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Articles 1021 - 1050 of 1398
Full-Text Articles in Chemistry
Differentiation Of Bacillus Endospores From Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Of Biomarkers Produced By Thermochemolysis Methylation, Tai Van Truong
Differentiation Of Bacillus Endospores From Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Of Biomarkers Produced By Thermochemolysis Methylation, Tai Van Truong
Theses and Dissertations
Methods for fast, simple detection of biomarkers to detect and differentiate closely related Bacillus endospores including Bacillus anthracis (BA), Bacillus thuringiensis (BT), Bacillus atrophaeus (BG), and Bacillus cereus (BC) using thermochemolysis and methylation (TCM), coiled wire filament (CWF), solid phase micro extraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were developed. The main biomarkers detected and used for differentiation include dipicolinic acid methyl ester (DPAME), fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), 3-methyl-2-butenoic acid methyl ester (3M2BAME), 2-butenoic acid methyl ester (2BAME), and several methylated sugars. TCM of endospores was performed based on hydrolysis and methylation at elevated temperature after the endospores were …
Drug Design, Biological Activity, And Metabolic Consequences Of Cytotoxic Platinum Compounds: Utilizing Fluorescent Tagging To Understand Drug Action And Metabolism, Brad Benedetti
Theses and Dissertations
Platinum drugs are among the most commonly used chemotherapeutics for the treatment of testicular, head and neck, ovarian, small cell lung, and colorectal carcinomas. Although the current set of platinum chemotherapeutics has proven somewhat successful, the overall success of platinum based drugs is limited due to acquired drug resistance and a limited range of tumor types that are treatable with the current regime. The development of novel cytotoxic platinum based compounds, both trans- and polynuclear, provides for the promising treatment of clinical platinum drug resistant tumors. While the cytotoxic activity of platinum drugs provides for a hopeful outlook, the ultimate …
Human Endogenous Sodium Pump Inhibitors Measurement, Source, Synthesis And Regulation, Jie Ma
Human Endogenous Sodium Pump Inhibitors Measurement, Source, Synthesis And Regulation, Jie Ma
Theses and Dissertations
The sodium pump (SP or Na+,K+-ATPase) is a membrane embedded protein complex that pumps 3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions into the cell per cycle and in so doing creates a cell membrane electrochemical potential. The membrane potential is critical for any functional cell. In the vasculature, reduction in the voltage potential causes vascular smooth muscle contraction and a narrowing of blood vessels (vasoconstriction) which can lead to increased blood pressure (hypertension). Substantial research over the past several decades has provided a vast amount of research on SP inhibitors, sometimes called endogenous digitalis-like factors (EDLF). Increased levels of …
Super Collision Energy Transfer Studies In Single Collisions Between Vibrationally Hot Benzene Like Molecules And Ground State Bath Molecules: The Effect Of Physical Properties Of Donor And Bath Molecules On Super Collision Energy Transfer, Kilyoung Kim
Theses and Dissertations
This research is focused on single-collision energy transfer events between highly vibrationally excited benzene-like donor molecules and small bath molecules, CO2 and N2O in the vibrational ground level. Measuring how much energy is transferred from donors to bath molecules was accomplished by probing bath molecules scattered into specific-rotational states using a tunable Δv=0.0003 cm-1 solid state diode laser. The normalized energy transfer probability distribution function, P(E,E'), determined from energy gain information, is very useful in comparing collisional energy transfer efficiency between various collision systems. P(E,E') is also used to investigate the effects of donor and bath physical properties on collisional …
A Novel Use Of Digoxin Immune Fab Fragment In Identification And Isolation Of An Endogenous Digitalis-Like Factor Found In Preeclampsia, Moana Lee Hopoate-Sitake
A Novel Use Of Digoxin Immune Fab Fragment In Identification And Isolation Of An Endogenous Digitalis-Like Factor Found In Preeclampsia, Moana Lee Hopoate-Sitake
Theses and Dissertations
The mechanisms mediating the hypertension of preeclampsia (PE) are unclear. Endogenous digitalis-like factors (EDLFs) are specific sodium pump (SP) inhibitors implicated in essential and experimental hypertension, but they have not been fully explored in the setting of PE. This study uses a digoxin antibody Fab fragment to address the question of whether such factors are present and increased in PE, to investigate a possible treatment of PE, and to isolate and characterize all EDLFs present in PE. Sera and placenta from women with PE did show a significant increase in SP inhibition in comparison to women with normal pregnancy and …
