Chemistry Commons^™

Sonogashira Reactions For The Synthesis Of Polarized Pentacene Derivatives, Stephane Schweizer, Guillaume Erbland, Philippe Bisseret, Jacques Lalevee, Didier Le Nouen, Nicolas Blanchard

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

Five dissymmetrically functionalized anthracene analogues (3a-e) were synthesized from commercially available 9,10-dibromoanthracene through an efficient bromine-iodine exchange followed by two successive Sonogashira coupling reactions. The resulting TMS-anthracene analogues are interesting building blocks for the preparation of highly $\pi$-conjugated dissymmetric pentacene-based dyads, which could be used as active semiconducting layers for organic field-effect transistors (OFETs).

Reactivity Of The 2-Aryl-6,8-Dibromo-2,3-Dihydroquinolin-4(1$H)$-Ones In A Palladium Catalyzed Sonogashira Cross-Coupling Reaction, Malose Jack Mphahlele, Felix Adetunji Oyeyiola

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

Pd/C-PPh$_{3}$--CuI catalyzed Sonogashira cross-coupling of the 2-aryl-6,8-dibromo-2,3-dihydroquinolin-4(1$H)$-ones with phenyl acetylene or 3-butyn-1-ol afforded the corresponding 8-alkynylated quinolin-4(1$H)$-one derivatives, exclusively. Double carbo-substitution to afford the 6,8-dialkynyl derivatives was observed when PdCl$_{2}$(PPh$_{3})_{2}$ was used as Pd(0) source. The monoalkynylated derivatives were, in turn, subjected to PdCl$_{2}$ in acetonitrile under reflux to afford either the corresponding 2,4-diaryl-8-bromopyrrolo[3,2,1-\textit{ij}]quinolinones or the 8-(4-hydroxybutanoyl)-substituted quinolinone derivatives, exclusively. Suzuki--Miyaura cross-coupling of the 2-aryl-6-bromo-8-(alkynyl)quinolin-4-ones afforded the 2,4,8-trisubstituted pyrrolo[3,2,1-\textit{ij}]quinolin-6-ones.

Efficient C--C Cross-Coupling Reactions By (Isatin)-Schiff Base Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticle-Supported Cu(Ii) Acetate As A Magnetically Recoverable Catalyst, Seyedeh Simin Miri, Mehdi Khoobi, Fatemeh Ashouri, Farnaz Jafarpour, Parviz Rashidi Ranjbar, Abbas Shafiee

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

Copper catalysts were simply fabricated through surface modification of superparamagnetic iron nanoparticles with indoline-2,3-dione(isatin)-Schiff-base and interaction with Cu from low-cost commercially available starting materials. Catalysts were characterized using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, vibrating sample magnetometry, UV/Vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. These catalysts showed high efficiency for phosphine-free Mizoroki--Heck and Suzuki--Miyaura cross-coupling reactions with good diversity and generality. The catalysts could be easily recovered and reused several times without a significant loss in their catalytic activity and stability.

Synthesis Of New Thiol-Derivatized Aminophosphines And Their Catalytic Activities In C--C Coupling Reactions, Nermi̇n Bi̇ri̇ci̇k, Nermi̇n Meri̇ç, Cezmi̇ Kayan, Zeynep Özgen, Sevi̇l Şeker Azi̇zoğlu, Bahatti̇n Gümgüm

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

A series of new aminophosphines [Ph$_{2}$PHN-C$_{6}$H$_{4}$-R, where R = $o$-SH (4a), $m$-SH (4b) or $p$-SH (4c)] were readily synthesized from cheap starting materials by the phosphorylation reaction of $o$, $m$, and $p$-aminothiophenols with Ph$_{2}$PCl in the presence of triethyl amine. The new compounds were characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy and microanalysis. In addition, aminophosphine ligands-palladium systems were investigated as precatalysts in C-C coupling reactions. Compounds 4b and 4c were proved to be excellent catalysts for Suzuki and Heck cross-coupling reactions.

