Chemistry Commons^™

Mxenes As Flow Electrodes For Capacitive Deionization Of Wastewater, Naqsh E. Mansoor

Boise State University Theses and Dissertations

The energy-water nexus poses an integrated research challenge, while opening up an opportunity space for the development of energy efficient technologies for water remediation. Capacitive Deionization (CDI) is an upcoming reclamation technology that uses a small applied voltage applied across electrodes to electrophoretically remove dissolved ionic impurities from wastewater streams. Similar to a supercapacitor, the ions are stored in the electric double layer of the electrodes. Reversing the polarity of applied voltage enables recovery of the removed ionic impurities, allowing for recycling and reuse. Simultaneous materials recovery and water reclamation makes CDI energy efficient and resource conservative, with potential to …

Testing Flowering Perennial Plants In A Bermudagrass (Cynodon Spp.) Lawn, Paige Elizabeth Boyle, Michelle Wisdom

Horticulture Faculty Publications and Presentations

Most pollinating insects require a season-long succession of floral resources to fulfill life-cycle requirements. Incorporating forbs into turfgrass sites may create a season-long sequence of flowers to support foraging pollinators. However, persistence of forbs in warm-season turfgrasses such as bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) may be affected by the competitive nature of the turfgrass and routine management practices such as mowing. A 2-year study was conducted to evaluate seven forbs (Bellis perennis L., Lotus corniculatus L., Prunella vulgaris L., Trifolium fragiferum L. ‘Fresa’, Trifolium repens L. ‘Durana’ and ‘Resolute’, Trifolium subterraneum L.) for persistence and ability to produce floral resources …

Computational Elucidation Of The "Coloring Problem" In Rhenium Aluminum Silicon Compounds, Alec George Neeson

Graduate Theses/Dissertations

Re₁Si₁Al₁ and its related compounds are potential thermoelectric materials. Previously, it was reported to adopt a MoSi₂-type structure with Si and Al atoms statistically sharing the same crystallographic sites. This recent study indicates otherwise – Si and Al are segregated and occupy different sites when mixed with a 1:1:1 stoichiometry. To confirm and rationalize the segregation between Si and Al, this research studied this compound with first-principle calculations. Several model structures have been constructed for Re₁Si₁Al₁ including a number of different super-cell models. Energy analysis confirmed that the …

Toward Development Of A Paper-Based Microanalytical Device For Heavy Metal Ion Detection By Enzyme Inhibition, Adjoa Otubea Adams

Graduate Theses/Dissertations

In recent years, paper-based microanalytical devices have attracted great attention in broad application areas including the colorimetric detection of heavy metal ions. The simplicity, portability, and low cost of the devices offer unique advantages over conventional instrumental analysis. This project utilizes the inhibition of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction by metal ions to develop a paper-based analytical device for the detection of heavy metal contaminants such as mercury. I selected alkaline phosphatase for this study. This enzyme possesses Mg and Zn ions in its active site. Therefore, the competitive displacement of these metal ions and/or denaturation of the enzyme by heavy metal …

In Silico Investigation For The Conversion Of Methyl Oleate To Gasoline, Arkanil Roy

Graduate Theses/Dissertations

Petroleum products are found in all walks of life. From the plastic casing on a cell phone to the gasoline that runs most vehicles, a lot is derived from petroleum. Ubiquitous use of petroleum has adversely affected the environment. Toxic substances such as SOx and NOx are released into the atmosphere during the processing and usage of petroleum products, which contributes to global warming. Inevitable oil spills cause devastating effects to marine ecosystems. The rate of regeneration of petroleum is much slower than the rate of usage that would lead to it being exhausted in the recent future. Hence, a …

Investigating Chitosan Modified With Triethylammonium Butanamide And Triethylphosphonium Butanamide As Non-Viral Gene Delivery Vectors By Examining Cytotoxicity And Transfection Efficiency, Deborah C. Ehie