Surface Modification, Fabrication, And Characterization Of Silicon, Polymer, And Nanotube Composite Materials, Lei Pei
Theses and Dissertations
In my research, I have performed many characterization and fabrication experiments that are based on tools of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, and surface science. My research projects are as follows. (1) Fabrication of transparent polymer templates for nanostructured amorphous silicon photovoltaics was done using low-cost nanoimprint lithography of polydimethylsiloxane. This approach provides a test bed for absorption studies in nanostructured film geometries and should result in improved light capturing designs in thin-film solar cells. Nanopatterned polymer films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and optical measurements. (2) A straightforward method for fabricating freely suspended, thin, carbon nanotube (CNT) membranes infiltrated …
Development Of Monolithic Stationary Phases For Cation-Exchange Capillary Liquid Chromatography Of Peptides And Proteins, Xin Chen
Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation focuses on the preparation of polymeric monolithic capillaries for ion exchange chromatography of peptides and proteins, since polymeric monoliths have shown promise for providing improved protein separations. Characteristics of monolithic columns include low back pressure, simplicity of fabrication and biocompatibility. Preparation of strong and weak cation-exchange monolithic stationary phases in 75 μm I.D. capillaries by direct in situ copolymerization was achieved using various functional monomers including sulfopropyl methacrylate, phosphoric acid 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, bis[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] phosphate and 2-carboxyethyl acrylate with polyethylene glycol diacrylate and other PEG materials. The resulting monoliths provided excellent ion exchange capillary LC of peptides and proteins …
The Synthesis, Characterization, And Upconverting Properties Of Erbium Doped; Ytterbium, Erbium Co-Doped Yttrium Oxysulfide Phosphors Under 808, 980, And 1560 Nm Excitation, James Wilkins
Theses and Dissertations
Bulk yttrium oxysulfide phosphors were prepared using the polysulfide flux method. The morphology and structure was characterized using transmission electron microscopy and x-ray powdered diffraction. Visible emissions occurring near 530 and 550 nm and 660 - 670 nm consistent with the 2H11/2, 4S3/2 → 4I15/2 and 4F9/2 → 4I15/2 transitions, respectively, were observed under 808, 980, and 1560 nm excitation. The upconverting mechanisms excited at 808, 980, and 1560 nm have been investigated in detail. The power dependent behavior of the upconverted emission intensities for singly doped erbium phosphors excited at 808 and 980 nm indicated a two-photon excitation process. …
Strategies To Resolve The Three-Dimensional Structure Of The Genome Of Small Single-Stranded Icosahedral Viruses, Eduardo Sanz Garcia
Strategies To Resolve The Three-Dimensional Structure Of The Genome Of Small Single-Stranded Icosahedral Viruses, Eduardo Sanz Garcia
Theses and Dissertations
The aim of this study is the three-dimensional structural characterization of the genome packaging inside viral capsids via cryo-electron microscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction. The genome of some single-stranded viruses can be densely packaged within their capsid shells. Several stretches of the genome are known to adopt stable secondary structures, however, to date, little is known about the three-dimensional organization of the genome inside their capsid shells. Two techniques have been developed to facilitate the structural elucidation of genome packaging: the asymmetric random-model method, and the symmetry-mismatch, random model method. Both techniques were successfully tested with model and experimental data. The …
Chemical Vapor Deposition Of Silanes And Patterning On Silicon, Feng Zhang
Chemical Vapor Deposition Of Silanes And Patterning On Silicon, Feng Zhang
Theses and Dissertations
