

Advanced Wireless Communications Using Large Numbers Of Transmit Antennas And Receive Nodes, Junil Choi

Open Access Dissertations

The concept of deploying a large number of antennas at the base station, often called massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), has drawn considerable interest because of its potential ability to revolutionize current wireless communication systems. Most literature on massive MIMO systems assumes time division duplexing (TDD), although frequency division duplexing (FDD) dominates current cellular systems. Due to the large number of transmit antennas at the base station, currently standardized approaches would require a large percentage of the precious downlink and uplink resources in FDD massive MIMO be used for training signal transmissions and channel state information (CSI) feedback. First, we propose …


Hybrid Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy B-Spline--Based Sssc Damping Control Paradigm Using Online System Identification, Laiq Khan, Rabiah Badar Jan 2015

Hybrid Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy B-Spline--Based Sssc Damping Control Paradigm Using Online System Identification, Laiq Khan, Rabiah Badar

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

B-spline membership functions have produced promising results in the field of signal processing and control due to their local control property. This work explores the potential of B-spline--based adaptive neuro-fuzzy wavelet control to damp low frequency power system oscillations using a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC). A comparison of direct and indirect adaptive control based on hybrid adaptive B-spline wavelet control (ABSWC) is presented by introducing the online identification block. ABSWC with identification (ABSWCI) provides the sensitivity information of the plant needed to control the system. The parameters of the control and identification block are updated online using a gradient …


An Accelerated And Accurate Three-Dimensional Ray Tracing Using Red-Black Tree With Facet Mining And Object Bouncing Techniques, Mohammad Jakirul Islam, Ahmed Wasif Reza, Kamarul Ariffin Noordin, Kaharudin Dimyati, Abu Sulaiman Mohammad Zahid Kausar Jan 2015

An Accelerated And Accurate Three-Dimensional Ray Tracing Using Red-Black Tree With Facet Mining And Object Bouncing Techniques, Mohammad Jakirul Islam, Ahmed Wasif Reza, Kamarul Ariffin Noordin, Kaharudin Dimyati, Abu Sulaiman Mohammad Zahid Kausar

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

Recent trends show that it is a major challenge to predict the exact propagation path accurately and efficiently for three-dimensional (3D) indoor environments. Therefore, this study introduces a new 3D ray tracing algorithm based on a red-black tree with facet mining and object bouncing techniques. The red-black tree data structure offers a faster object searching operation while repeatedly performing intersection tests. On the other hand, extensive ray-facet intersection tests can be eliminated by using object and facet bouncing techniques, whereas the facet mining makes it easier to trace the transmitted ray paths accurately. The proposed method is compared with ray …


Mppt Of Pv Array Using Stepped-Up Chaos Optimization Algorithm, Lihua Wang, Xueye Wei, Yuqin Shao, Tianlong Zhu, Junhong Zhang Jan 2015

Mppt Of Pv Array Using Stepped-Up Chaos Optimization Algorithm, Lihua Wang, Xueye Wei, Yuqin Shao, Tianlong Zhu, Junhong Zhang

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

In order to achieve maximum efficiency, a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) scheme should be applied in photovoltaic systems. Among all the MPPT schemes, the chaos optimization scheme is one of the hot topics in recent years. In this study, a novel stepped-up chaos optimization algorithm is presented. A chaos mapping $x_{n+1} =\mu \sin (\pi x_{n} )$ is used as a chaos generator to produce a chaos variable. In the process of MPPT, a coarse search is done to find the current optimal solution in a certain range, and then a fine search reduces the space of optimized variables. Compared …


A Comparative Performance Evaluation Of Various Approaches For Liver Segmentation From Spir Images, Evgi̇n Göçeri̇, Mehmet Zübeyi̇r Ünlü, Oğuz Di̇cle Jan 2015

A Comparative Performance Evaluation Of Various Approaches For Liver Segmentation From Spir Images, Evgi̇n Göçeri̇, Mehmet Zübeyi̇r Ünlü, Oğuz Di̇cle

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

Developing a robust method for liver segmentation from magnetic resonance images is a challenging task because of the similar intensity values between adjacent organs, the geometrically complex liver structure, and injection of contrast media. Most importantly, a high anatomical variability of a healthy or diseased liver is a major challenge in defining the exact boundaries of the liver. Several artifacts of pulsation, motion, and partial volume effects are also among the variety of factors that make automatic liver segmentation difficult. In this paper, we present an overview of liver segmentation methods in magnetic resonance images and show comparative results of …


A Mobile And Web Application-Based Recommendation System Using Color Quantization And Collaborative Filtering, Fi̇dan Kaya, Gürel Yildiz, Adnan Kavak Jan 2015

A Mobile And Web Application-Based Recommendation System Using Color Quantization And Collaborative Filtering, Fi̇dan Kaya, Gürel Yildiz, Adnan Kavak

