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Articles 421 - 450 of 456
Full-Text Articles in Chemistry
Tuning Polymeric Chiral Surfactants For Enhanced Enantiomeric Recognition In Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography, Jepkoech Tarus
Tuning Polymeric Chiral Surfactants For Enhanced Enantiomeric Recognition In Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography, Jepkoech Tarus
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The research presented in this dissertation involves the synthesis, modification, characterization, and the application of polymeric surfactants in micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). Sodium undecenoyl-L-Leucinate (L-SUL) was synthesized and modified by use of alkali metal counterions, alcohols, and Triton X-102. Characterization of the modified poly-L-SUL was performed in order to elucidate the structural changes on the surfactants by use of four techniques. While surface tensiometry was used for the determination of the critical micelle concentration (cmc), fluorescence measurements were used for the determination of the polarity of the modified polymeric surfactants. The information about the size of the polymeric surfactants was …
Spectroscopic And Synthetic Studies Relating To A Dirhodium Hydroformylation Catalyst, Petia Gueorguieva Gueorguieva
Spectroscopic And Synthetic Studies Relating To A Dirhodium Hydroformylation Catalyst, Petia Gueorguieva Gueorguieva
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The main goal of this dissertation research was to further study and characterize our bimetallic hydroformylation catalyst, rac-[Rh2(nbd)2(et,ph-P4)](BF4)2, and to fully identify the catalytically inactive mono- and dirhodium complexes formed upon fragmentation of the catalyst under hydroformylation conditions. Various in situ NMR methods such as 1D 1H and 31P, and 2D COSY, HMBC, and HMQC were employed and indicated the formation of the key catalyst, [rac-Rh2H2(μ-CO)2(CO)4(et,ph-P4)]2+, 4, and a number of other Rh-phosphine species on and off the catalytic cycle. …
Synthesis, Characterization And Study Of Novel Reagents For The Detection Of Saccharides And Amino Acids, Nadia Nadette St. Luce
Synthesis, Characterization And Study Of Novel Reagents For The Detection Of Saccharides And Amino Acids, Nadia Nadette St. Luce
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The design of synthetic receptors for the recognition and sensing of saccharides and amino acids is currently a major challenge. This is due to inherent structural similarity and a lack of chromophoric or fluorophoric properties of these compounds. The synthesis and study of novel detection agents for bioactive molecules as well as mechanistic studies are presented herein. The elucidation of the mechanism by which tetraarylboronic acid resorcinarene interact with sugar molecules and promote a solution color change is explored. This vast collaborative study, reveals that DMSO solutions of boronic acid functionalized resorcinarene macrocycles afford visual color changes upon heating or …
Attachment Of Oligonucleotide Probes To Polymer Biochips And Its Application For The Detection Of Point Mutations, Yun Wang
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
This dissertation is on the fabrication of polymer-based microfluidic arrays for the detection of genetic mutations. Poly(methyl methacrylate) was chosen as one of the polymer substrate materials due to its low background noise, low adsorption of biomolecules, and low assembly temperature. The surface modification of polymer substrates for covalent attachment of oligonucleotide probes, the construction of fluidic channels/arrays, and hybridization kinetics will be covered. As an example of the application, point mutation detection using immobilized arrays constructed in microfluidic devices will be demonstrated. The PMMA surface was derivatized with N-lithioethylenediamine solution to introduce amine groups, which were utilized for the …
Comparison Studies Of The Mechanistic Formation Of Polyhalogentaed Dibenzo-P-Dioxins And Furans From The Thermal Degradation Of 2-Bromophenol And 2-Chlorophenol, Catherine Spearing Evans
Comparison Studies Of The Mechanistic Formation Of Polyhalogentaed Dibenzo-P-Dioxins And Furans From The Thermal Degradation Of 2-Bromophenol And 2-Chlorophenol, Catherine Spearing Evans
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PBDD/Fs) from hazardous waste incinerators, and many other sources for combustion have been considered environmentally hazardous and a major health threat. Recently, a growing number of materials containing brominated hydrocarbons, commonly used flame retardants, have been disposed in municipal and hazardous waste incinerators. This results in the increased potential for formation of PBDD/Fs and other hazardous combustion by-products. In contrast to chlorinated hydrocarbons, the reactions of brominated hydrocarbons have been studied only minimally. In fact, studies have shown that brominated phenols form higher yields of PBDD/Fs than the …
Dynamics Of Complex Polymer Solutions: Putting Diffusion To Work And Exploring Rigid Rod Diffusion, Garrett John Doucet
Dynamics Of Complex Polymer Solutions: Putting Diffusion To Work And Exploring Rigid Rod Diffusion, Garrett John Doucet
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
This dissertation is concerned with random coil and rodlike polymer diffusion in complex solutions. The development of fluorescence photobleaching recovery, FPR, as a technique to determine polymer molecular weight distributions by measuring the diffusion distribution and converting it to a molecular weight distribution using a calibration curve is first covered. Fluorescently tagged probes were individually dissolved in polymer solutions at negligible amounts and measured with FPR to construct the calibration curve of self-diffusion vs. molecular weight. Once calibration curves were constructed, bimodal distributions were separated using the matrices corresponding to the calibration curves. The diffusion of the probes and separation …
New Insights Into The Binding Site Formation And The Performance Of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers, Hyunjung Kim
New Insights Into The Binding Site Formation And The Performance Of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers, Hyunjung Kim