Self assembled monolayers (SAMs) are widely used for surface modification. Alkylsilane monolayers are one of the most widely deposited and studied SAMs. My work focuses on the preparation, patterning, and application of alkysilane monolayers. 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) is one of the most popular silanes used to make active surfaces for surface modification. To possibly improve the surface physical properties and increase options for processing this material, I prepared and studied a series of amino silane surfaces on silicon/silicon dioxide from APTES and two other related silanes by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). I also explored CVD of 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane on silicon and quartz. …
High Flow Air Sampling For Field Detection Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Jacolin Ann Murray
High Flow Air Sampling For Field Detection Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Jacolin Ann Murray
Theses and Dissertations
The ability to rapidly detect and identify hazardous analytes in the field has become increasingly important. One of the most important analytical detection methods in the field is gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In this work, a hand-portable GC-MS system is described that contains a miniature toroidal ion trap mass analyzer and a low thermal mass GC. The system is self-contained within the dimensions of 47 x 36 x 18 cm and weighs less than 13 kg. Because the instrument has a small footprint, it was used as the detector for an automated near-real-time permeation testing system. In permeation testing, materials …
Work Towards The Isolation And Characterization Of The Muscle Isoform Of Glucose 1,6-Bisphosphatase, Caleb J. Hiller
Work Towards The Isolation And Characterization Of The Muscle Isoform Of Glucose 1,6-Bisphosphatase, Caleb J. Hiller
Theses and Dissertations
Glucose 1,6-bisphosphate is an important small molecule involved in the regulation of glycolysis. Four enzymes synthesize this compound. One enzyme is known to degrade it, glucose 1,6-bisphosphatase. Other groups have produced work that indicates that there are two isoforms of this enzyme, one predominant in the brain and one in the muscle. This thesis contains the work performed in attempts to isolate and characterize the muscle isoform of glucose 1,6-bisphosphatase. While this enzyme was not isolated, much was learned about it and the results from this work may help in the future identification of this enzyme.
Halo Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry: Design, Instrumentation, And Performance, Miao Wang
Halo Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry: Design, Instrumentation, And Performance, Miao Wang
Theses and Dissertations
New ion trap mass spectrometry (ITMS) instrumentation, the toroidal IT and halo IT, were developed to meet the significant growth in on-site analysis applications. The miniature toroidal IT mass analyzer was operated with radio frequency (RF) trapping voltages of 3 kVp-p or less. Despite its reduced dimensions, it has roughly the same ion trapping capacity as conventional 3D quadrupole ITs. Unit-mass resolved spectra for n-butylbenzene, xenon, and naphthalene were obtained. The desired linear mass scale was obtained using conventional mass-selective instability scan combined with resonance ejection. The halo IT was also based on toroidal trapping geometry and microfabrication technology, consisting …
Functionalization Of Diamond And Its Application In High Performance Liquid Chromatography And Solid Phase Extraction, Gaurav Saini
Functionalization Of Diamond And Its Application In High Performance Liquid Chromatography And Solid Phase Extraction, Gaurav Saini
Theses and Dissertations
The primary focus of my work was to chemically functionalize diamond as normal and reversed phases for solid phase extraction (SPE) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Diamond was functionalized with -NH2 groups via self-limiting adsorption of an amine-containing polymer, polyallylamine (PAAm), onto oxidized diamond particles. The chemical stability of these particles was improved by thermal curing or chemical crosslinking with 1,2,5,6-diepoxycyclooctane. The reversed phase material for SPE was synthesized by reacting amine-functionalized diamond particles with long chain alkyl and a perfluorinated isocyanate. Unlike commercially available silica, functionalized diamond particles were stable under extreme pH conditions (pH 0-14). Functionalized diamond …
Polymeric Monolithic Stationary Phases For Capillary Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography, Yuanyuan Li
Polymeric Monolithic Stationary Phases For Capillary Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography, Yuanyuan Li
Theses and Dissertations