Synthesis, Characterization, And Microwave-Assisted Catalytic Activity In Heck, Suzuki, Sonogashira, And Buchwald-Hartwig Cross-Coupling Reactions Of Novel Benzimidazole Salts Bearing N-Phthalimidoethyl And Benzyl Moieties, Hasan Küçükbay, Ülkü Yilmaz, Kemal Yavuz, Nesri̇n Buğday

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

Five novel benzimidazole salts (1-5) having N-phthalimidoethyl and 4-substituted benzyl were synthesized and identified by $^{1}$H NMR, $^{13}$C NMR, and IR spectroscopic methods and microanalysis. A mixture of the benzimidazole salts (1-5), Pd(OAc)$_{2}$, and K$_{2}$CO$_{3}$ in DMF-H$_{2}$O catalyzed, in high yield, the Suzuki-Miyaura and the Heck-Mizoroki cross-coupling reactions assisted by microwave irradiation in 5 min. The novel benzimidazole salts (1-5), Pd(OAc)$_{2}$, Cs$_{2}$CO$_{3}$, PEG, and Cu nanoparticles catalyzed, in high yield, the Sonogashira coupling reaction promoted by microwave irradiation in 10 min. The same benzimidazole salts (1-5), Pd(OAc)$_{2}$, Cs$_{2}$CO$_{3}$, and TBAB catalyzed, in moderate or low yield, the Buchwald-Hartwig reaction assisted …

The Synthesis, Characterization, And Catalytic Properties Of ($\Kappa ^{2}-C,N)$-Palladacycles With N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Based Ancillary Ligands, Muhammet Emi̇n Günay, Gülcan Gençay Çoğaşlioğlu, Ruki̇ye Firinci

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

Novel five-membered ($\kappa ^{2}-C,N)$-palladacyclic complexes were prepared from the reaction of the corresponding acetate-bridged palladacycle dimer with N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands in high yields. Palladacyclic complexes (3) were fully characterized by elemental analysis and $^{1}$H and $^{13}$C NMR spectroscopy. Palladacyclic complexes were tested as catalyst for the C-C bond forming reaction. These complexes were found to be efficient catalysts for the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction of aryl bromides.

Organocatalytic Aryl−Aryl Bond Formation: An Atroposelective [3,3]‑Rearrangement Approach To Binam Derivatives, Gong-Qiang Li, Hongyin Gao, Craig Keene, Michael Devonas, Daniel H. Ess, LaśZlóKüRti *

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Herein we disclose an organocatalytic aryl− aryl bond-forming process for the regio- and atropo- selective synthesis of 2,2′-diamino-1,1′-binaphthalenes (BINAMs). In the presence of catalytic amounts of axially chiral phosphoric acids, achiral N,N′-binaphthyl hydrazines undergo a facile [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement to afford enantiomerically enriched BINAM derivatives in good to excellent yield. This transformation represents the first

example of a metal-free, catalytic C(sp²)−C(sp²) bond

formation between two aromatic rings with concomitant de novo atroposelective installation of an axis of chirality. Density functional calculations reveal that, in the transition state for C−C bond formation, the phosphoric acid proton of …

Progress Toward The Total Synthesis Of The Natural Product Herbicide Ascaulitoxin Aglycone, Jeffery Brian Morgan

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Ascaulitoxin aglycone is a structurally unique bis-amino acid isolated from the fungal species Ascochyta caulina, with herbicidal activity against Chenopodium album. Ascaulitoxin aglycone's potent herbicidal activity coupled with an unknown but novel mechanism of action makes it a perfect candidate for further study in the pursuit of new natural product herbicides. This dissertation research will illustrate three synthetic strategies towards the total synthesis of ascaulitoxin aglycone from chiral pool building blocks. Strategy 1 invokes the use of the Henry reaction as a key step for the construction of the central C4-C5 cis-aminohydroxy group, which was moderately successful, but abandoned in …

Investigation Of Natural Perchlorate Levels In Antarctic Snow In Relation To The Ozone Hole, Thomas Crawford, Alexandria Kub, Han Vid Cho

The Journal of Undergraduate Research

Snow samples collected from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide in January 2013 were analyzed for perchlorate concentrations to determine a possible seasonal variation. These samples were dated for the years 2007 through 2012 using annual variations in sulfate concentration as determined by an ion chromatography (IC) method. Perchlorate concentrations in the samples were measured with an IC instrument paired with tandem mass spectrometry detection. The concentration data show that perchlorate reached an annual maximum concentration in the austral autumn seasons, assuming that snowfall was relatively constant throughout the course of each year. Comparison with published total column ozone density …