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

In this paper, a recommendation system based on a mobile and web application is proposed for indoor decoration. The main contribution of this work is to apply two-stage filtering using linear matching and collaborative filtering to make recommendations. In the mobile application part, the image of the medium captured by a mobile phone is analyzed using color quantization methods, and these color analysis results along with other user-defined parameters such as height, width, and type of the product are sent to the web server. In the web application part, a large data set is first filtered via linear matching in …


Multi-Surface Simplex Spine Segmentation For Spine Surgery Simulation And Planning, Rabia Haq Jan 2015

Multi-Surface Simplex Spine Segmentation For Spine Surgery Simulation And Planning, Rabia Haq

Computational Modeling & Simulation Engineering Theses & Dissertations

This research proposes to develop a knowledge-based multi-surface simplex deformable model for segmentation of healthy as well as pathological lumbar spine data. It aims to provide a more accurate and robust segmentation scheme for identification of intervertebral disc pathologies to assist with spine surgery planning. A robust technique that combines multi-surface and shape statistics-aware variants of the deformable simplex model is presented. Statistical shape variation within the dataset has been captured by application of principal component analysis and incorporated during the segmentation process to refine results. In the case where shape statistics hinder detection of the pathological region, user-assistance is …


Detection And Recognition Of R/F Devices Based On Their Unintended Electromagnetic Emissions Using Stochastic And Computational Intelligence Methods, Shikhar Prasad Acharya Jan 2015

Detection And Recognition Of R/F Devices Based On Their Unintended Electromagnetic Emissions Using Stochastic And Computational Intelligence Methods, Shikhar Prasad Acharya

Doctoral Dissertations

"Radio Frequency (RF) devices produce some amount of Unintended Electromagnetic Emissions (UEEs). UEEs are generally unique to a device and can be thought of as a signature of the device. This property of uniqueness of UEEs can be used to detect and identify the device producing the emission. The problem with UEEs is that they are very low in power and are often buried deep inside the noise band which makes them difficult to detect. There are two types of UEE detection methods. The first one is called stimulated detection method where the UEEs of a device are enhanced using …


Distributed State Verification In The Smart Grid Using Physical Attestation, Thomas Patrick Roth Jan 2015

Distributed State Verification In The Smart Grid Using Physical Attestation, Thomas Patrick Roth

Doctoral Dissertations

"A cyber process in a distributed system can fabricate its internal state in its communications with its peers. These state fabrications can cause other processes in the distributed system to make incorrect control decisions. Cyber-physical systems have a unique advantage in the detection of falsified states because processes typically have observable effects on a shared physical infrastructure. This physical infrastructure acts as a high-integrity message channel that broadcasts changes in individual process states. The objective of this research is to demonstrate that there are cases where physical feedback from the shared infrastructure can be used to detect state fabrications. To …


Novel Classification Of Slow Movement Objects In Urban Traffic Environments Using Wideband Pulse Doppler Radar, Berta Rodriguez Hervas Jan 2015

Novel Classification Of Slow Movement Objects In Urban Traffic Environments Using Wideband Pulse Doppler Radar, Berta Rodriguez Hervas

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Every year thousands of people are involved in traffic accidents, some of which are fatal. An important percentage of these fatalities are caused by human error, which could be prevented by increasing the awareness of drivers and the autonomy of vehicles. Since driver assistance systems have the potential to positively impact tens of millions of people, the purpose of this research is to study the micro-Doppler characteristics of vulnerable urban traffic components, i.e. pedestrians and bicyclists, based on information obtained from radar backscatter, and to develop a classification technique that allows automatic target recognition with a vehicle integrated system. For …


A Novel Control Method For A Vsc-Hvdc System In A Grid-Connected Wind Farm, Yingpei Liu, Ran Li Jan 2015

A Novel Control Method For A Vsc-Hvdc System In A Grid-Connected Wind Farm, Yingpei Liu, Ran Li

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

The voltage source converter-high voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) transmission is the ideal integration technology for grid-connected wind farms. A passivity-based control (PBC) method for VSC-HVDC when the wind farm voltage is unbalanced is proposed in this paper. The mathematical model of a VSC with unbalanced voltage is established. The PBC theory including dissipation inequality and system strict passivity is introduced, and then the stability of PBC is proven in light of the Lyapunov stability theory. According to PBC theory, a Euler--Lagrange mathematical model of a VSC is constructed. After that, the strict passivity of the VSC is proven. On the …


Electromagnetic Performance Analysis Of Multilayer Interior Pmsm With Fractional Slot Concentrated Windings For Electric Vehicle Applications, Zhiwei Zhang, Libing Zhou Jan 2015

Electromagnetic Performance Analysis Of Multilayer Interior Pmsm With Fractional Slot Concentrated Windings For Electric Vehicle Applications, Zhiwei Zhang, Libing Zhou

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

This paper presents the design and analysis of fractional slot multilayer interior permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) with concentrated winding for electric vehicles applications. The major advantages of concentrated winding will be analyzed first. The significant design consideration of multilayer interior permanent magnet machines will be illustrated, as well. Finally, the advanced finite element method will be employed to verify the detailed electromagnetic performance of the proposed interior PMSMs.