Rigid poly[hydroxyethyl acrylate-co-poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate] (Poly(HEA-co-PEGDA) monoliths were synthesized inside 75-µm i.d. capillaries by one-step UV-initiated copolymerization using methanol and ethyl ether as porogens. The optimized monolithic column was evaluated for hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) of standard proteins. Six proteins were separated within 20 min with high resolution using a 20 min elution gradient, resulting in a peak capacity of 54. The performance of this monolithic column for HIC was comparable or superior to the performance of columns packed with small particles. Monoliths synthesized solely from PEGDA were also found to show excellent performance in HIC …
Electronic Structure Based Classification Of Neurotransmitters And Related Drugs, Amrita Jha
Electronic Structure Based Classification Of Neurotransmitters And Related Drugs, Amrita Jha
Theses and Dissertations
A fundamental understanding of the relationship between structure and activity of neurotransmitters in the human brain is of vital importance for the design targeted drugs. Using density functional theory and hybrid exchange correlation energy functionals we have studied the structure-activity-relationships of some important neurotransmitters and selected drugs by calculating their absolute hardness (η) and absolute electronegativity (χ). A plot of the η- χ diagram allowed us to assign them into three distinct groups, namely, (i) Acetylcholine analogs (positively charged structure), (ii) GABA analogs (zwitterionic structures) and (iii) monoamines. The results suggest that brain stem is chemically soft because of distribution …
Unusually Conductive Carbon-Inherently Conducting Polymer (Icp) Composites: Synthesis And Characterization, Shawn Edward Bourdo
Unusually Conductive Carbon-Inherently Conducting Polymer (Icp) Composites: Synthesis And Characterization, Shawn Edward Bourdo
Theses and Dissertations
Two groups of materials that have recently come to the forefront of research initiatives are carbon allotropes, especially nanotubes, and conducting polymers-more specifically inherently conducting polymers. The terms conducting polymers and inherently conducting polymers sometimes are used interchangeably without fully acknowledging a major difference in these terms. Conducting polymers (CPs) and inherently conducting polymers (ICPs) are both polymeric materials that conduct electricity, but the difference lies in how each of these materials conducts electricity. For CPs of the past, an electrically conductive filler such as metal particles, carbon black, or graphite would be blended into a polymer (insulator) allowing for …
Characterization Of Atmospheric Aerosols By Using Infrared Spectroscopy, Kristy Lynn Kelley
Characterization Of Atmospheric Aerosols By Using Infrared Spectroscopy, Kristy Lynn Kelley
Theses and Dissertations
Although aerosol radiative effects have been known for sometime and are considered one of the major uncertainties in climate change modeling, most of the studies have focused on the forcing due to scattering and absorption of radiation in the uv-visible region.1 Infrared spectral information allows the confirmation of key functional groups that are responsible for enhanced absorption observations from secondary organics in the uv-visible region. This work evaluates the infrared absorption by aerosols, particularly organics that are now found to be a major fraction of urban and regional aerosols in the 0.1 to 1.0 micron size range and to help …
Design, Synthesis, And Characterization Of A Tetraamide Macrocyclic Ligand And Its Fe- Complex For Green Oxidation Chemistry, Shane Z. Sullivan
Design, Synthesis, And Characterization Of A Tetraamide Macrocyclic Ligand And Its Fe- Complex For Green Oxidation Chemistry, Shane Z. Sullivan
Theses and Dissertations
This work presents the spectroscopic characterization and catalytic investigation of a FeIII-complex of a tetraamidomacrocyclic ligand. Under catalytic conditions the complex is soluble in aqueous solutions and rapidly activates hydrogen peroxide under mild reaction conditions. Both the kinetics and extent of water-soluble dye and paper effluent H2O2-bleaching catalyzed was found to be comparable to known FeIII-TAML complexes. As an additional application, the complex showed potential for the synthesis of a variety of Noxides from their corresponding amines as demonstrated by its high turnover number and essentially stoichiometric yield in selected amines. Electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry of the complex reveals a peak …
Axial Temperature Gradients In Gas Chromatography, Jesse Alberto Contreras
Axial Temperature Gradients In Gas Chromatography, Jesse Alberto Contreras
Theses and Dissertations