Optimization And Structural Characterization Of Dimethyl Trisulfide (Dmts) Oxidation Product, Laura Dirks, Brian Peterson, Benjamin Walter

The Journal of Undergraduate Research

Cyanide poisoning is a public concern, and there are many shortfalls in current cyanide treatments. Dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) is a cyanide antidote candidate that overcomes these shortfalls. Currently, there are limited published reports related to the analysis of DMTS. Therefore, an analytical method to detect and analyze DMTS from a biological matrix is vital for it to become available as a therapeutic agent against cyanide poisoning. The motivation of this project is to develop an HPLC-MS/MS method for analysis of DMTS and its degradation products; however, DMTS is difficult to ionize, a requirement for MS analysis, due to its nonpolar …

Selective Tripodal Titanium Silsesquioxane Catalysts For The Epoxidation Of Unactivated Olefins, Sarah M. Peak

Theses and Dissertations--Chemistry

Regiomeric mixture of HMe₂Si(CH₂)₃(i-Bu)₆Si₇O₉(OH)₃ (6), containing a Si-H group in one of the ligands of the silsesquioxane, was tethered onto a vinyl terminated hyperbranched poly(siloxysilane) polymer via a hydrosilation reaction to generate extremely active catalysts, P1-8 and c-P1-8. The synthesis of 6, in good yield, was accomplished via hydrosilation of CH₂=CHCH₂(i-Bu)₇Si₈O₁₂ (1) to generate ClMe₂Si(CH₂)₃(i-Bu)₇Si₈O_{12 …}

On The Catalytic Activity Of Palladium Nanoparticles-Based Anodes Towards Formic Acid Electro-Oxidation: Effect Of Electrodeposition Potential, Islam M. Al-Akraa Dr., Ahmad M. Mohammad Prof, Mohamed S. El-Deab Prof, Bahgat E. El-Anadouli Prof

Chemical Engineering

In this investigation, the catalytic activity of palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs)-modified glassy carbon (GC) (simply noted as PdNPs/GC) electrodes towards the formic acid electro-oxidation (FAO) was investigated. The deposition of PdNPs on the GC substrate was carried out by a potentiostatic technique at different potentials and the corresponding influence on the particles size and crystal structure of PdNPs as well as the catalytic activity towards FAO was studied. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated the deposition of PdNPs in spherical shapes and the average particle size of PdNPs deposited at a potential of 0 V vs. Ag/AgCl/KCl(sat.) was the smallest (ca. 8 …

Advances In Direct Formic Acid Fuel Cells: Fabrication Of Efficient Ir/Pd Nanocatalysts For Formic Acid Electro-Oxidation, Islam M. Al-Akraa, Ahmad M. Mohammad, Mohamed S. El-Deab Prof, Bahgat E. El-Anadouli Prof

Chemical Engineering

No abstract provided.

Mitochondria- Targeted Antioxidant Skq1 Reverses Glaucomatous Lesions In Rabbits, Elena N. Iomdina, Inna P. Khoroshilova-Maslova, Olga V. Robustova, Olga A. Averina, Nadezhda A. Kovaleva, Gjumrakch Aliev, V. Prakash Reddy, Andrey A. Zamyatnin, Maxim V. Skulachev, Ivan I. Senin, Vladimir P. Skulachev

Chemistry Faculty Research & Creative Works

Glaucoma is the main cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. This disease is characterized by apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and visual field loss that seems to be related to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Several lines of evidences have implicated the crucial role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Increased mitochondrial oxidative stress in RGC may underlie or contribute to susceptibility of RGC to apoptosis. In our work we (i) designed a rabbit model of chronic, moderately elevated IOP for studying glaucoma and (ii) demonstrated efficacy of mitochondria- Targeted antioxidant SkQ1 as a tool to reverse several traits …

In Planta Variation Of Volatile Biosynthesis: An Alternative Biosynthetic Route To The Formation Of The Pathogen-Induced Volatile Homoterpene Dmnt Via Triterpene Degradation In Arabidopsis Roots, Reza Sohrabi, Jung Hyun Huh, Somayesadat Badieyan, Liva Harinantenaina Rakotondraibe, Daniel J. Kliebenstein, Pablo Sobrado, Dorothea Tholl