Graduate Theses/Dissertations

Gene therapy is a very challenging field, especially with new emerging genetic disorders. Chitosan (CS), due to chitosan’s flexibility, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, has been of interest in the world of gene therapy especially as researchers are gravitating towards non-viral vectors due to the problems caused by viral vectors. Nevertheless, there are still issues regarding solubility, cellular uptake of cargos being transported in vitro or in vivo, increased cytotoxicity levels, as well as many other things that prevent chitosan from being an efficient gene delivery agent. Here I present five derivatives of chitosan, which were all modified with either triethylphosphonium …

Directed Evolution Of Macrocyclic Peptides For Inhibition Of Autophagy, Joshua Gray

Dissertations and Theses (Open Access)

In recent decades it has become increasingly clear that induction of autophagy plays an important role in the development of treatment resistance and dormancy in many cancer types. Chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), two autophagy inhibitors in clinical trials, suffer from poor pharmacokinetics and high toxicity at therapeutic dosages. This has prompted intense interest in the development of targeted autophagy inhibitors to re-sensitize disease to treatment with minimal impact on normal tissue. We utilized Scanning Unnatural Protease Resistant (SUPR) mRNA display to develop macrocyclic peptides targeting the autophagy protein LC3. The resulting peptides bound LC3A and LC3B—two essential components of …

Connexin-46/50 In A Dynamic Lipid Environment Resolved By Cryoem At 1.9 Å, Jonathan A. Flores, Bassam G. Haddad, Kimberly A. Dolan, Janette Bernadette Myers, Craig C. Yoshioka, Jeremy Yoshioka, Daniel M. Zuckerman, Steve L. Reichow

Chemistry Faculty Publications and Presentations

Gap junctions establish direct pathways for cells to transfer metabolic and electrical messages. The local lipid environment is known to affect the structure, stability and intercellular channel activity of gap junctions; however, the molecular basis for these effects remains unknown. Here, we incorporate native connexin-46/50 (Cx46/50) intercellular channels into a dual lipid nanodisc system, mimicking a native cell-to-cell junction. Structural characterization by CryoEM reveals a lipid-induced stabilization to the channel, resulting in a 3D reconstruction at 1.9 Å resolution. Together with all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, it is shown that Cx46/50 in turn imparts long-range stabilization to the dynamic local lipid …

Flexible Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: A Study Of Photoanode And Counter Electrode Materials, Brishty Deb Choudhury

Theses and Dissertations

Compare to flat devices based on rigid substrates, fiber-shaped dye sensitized solar cells hold advantages of smaller size, light weight, facile fabrication, flexibility, and low cost, thus a promising direction for applications such as wearable electronic devices. Due to their unique photovoltaic properties, nanostructured morphologies of TiO2 on flexible substrate have been studied extensively in the recent years for applications in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Micro-structured electrode materials with high surface area can facilitate rapid charge transport and thus improve the light-to-current conversion efficiency. In the first part of this work the nano-tree morphology of the TiO2 photoanode material …

Li+ Co-Doping Induced Phase Transition As An Efficient Strategy To Enhance Upconversion Of La2zr2o7:Er,Yb Nanoparticles, Santosh K. Gupta, Maya Abdou, Jose P. Zuniga, Partha Sarathi Ghosh, Yuanbing Mao

School of Integrative Biological & Chemical Sciences (Formerly Dept. of Chemistry)

The structural phase transition of materials is one of the most active research areas of solid state and materials chemistry in which atomic rearrangements tune fundamental pysochemical properties during the transition. In most cases, such transition requires high temperature, high pressure, or chemical doping. However, phase transition of complex metal oxides such as La2Zr2O7 has not been studied to enhance the upconversion (UC) and downconversion luminescence of their rare-earth doped nanoparticles (NPs) to meet the demand of their broad applications in solar cells, bioimaging, water purification, etc. In this work, we have successfully co-doped Li+ into La2Zr2O7:Er,Yb NPs to …

Effect Of Electron Demand On Sensing Behavior Of Carbazolopyridinophanes, Grace Abban