The easiest and most effective way to influence the separation process in gas chromatography (GC) is achieved by controlling the temperature of the chromatographic column. In conventional GC, the temperature along the length of the column is constant at any given time, T(t). In my research, I investigated the effects of temperature gradients on GC separations as a function of time and position, T(t,x), along the column. This separation mode is called thermal gradient GC (TGGC). The research reported in this dissertation highlights the fundamental principles of axial temperature gradients and the separation potential of the TGGC technique. These goals …
Integrated Affinity Column Capillary Electrophoresis Microdevices For Biomarker Analysis, Weichun Yang
Integrated Affinity Column Capillary Electrophoresis Microdevices For Biomarker Analysis, Weichun Yang
Theses and Dissertations
In this dissertation, microfluidic systems that integrate antibody-based sample preparation methods with electrophoretic separation are developed to analyze multiple biomarkers in a point-of-care setting. To form an affinity column, both monolith materials and wall-coated channels were explored. I successfully demonstrated that monolith columns can be prepared in microfluidic devices via photopolymerization. The selectivity of monolith columns was improved by immobilizing antibodies on the surface. These affinity columns can selectively enrich target analytes and reduce the signal of contaminant proteins up to 25,000 fold after immunoaffinity extraction. These results clearly demonstrate that microchip affinity monoliths can selectively concentrate and purify target …
Synthesis And Characterization Of An Oligothiophene-Ruthenium Complex And Synthesis And Optical Properties Of Oligothiophene-Ruthenium Complexes Bound To Cdse Nanoparticles, Nathan A. Bair
Theses and Dissertations
Oligothiophenes are of increasing interest in organic based electronic devices in part due to their high electron and hole mobilities. In an organic photovoltaic (OPV) device, the electronic properties of oligothiophenes make them advantageous as charge transfer junctions. To serve as charge transfer junctions, oligothiophenes must be functionalized to bind to the donor and acceptor parts of the device. The donor and acceptor parts are different materials and the synthesis of asymmetric oligothiophenes is of great interest. Previous researchers in our lab synthesized four asymmetric oligothiophenes, two with two thiophene subunits and two with four. Each set of oligothiophenes contained …
Ribosomal Synthesis Of N-Methylated Peptides, Sara Ahadi
Ribosomal Synthesis Of N-Methylated Peptides, Sara Ahadi
Theses and Dissertations
Natural peptide products isolated from various organisms often contain N-methylated backbones. Such a modification of backbone of the peptide changes its conformational rigidity. This modification improves the biological properties of the peptide, such as improved target affinity, proteolytic stability or membrane permeability. Therefore synthesis of N-methylated peptide libraries is valuable in screening for drug-like peptides suitable for therapeutic uses. Protein synthesis using recombinant elements (PURE) and Flexizyme were used in order to reassign specific codons to N-methyl amino acids. mRNA-dependent translation system enable us to make our desired peptides with N-methyl amino acids. This technology is a convenient tool for …
Adsorption Studies By Pulsed Streaming Potentials In Microfluidic Channels, Thutrang Nguyen
Adsorption Studies By Pulsed Streaming Potentials In Microfluidic Channels, Thutrang Nguyen
Theses and Dissertations
In this work, an instrument for measuring pulsed streaming potentials was constructed and optimized for analytical and teaching applications. This thesis is divided in three chapters, the first one deals with the construction of the instrument, the second describes a microfluidic experiment designed for undergraduate and high school students using this instrument, and the third one shows an application of pulsed streaming potential measurements in the detection of heparin. Streaming potential is the electric field generated when a liquid is forced to flow by a pressure gradient through a channel or other stationary charged surfaces.1,2 These measurements were done in …
Synthesis, Functionalization And Characterization Of Dual Mode Nanoparticles For Biomedical Applications, Farah Radwan
Synthesis, Functionalization And Characterization Of Dual Mode Nanoparticles For Biomedical Applications, Farah Radwan
Theses and Dissertations
Three different approaches were used to prepare dual mode nanoparticles using a previously described reverse micelle technique. Superparamagnetic Fe@FeOx core shell nanoparticles were chosen to be the magnetic component for all three dual mode systems. In the first type of particles, 2- amino-1,3- propane diol (APD) was used as a functionalization ligand to stabilize the surface of the particles and its functional amino group also provided a binding site for the attachment of a fluorescent probe. The TEM analysis showed that the APD coated particles have a size range of 8-13 nm while XPS and MALDI measurements confirmed the presence …