Chemistry Faculty Research & Creative Works

Plant-derived volatile compounds such as terpenes exhibit substantial structural variation and serve multiple ecological functions. Despite their structural diversity, volatile terpenes are generally produced from a small number of core 5- to 20-carbon intermediates. Here, we present unexpected plasticity in volatile terpene biosynthesis by showing that irregular homo/norterpenes can arise from different biosynthetic routes in a tissue specific manner. While Arabidopsis thaliana and other angiosperms are known to produce the homoterpene (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT) or its C16-analog (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene by the breakdown of sesquiterpene and diterpene tertiary alcohols in aboveground tissues, we demonstrate that Arabidopsis roots biosynthesize DMNT by the degradation of …

Chirped-Pulse Fourier Transform Microwave Spectroscopy In Pulsed Uniform Supersonic Flows, Chamara S.W Abeysekera

Wayne State University Dissertations

This dissertation is focused on the development of a new experimental apparatus that combines two powerful techniques: Chirped-Pulse Fourier-Transform Microwave (CP-FTMW) spectroscopy and uniform supersonic flows. This combination promises a nearly universal detection method that can deliver quantitative isomer, conformer, and vibrational level specific detection; characterize unstable reaction products and intermediates; and perform unique spectroscopic, kinetics and dynamics measurements.

Thus, a new high-power Ka band (26 – 40 GHz) chirped pulse spectrometer with sub-MHz resolution was designed and constructed. In order to study smaller molecules, E-band (60 – 90 GHz) capabilities were also added to the spectrometer. A novel strategy …

Synthesis Of Cryptands For Eu2+-Containing Complexes, Chengcheng Wang

Wayne State University Theses

Eu2+-containing complexes have considerable applications in synthetic chemistry, medical diagnosis, and materials science. However, Eu2+ is easily oxidized in solution when exposed to air. Allen and coworkers have demonstrated that Eu2+ can be stabilized by functionalized cryptands. Based on this idea, I focused my research on synthesizing cryptands. The progress towards synthesizing several modified cryptands is described in the thesis. The Eu2+-containing complexes of these cryptates have potential applications as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents, luminescent materials, and magnetic materials.

The Enantioselective Construction Of Tetracyclic Diterpene Skeletons With Friedel-Crafts Alkylation And Palladium-Catalyzed Cycloalkenylation Reactions, Sarah J. Burke, William Paul Malachowski, Sharan K. Mehta, Roselyn Appenteng

Chemistry Faculty Research and Scholarship

Due to the profound extent to which natural products inspire medicinal chemists in drug discovery, there is demand for innovative syntheses of these often complex materials. This article describes the synthesis of tricarbocyclic natural product architectures through an extension of the enantioselective Birch-Cope sequence with intramolecular Friedel-Crafts alkylation reactions. Additionally, palladium-catalyzed enol silane cycloalkenylation of the tricarbocyclic structures afforded the challenging bicyclo[3.2.1]octane C/D ring system found in the gibberellins and the ent-kauranes, two natural products with diverse medicinal value. In the case of the ent-kaurane derivative, an unprecedented alkene rearrangement converted four alkene isomers to one final product.

The Green Chemistry And Filipino Approach To High School Experiments In Saint Paul College Pasig, Ronald G. Santos, Armando M. Guidote Jr

Chemistry Faculty Publications

This paper is a call for teachers to initiate measures in improving the quality of high school chemistry education in the Philippines and that is by going back to practical laboratory work. The experiment presented in this paper is a proof to the possibility of tailor-made experiments that integrate principles of green chemistry. Integrating green chemistry concepts in the design of high school chemistry experiments makes students aware of the responsibility that goes with the use and production of chemicals. Moreover, the experiment was designed to consciously integrate aspects of Filipino culture, values, and traditions. Such enculturation of chemistry by …

Elucidating The Electronic Structure Of Multiple Bonded Systems: Synthesis And Characterization Of Bimetallic Tungsten And Ruthenium Complexes, Karen Ventura