Theses and Dissertations

Hydrazine (HZ), monomethylhydrazine (MMH), and 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) are widely used as high energy rocket propellants in bipropellant rocket engines. However, hydrazine and its derivatives are highly flammable and carcinogenic. Currently, hydrazine sensors used for detection are irreversible which makes them costly. Two proposed carbazolopyridinophanes containing intramolecular hydrogen bonds were synthesized to detect hydrazine as real-time reversible sensors. However, their thresholds for detection (100 and 25 ppb for CPand 22OMeCPrespectively) were above the regulatory limit of 10 ppbdue to background fluorescence. It was established that the quenching of carbazole in the presence of the CP system has a direct correlation to …

Solving The Conundrum: Widespread Proteins Annotated For Urea Metabolism In Bacteria Are Carboxyguanidine Deiminases Mediating Nitrogen Assimilation From Guanidine, Nicholas O. Schneider, Lambros J. Tassoulas, Danyun Zeng, Amanda J. Laseke, Nicholas J. Reiter, Lawrence P. Wackett, Martin St. Maurice

Chemistry Faculty Research and Publications

Free guanidine is increasingly recognized as a relevant molecule in biological systems. Recently, it was reported that urea carboxylase acts preferentially on guanidine, and consequently, it was considered to participate directly in guanidine biodegradation. Urea carboxylase combines with allophanate hydrolase to comprise the activity of urea amidolyase, an enzyme predominantly found in bacteria and fungi that catalyzes the carboxylation and subsequent hydrolysis of urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide. Here, we demonstrate that urea carboxylase and allophanate hydrolase from Pseudomonas syringae are insufficient to catalyze the decomposition of guanidine. Rather, guanidine is decomposed to ammonia through the combined activities of …

Electrochemiluminescence Mechanisms Investigated With Smartphone-Based Sensor Data Modeling, Parameter Estimation And Sensitivity Analysis, Elmer Ccopa Rivera, Rodney Lee Summerscales, Padma P. Tadi Uppala, Hyun J. Kwon

Faculty Publications

The present study introduces a unified framework combining a mechanistic model with a genetic algorithm (GA) for the parameter estimation of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) kinetics of the Ru(bpy)₃²⁺/TPrA system occurring in a smartphone‐based sensor. The framework allows a straightforward solution for simultaneous estimation of multiple parameters which can be, otherwise, time‐consuming and lead to non‐convergence. Model parameters are estimated by achieving a high correlation between the model prediction and the measured ECL intensity from the ECL sensor. The developed model is used to perform a sensitivity analysis (SA), which provides quantitative effects of the model parameters on the …

Development Of Plasticized Methylcellulosepotato Starch Blend Based Polymer Electrolytes For Protonic Cell And Supercapacitor Applications, Hamsan Muhamad Hafiz

Student Works (2020-2029)

In the current work, the preparation of the polymer electrolyte (PE) systems consists of methylcellulose-potato starch polymer matrix, ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) as ionic source and glycerol as plasticizer are done by solution cast technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD) has shown that blend with 60 wt.% methylcellulose and 40 wt.% potato starch possesses the lowest degree of crystallinity. The possible interactions within the PE are verified using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. As the concentration of NH4NO3 is at 30 wt.%, the conductivity is optimized up to (4.37 ± 0.16) × 10-5 S cm-1 and then maximized to (1.26 ± 0.1) × …

Enhancement Of Graphene Biocompatibility As A Potential Nano-Carrier For Drug Delivery Applications Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent, Zainal Abidin Mohamad Hamdi

Student Works (2020-2029)

Graphene has attracted massive interest in numerous biomedical applications such as anti-cancer therapy, drug delivery, bio-imaging and gene delivery. Therefore, it is important to ensure that graphene is nontoxic, and that its cellular biological behavior is safe and biocompatible. Herein, a new route was used to enhance the biocompatibility of graphene as a nano-carrier for potential drug delivery applications, using different compositions of natural deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as functionalizing agents, owing to their capability to introduce various functional groups and surface modifications. To meet this end, eight different combinations of binary and ternary DESs were synthesized using choline chloride …

Antibacterial Coatings Derived From Novel Chemically Responsive Vesicles, Emily B. Mobley