Core-Shell Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Design, And Characterization, Kyler Carroll
Core-Shell Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Design, And Characterization, Kyler Carroll
Theses and Dissertations
The design of core/shell nanoparticles is of great interest for a wide range of applications. The primary focus of this dissertation is on the design and optimization of two synthetic routes. The first one is an aqueous reduction method using sodium borohydride and sodium citrate. This method was extended to design two types of core/shell nanoparticles, both of which have many applications in bio-sensing, magnetic resonance imaging, and magnetically guided SERS for the identification of environmental threats. The first, Fe/Ag core/shell nanoparticles were designed using a novel one-pot method by varying the AgNO3 addition time in the system. For …
Synthesis Of Glycolipids And Evaluation Of Their Nkt Cell Stimulatory Properties, Yang Liu
Synthesis Of Glycolipids And Evaluation Of Their Nkt Cell Stimulatory Properties, Yang Liu
Theses and Dissertations
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a subset of T cells that modify a variety of immune responses. NKT cells recognize glycolipid antigen presented by a molecule called CD1d, a nonclassical antigen-presenting molecule. The best known subset of CD1d-dependent NKT cells expresses an invariant T cell receptor Vα (TCR-α) chain. These are referred to as type I or invariant NKT (iNKT) cells. When stimulated by a glycolipid, NKT cells rapidly release large amounts of cytokines. Cytokines released by NKT cells can induce either Th1 or Th2 responses. Th1 cytokines are effective in regulating bacterial, parasitic, and viral infections. But Th1 …
Impact Of Nickel Doping On Hydrogen Storage In Porous Metal-Organic Frameworks, Tanushree Banerjee
Impact Of Nickel Doping On Hydrogen Storage In Porous Metal-Organic Frameworks, Tanushree Banerjee
Theses and Dissertations
A supply of clean, carbon neutral and sustainable energy is the most scientific and technical challenge that humanity is facing in the 21st century. Though there is enough fossil fuels available for a few centuries, their use would increase the level of CO2 in the atmosphere. This would lead to global warming and may pose serious threats such as rising of sea level, change in hydrological cycle, etc. Hence there is a need for an alternative source of fuel that is clean and sustainable. Among the many resources considered as an alternative power source, hydrogen is considered one of the …
Mechanistic Studies On The Electrochemistry Of Proton Coupled Electron Transfer And The Influence Of Hydrogen Bonding, Timothy Alligrant
Mechanistic Studies On The Electrochemistry Of Proton Coupled Electron Transfer And The Influence Of Hydrogen Bonding, Timothy Alligrant
Theses and Dissertations
This research has investigated proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) of quinone/hydroquinone and other simple organic PCET species for the purpose of furthering the knowledge of the thermodynamic and kinetic effects due to reduction and oxidation of such systems. Each of these systems were studied involving the addition of various acid/base chemistries to influence the thermodynamics and kinetics upon electron transfer. It is the expectation that the advancement of the knowledge of acid/base catalysis in electrochemistry gleaned from these studies might be applied in fuel cell research, chemical synthesis, the study of enzymes within biological systems or to simply advance the knowledge …
Targeting Complex Cyclic Peptides For Synthesis: The Celogentin And Theonellamide Families, Joshua Wayne Robinson
Targeting Complex Cyclic Peptides For Synthesis: The Celogentin And Theonellamide Families, Joshua Wayne Robinson
Theses and Dissertations
Celogentin C and theonellamide F are a class of natural products that have potential antimitotic behavior. They both contain interesting bicyclic structures with unusual linkages within a central moiety. Celogentin C's highly functionalized tryptophan moiety has two unusual linkages, a β-substituted Leu connection to the C6 of the indole structure that makes up the left-hand ring, and a τ-N connection of the imidazole to the C2 of the indole constructing the right-hand ring. This right-hand ring connection was solved via a novel oxidative coupling procedure developed in our group and the left-hand ring was initially constructed via a radical conjugated …