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

The following study is presented in two sections. In the first section variable-temperature magnetic and structural data of two pairs of diruthenium isomers (having an idealized D4h symmetry), one pair having axial ligands and the formula Ru2(DArF)4Cl (where DArF is the anion of a diarylformamidine isomer, and Ar = p-anisyl or m-anisyl) and the other one being essentially identical but devoid of axial ligands and having the formula [Ru2(DArF)4]BF4, show that the axial ligands have a significant effect on the electronic structure of the diruthenium core. Variable-temperature crystallographic and magnetic data as well as density functional theory (DFT) calculations unequivocally …

Peptide Drug Discovery: Innovative Technologies And Transformational Medicines, David J. Diller, Mark Jarosinski, Tomi K. Sawyer, Joseph Audie

Chemistry & Physics Faculty Publications

Interest in peptide drug discovery is surging. In the past several years,numerous pharmaceutical and biotech companies have committed considerable resources to peptide-based drug discovery. In part,this is being fueled by an increasing recognition that peptide drugs combine many of the virtues of small molecules and proteins, while minimizing several of their drawbacks, and that peptides can potentially expand the druggable space to include intracellular, extracellular and membrane associated protein–protein interactions. Moreover, powerful new in vitro and in silico technologies and breakthroughs in our understanding of natural peptides have emerged that provide peptide chemists with the toolsand insights they need to …

Synthesis, Characterization, And Rna Reactivity Of Amino-Acid-Linked Cisplatin Analogues, Xun Bao

Wayne State University Dissertations

The essential role of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in the cell life cycle is highlighted by protein synthesis; therefore, the ribosome is considered to be an ideal drug target. Ribosomal RNAs exhibit a high level of structural diversity. The well-known anticancer drug cisplatin was previously applied as a chemical probe of rRNA structure to determine solvent accessible purines (guanosine) in vivo and in vitro. Cisplatin accumulates faster on RNA than DNA, with less chance of repair. As such, designing new RNA-targeting Pt compounds is not only a promising direction for chemical-probing applications, but also for the design of anticancer drugs that …

Strong Field Ionization Of Radicals And Reaction Intermediates, Fadia Cudry

Wayne State University Dissertations

This work presents results of adapting SFI probe for detection of radicals and their isomers. Radicals and reaction intermediates were produced using an established method flash pyrolysis. This combination allows for new insight in studying radicals and provide complementary results to the other detection methods used. This is the first study reporting the use of SFI to detect radicals. This detection will also provide structural information of the radicals under study.

For acetone and isoprene, a detailed study shows the SFI flash pyrolysis mass spectra. These mass spectra were then compared to the spectra produced by other detection techniques. We …

Investigation Of New Ligand Architechtures Towards Proton And Water Reduction Catalysis By Cobalt Complexes, Debashis Basu

Wayne State University Dissertations

We designed several redox-active ligand architectures to optimize and understand the redox, electronic, and catalytic properties of their respective cobalt complexes. Ligand design was varied from pentadentate donor phenolate to tetradentate acceptor oxime in order to reduce the overpotential of hydrogen generation in organic solvents. We altered the substitution, axial ligands and axial ligand substitutions to vary electronic and catalytic properties for such tetra- or pentadentate ligand systems. Knowledge of the nature of the active species for catalysis enabled us to design the pentadentate oxime ligand which exhibited rich reaction chemistry along with suitable catalytic property in organic solvent. Presence …

Isomer Detection Of Radicals Produced By The Flash Pyrolysis Of Heptane And Its Structural Isomers, Steven Lingenfelter

Wayne State University Theses

Radicals can play an important role in combustion chemistry as key intermediates. As such studying them is vital in the study of combustion chemistry. Our study focused on the production of the 1 and 2-propyl radical from heptane isomers. Radicals were produced by flash pyrolysis which was achieved by restively heating a silicon carbide tube through which a molecular beam passed. Strong field ionization was utilized to discriminate between the two propyl isomers. Results indicated the expected trend however the signal intensity was quite low with significant noise. Further improvements are needed to improve the quality as well as the …

Design And Synthesis Of Isatin-Based Caspase Inhibitors For Ruthenium Caging Applications, Kasun Chinthaka Ratnayake

Wayne State University Theses

ABSTRACT

DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS OF ISATIN BASED CASPASE INHIBITORS FOR RUTHENIUM CAGING APPLICATIONS

by

KASUN CHINTHAKA RATNAYAKE

August 2015

Advisor: Jeremy J. Kodanko, Ph.D.