Master's Theses

In order for a drug, or any material used for the purpose of eliciting a change in an organisms’ physical or chemical state, to be effective it must reach the intended target intact and for a sustained rate over time. Drug delivery systems encapsulate a drug to protect it from degradation, prevent side reactions, increase solubility, improve accumulation rates at target sites, and release drugs at a controlled rate. Controlled and sustained release of drugs is achieved by degradation of the carrier triggered by breaking dynamic chemical bonds caused by changes in the chemical environment such as pH or redox …

How Oxygen-Binding Affects Structural Evolution Of Even-Sized Gold Anion Clusters (Size Range 20 To 34), David Brunken-Deibert

Department of Chemistry: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

We report a joint anion photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) and theoretical study to investigate the effect of O₂-binding on the mid-sized even-numbered gold clusters, Au_n− (n = 20−34), a special size region of bare gold clusters that entail rich forms of structural evolution and transformation. Specifically, within this size range, bare Au₂₀₋ is a highly-symmetric pyramidal cluster, bare Au_21-25− are flat-planar or hollow-tubular clusters, bare Au₂₆₋ is the smallest core-shell gold cluster, while bare Au₃₄₋ is a magic-number/fluxional core-shell cluster with the high-symmetry tetrahedral Au₄ core. In light of the strong …

Computationally-Guided Investigation Of Dual Amine/Pi Lewis Acid Catalysts For Direct Additions Of Aldehydes And Ketones To Unactivated Alkenes And Alkynes, Eric Greve, Jacob D. Porter, Chris Dockendorff

Chemistry Faculty Research and Publications

Dual amine/pi Lewis acid catalyst systems have been reported for intramolecular direct additions of aldehydes/ketones to unactivated alkynes and occasionally alkenes, but related intermolecular reactions are rare and not presently of significant synthetic utility, likely due to undesired coordination of enamine intermediates to the metal catalyst. We reasoned that bulky metal ligands and bulky amine catalysts could minimize catalyst poisoning and could facilitate certain examples of direct intermolecular additions of aldehydes/ketones to alkenes/alkynes. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were performed that suggested that pyridine-2,6-bis(oxazoline) (PyBOX)-Pt(II) catalysts for alkene/alkyne activation could be combined with MacMillan's imidazolidinone organocatalyst for aldehyde/ketone activation to …

Chemistry And Biochemistry Authored Faculty Publications: Snapshot Of The Ranking Of Journals In Which They Published Based On Data From Journal Citation Reports (Jcr), Lutishoor Salisbury, Yang Tian, Jeremy Smith

University Libraries Faculty Publications and Presentations

This report presents a snapshot of the research output of the Chemistry and Biochemistry Department at the University of Arkansas for the period 2015-2019. The contents of the report were generated using Web of Science Core Collection databases and the Journal Citation Report only. It highlights the journals in which the researchers published and the ranking of those journals.

Effect Of Vortex-Induced Physical Stress On Fluorescent Properties Of Dye-Containing Poly(Ethylene Glycol)-Block-Poly(Lactic Acid) Micelles, Tyler L. Odom, Jacob R. Blankenship, Giselle Campos, Devin C. Mart, Wenyan Liu, Risheng Wang, Keiichi Yoshimatsu

Chemistry Faculty Research & Creative Works

The effect of vortex-induced mechanical stresses on the fluorescent properties of dye-containing poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(lactic acid) (PEG-b-PLA) block copolymer micelles has been investigated. PEG-b-PLA block copolymer micelles containing fluorescent dyes, 3,3′-dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine perchlorate (DiO) and/or 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI), are prepared by a simple one-step procedure that involves the self-assembly of block copolymers and spontaneous incorporation of hydrophobic dyes into the core of the micelles. Upon vortexing, the micelle dispersion samples showed a decrease in fluorescence intensity in a rotational speed- and time-dependent manner. The results demonstrated that the vortexing can alter the fluorescent properties of the dye-containing PEG-b-PLA block copolymer micelle dispersion …

Postharvest Application Of Thiol Compounds Affects Surface Browning And Antioxidant Activity Of Fresh-Cut Potatoes, İnci Cerit, Annalise Pfaff, Nuran Ercal, Omca Demirkol

Chemistry Faculty Research & Creative Works

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of sodium metabisulphite and the thiol compounds, glutathione (GSH), L-cysteine (CYS), and N-acetylcysteine (NAC), on the enzymatic browning, antioxidant activities, total phenolic, and ascorbic acid content of potatoes after 1, 24, and 48 hr. Three different concentrations (0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0%) of each thiol compound were tested. While sulphite solution inhibited polyphenol oxidase as expected, NAC and CYS also decreased its activity. CYS-treated samples exhibited the highest residual thiol content, while the amount of residual thiol in GSH-treated samples was the lowest. The 2.0% NAC and 2.0% CYS solutions were …

Computational And Pharmacological Evaluation Of Carveol For Antidiabetic Potential, Muhammad Shabir Ahmed, Arif Ullah Khan, Lina Tariq Al Kury, Fawad Ali Shah

All Works

© Copyright © 2020 Ahmed, Khan, Kury and Shah. Background: Carveol is a natural drug product present in the essential oils of orange peel, dill, and caraway seeds. The seed oil of Carum Carvi has been reported to be antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperlipidemic, antidiabetic, and hepatoprotective. Methods: The antidiabetic potential of carveol was investigated by employing in-vitro, in-vivo, and in-silico approaches. Moreover, alpha-amylase inhibitory assay and an alloxan-induced diabetes model were used for in-vitro and in-vivo analysis, respectively. Results: Carveol showed its maximum energy values (≥ -7 Kcal/mol) against sodium-glucose co-transporter, aldose reductase, and sucrose-isomaltase intestinal, whereas it exhibited intermediate energy …

In Silico Investigation Of First-Pass Effect On Selected Small Molecule Excipients And Structural Dynamics Of P-Glycoprotein, Toluwase Hezekiah Fatoki, Omodele Ibraheem, Oladoja A. Awofisayo, Abiodun Samuel Oyedele, Olapade Samuel Akinlolu

Chemistry Student Research

In this study, the interaction of selected pharmaceutical excipients on the function of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and activity of 6 cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms were computationally investigated. At binding free energy cut-off value of −5.0 kcal/mol, the result showed possible modulatory or inhibitory effect by cethyl alcohol on CPY3A4 and P-gp; cetyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide (CTAB) on CYP1A2 and P-gp; dibutyl sebacate on CYP2C9, CYP2E1, and P-gp; sodium caprylate on CYP1A2 and CYP3A4; while most of the tested excipients have good interaction with the cytochromes and P-gp. The predicted pharmacokinetics provided possible inhibitors of the CYPs and P-gp and suggested that aspartame and …

Carborane‐Containing Matrix Metalloprotease (Mmp) Ligands As Candidates For Boron Neutron‐Capture Therapy (Bnct), Marlon R. Lutz Jr, Sebastian Flieger, Andre Colorina, John Wozny, Narayan S. Hosmane, Daniel P. Becker Ph.D.

Chemistry: Faculty Publications and Other Works

Based on the previously reported potent and selective sulfone hydroxamate inhibitors SC‐76276, SC‐78080 (SD‐2590), and SC‐77964, potent MMP inhibitors have been designed and synthesized to append a boron‐rich carborane cluster by employing click chemistry to target tumor cells that are known to upregulate gelatinases. Docking against MMP‐2 suggests binding involving the hydroxamate zinc‐binding group, key H‐bonds by the sulfone moiety with the peptide backbone residues Leu82 and Leu83, and a hydrophobic interaction with the deep P1’ pocket. The more potent of the two triazole regioisomers exhibits an IC50 of 3.7 nM versus MMP‐2 and IC50 of 46 nM versus MMP‐9.