Major: Chemistry (Organic)

Degree: Master of Science

Apoptosis is the energy dependent programmed cell death. Improper function of apoptosis could lead to diseases such as cancers, strokes, Alziemer’s disease. Caspases are the enzymes involved in the later stage of this process. Peptidyl and non-peptidyl caspase inhibitors have been synthesized recently. These non-peptidyl compound classes which consist of pyrrolidinyl-5-sulfo isatins have showed a greater potency against executioner caspases, caspase-3 and -7. According to literature and for further …

Synthesis, Properties, And Electrochemistry Of A Photochromic Compound Based On Dithienylethene And Prodot, Melek Pamuk Algi, Ati̇lla Ci̇haner, Fati̇h Algi

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

The synthesis, photochromic features, and electrochemistry of a novel material based on dithienylethene (DTE) and 3,3-didecyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-thieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxepine (didecyl-ProDOT) units are described. It is noteworthy that 1,2-bis(5-(3,3-didecyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-thieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxepin-6-yl)-2-methylthiophen-3-yl)cyclopent-1-ene can be efficiently switched between open and closed states by light in both solution and in the solid poly(methyl metacrylate) (PMMA) matrix. It is also found that the emission of this novel compound can be switched on and off upon irradiation.

Synthesis, Molecular Docking, And Antitumoral Activity Of Alnustone-Like Compounds Against Estrogen Receptor Alpha-Positive Human Breast Cancer, Kaan Küçükoğlu, Hati̇ce Seçi̇nti̇, Aykut Özgür, Hasan Seçen, Yusuf Tutar

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

Alnustone-like compounds are promising inhibitors for estrogen receptor \alpha (ER-\alpha), which is a novel cancer therapeutic target. Therefore, 10 alnustone-like compounds with substituents at the phenyl rings were synthesized by condensation of 4-phenyl-2-butanones and cinnamaldehydes via in situ enamination. The compounds displayed either protective activity or inhibited cell growth and proliferation of human breast cancer cells. Molecular docking studies indicated that the synthesized compounds interact with ER-\alpha efficiently. In this work, the protective and inhibitive roles of the synthesized compounds were related to their functional groups and to their binding mode of action on ER-\alpha protein. The compounds are potential …

A New Series Of Cu(Ii) And Ni(Ii) Complexes Of No Bidentate 4-No$_{2}$-Benzoylhydrazones: Synthesis, Characterization, And Biological Studies, Hati̇ce Başpinar Küçük, Emel Mataraci Kara, Berna Özbek Çeli̇k

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

A series of new nickel(II) and copper(II) hydrazone complexes \textbf{1--14}, containing a bidentate NO-donor hydrazone ligand, derived from 4-nitrobenzoylhydrazide and several aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes were synthesized, and their chemical structures were confirmed by means of FT-IR, UV-Vis, $^{1}$H and $^{13}$C NMR, mass spectral data, conductance measurements, and elemental analyses. The spectral data of the newly synthesized complexes show the formation of a 1:2 [metal:ligand] ratio. The ligands and their complexes were also investigated for their possible in vitro antimicrobial activities against \textit{S. aureus}, \textit{S. epidermidis}, \textit{E. coli}, \textit{K. pneumonia}, \textit{P. aeruginosa}, \textit{P. mirabilis}, \textit{E. faecalis}, and \textit{C. albicans}. Among …

Cross Coupling Reactions Catalyzed By (Nhc)Pd(Ii) Complexes, Nevi̇n Gürbüz, Emi̇ne Özge Karaca, İsmai̇l Özdemi̇r, Beki̇r Çeti̇nkaya

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

This review is focused on new developments reported during the last 3 years concerning the catalytic performances of in situ formed or preformed NHC--Pd(II) complexes (NHC: $N$-heterocyclic carbene) for cross-coupling reactions such as Heck--Mizoraki (often shortened to the Heck reaction), Kumada, Negishi, Suzuki--Miyaura (often shortened to the Suzuki reaction), Sonogashira and Hiyama couplings, and the Buchwald--Hartwig aminations, which are extremely powerful in the formation of C--C and C--heteroatom bonds. Due to the great number of publications and limited space here, we made a special attempt to compile the relevant data in tables, which we hope will serve as a guide …