Tactviz: A Vmd Plugin For Tactile Visualization Of Protein Structures, Olivia R. Shaw, Jodi A. Hadden-Perilla

Journal of Science Education for Students with Disabilities

Scientific disciplines spanning biology, biochemistry, and biophysics involve the study of proteins and their functions. Visualization of protein structures represents a barrier to education and research in these disciplines for students who are blind or visually impaired. Here, we present a software plugin for readily producing variable-height tactile graphics of proteins using the free biomolecular visualization software Visual Molecular Dynamics (VMD) and protein structure data that is publicly available through the Protein Data Bank. Our method also supports interactive tactile visualization of proteins with VMD on electronic refreshable tactile display devices. Employing our method in an academic laboratory has enabled …

Visualization Without Vision – How Blind And Visually Impaired Students And Researchers Engage With Molecular Structures, Croix J. Laconsay, Henry B. Wedler, Dean J. Tantillo

Journal of Science Education for Students with Disabilities

This article examines the tools and techniques currently available that enable blind and visually impaired (BVI) individuals to visualize three-dimensional objects used in learning chemistry concepts. How BVI individuals engage with and visualize molecular structure is discussed and recent tactile (or haptic) and auditory methods for visualization of various chemistry concepts are summarized. Remaining challenges for chemistry education researchers are described with the aim of highlighting the potential value of educational research in further enabling BVI students to pursue careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields.

The Nitrogen Budget Of Laboratory-Simulated Western Us Wildfires During The Firex 2016 Fire Lab Study, James M. Roberts, Chelsea E. Stockwell, Robert J. Yokelson, Joost De Gouw, Yong Liu, Vanessa Selimovic, Abigail R. Koss, Kanako Sekimoto, Matthew M. Coggon, Bin Yuan, Kyle J. Zarzana, Steven S. Brown, Cristina Santin, Stefan H. Doerr, Carsten Warneke

Chemistry and Biochemistry Faculty Publications

Reactive nitrogen (Nr, defined as all nitrogencontaining compounds except for N2 and N2O) is one of the most important classes of compounds emitted from wildfire, as Nr impacts both atmospheric oxidation processes and particle formation chemistry. In addition, several Nr compounds can contribute to health impacts from wildfires. Understanding the impacts of wildfire on the atmosphere requires a thorough description of Nr emissions. Total reactive nitrogen was measured by catalytic conversion to NO and detection by NO-O3 chemiluminescence together with individual Nr species during a series of laboratory fires of fuels characteristic of western US wildfires, conducted as part of …

The Development Of A New Entry Point Into Enantiomerically Enriched Sulfinyl Derivatives, Jessica Shaw

Theses and Dissertations

Optical probes may be used as reliable tools for detecting and imagining the inside of cells for medical diagnostics. Among available options, the use of thiol probes is of interest as thiols are present in nearly all cells and their levels are tightly regulated, thus any variation is associated with disease. A proper thiol bioimaging probe must have a thiol cleavage group/reactive group and a fluorophore. It is found that novel sulfinate aryl ester (phenoxysulfinate esters) probes selectively cleave thiols at physiological pH and show much promise as effective tools for bioimaging.

In this context, the synthesis of the related …

Analysis Of Temperature-Dependent H/D Exchange Mass Spectrometry Experiments., Nastaran N Tajoddin, Lars Konermann

Chemistry Publications

H/D exchange (HDX) mass spectrometry (MS) is a widely used technique for interrogating protein structure and dynamics. Backbone HDX is mediated by opening/closing (unfolding/refolding) fluctuations. In traditional HDX-MS, proteins are incubated in D₂O as a function of time at constant temperature (T). There is an urgent need to complement this traditional approach with experiments that probe proteins in a T-dependent fashion, e.g., for assessing the stability of therapeutic antibodies. A key problem with such studies is the absence of strategies for interpreting HDX-MS data in the context of T-dependent protein dynamics. Specifically, it has …

Phosphonium Versus Ammonium Compact Polyelectrolyte Complex Networks With Alginate-Comparing Their Properties And Cargo Encapsulation., Tristan D. Harrison, Alexandre J. Salmon, John R. De Bruyn, Paul J. Ragogna, Elizabeth R. Gillies

Chemistry Publications

Phosphonium and ammonium polymers can be combined with polyanions to form polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) networks, with potential application in self-healing materials and drug delivery vehicles. While various structures and compositions have been explored, to the best of our knowledge, analogous ammonium and phosphonium networks have not been directly compared to evaluate the effects of phosphorus versus nitrogen cations on the network properties. In this study, we prepared PECs from sodium alginate and poly[triethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)phosphonium chloride], poly[triethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)ammonium chloride], poly[tri(