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are finding important applications in the field of separation science, catalysis, sensor, and immunoassays. To optimize the performance of the MIPs, it is essential to understand the underlying mechanism of the process. This research focuses on understanding binding site formation and performance, and improvement of the MIPs. Chapter 1 introduces the concept of the MIPs, and binding isotherm and affinity distribution of heterogeneous binding sites in the MIPs. Chapter 2 describes fundamental studies conducted to understand the binding site formation of the MIPs. The number of binding sites (N) and the number average association constant (Kn) …
Synthesis And Characterization Of Superparamagnetic Silica--Homopolypeptide Composite Particles, Sibel Turksen
Synthesis And Characterization Of Superparamagnetic Silica--Homopolypeptide Composite Particles, Sibel Turksen
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Hierarchical construction and characterization of core-shell composite particles of interest are presented. The research described shows interest in new types of polymers that provide chirality and responsiveness which have been ignored for so long. The general synthetic design described in this document can be readily used as a model for other systems. Core-shell composite systems of interest consist of silica or silica-coated cobalt cores grafted with a homopolypeptide shell, mostly poly(epsilon-carbobenzyloxy-L-lysine) or poly(gamma-benzyl-L-glutamate). Core particles were decorated with amino groups through a silylation reaction. The amino groups initiated the polymerization (with attachment) of N-carboxyanhydride (NCA) monomers, resulting in a homopolypeptide …
Spectroscopic Investigation Of Nitrogenase: Epr And Mcd Studies Of The Femo Cofactor And The P-Cluster, Robyn B. Broach
Spectroscopic Investigation Of Nitrogenase: Epr And Mcd Studies Of The Femo Cofactor And The P-Cluster, Robyn B. Broach
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Little is known about substrate binding and reduction of nitrogenase. EPR spectroscopy is used here to observe intermediate states generated by different substrates. Two different spin states (S=3/2 and S=1/2) were exhibited for each substrate, which may result from different binding of the substrate to the cofactor (side-on or terminal binding) or the difference of the substrate binding to either Fe or Mo of the cofactor. Parallel studies were performed on a variant MoFe protein, alpha-195Gln, which exhibited different signals from the wild-type suggesting that the substituted amino acid maybe necessary to reach some mechanistic states that the …
Analytical Separations Using Packed And Open-Tubular Capillary Electrochromatography, Constantina P. Kapnissi
Analytical Separations Using Packed And Open-Tubular Capillary Electrochromatography, Constantina P. Kapnissi
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The goal of the research reported in this dissertation is to develop packed and open-tubular capillary electrochromatographic methods for improved achiral and chiral separations of various classes of analytes. The first part of this research involves the separation of seven benzodiazepines by the use of the packed mode of capillary electrochromatography (CEC) and a 40 cm packed bed of Reliasil 3 μm C18 stationary phase. Optimal conditions were established by varying the mobile phase, the amount of organic modifier, the buffer concentration, the applied voltage, and the column temperature. The second part of this research focuses on the open-tubular …
Synthesis And Antibacterial Assessment Of Water-Soluble Hydrophobic Chitosan Derivatives Bearing Quaternary Ammonium Functionality, Mrunal R. Thatte
Synthesis And Antibacterial Assessment Of Water-Soluble Hydrophobic Chitosan Derivatives Bearing Quaternary Ammonium Functionality, Mrunal R. Thatte
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Chitosan is a naturally occurring, bio-degradable, non-toxic, non-allergenic bio-polysaccharide derived from chitin, found in abundance in nature. Studies aimed at deriving newer applications of chitosan are hence of interest. Among these, one of the focuses of investigations is aimed at excellent antimicrobial activity demonstrated by chitosan. In this context, certain quaternary ammonium derivatives of chitosan have been shown in the past to be highly effective antibacterial materials. In the present study, substituted chitosan derivatives were synthesized and further quaternized using Quat-188 to produce water soluble derivatives at neutral pH. The antibacterial assessments of the quaternized derivatives of substituted chitosan were …
Synthesis, Separation And Reactivities Of Multidentate Phosphine Ligands And Investigation Into Dirhodium Hydroformylation And Hydrocarboxylation Catalysis, David Aubry
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
A dirhodium homogeneous hydroformylation catalyst based on a tetraphosphine ligand, rac-Et2PCH2CH2P(Ph)CH2P(Ph)CH2CH2PEt2, rac-et,ph-P4, is under investigation. The ligand synthesis produces a racemic mixture and a facile and efficient method of separation of the racemic and meso diastereomers was achieved through reaction of et,ph-P4 with two equivalents of NiCl2 in EtOH to yield an almost quantitatively isolable precipitate of meso-Ni2Cl4(et,ph-P4) and the soluble rac-Ni2Cl4(et,ph-P4). Subsequent cyanolysis of these complexes liberates the et,ph-P4 ligand, and the …
Synthesis, Characterization, And Application Of Water-Soluble Chiral Calix[4]Arene Derivatives In Spectroscopy And Capillary Electrokinetic Chromatography, Kim Hamilton
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
This dissertation is an account of the synthesis, characterization, and application of novel water-soluble chiral calixarenes in spectroscopy and capillary electrophoresis. It is divided into four sections. The first part describes the synthesis and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) characterization of four p-t-butylcalix[4]arenes bearing L-amino acid moieties on their lower rims (CX4-AA). The structure and conformation of the derivatives have been determined using one- and two-dimensional NMR techniques. Proton and carbon-13 spectra show that the derivatives are tetra-substituted and adopt a cone conformation. The preparation and characterization of silica-bonded calixarene stationary phases for capillary electrochromatography is also reported in Chapter 2. …
Design, Synthesis, And Applications Of Bio-Derived Crosslinking Monomers For Molecular Imprinting, Martha Sibrian-Vazquez
Design, Synthesis, And Applications Of Bio-Derived Crosslinking Monomers For Molecular Imprinting, Martha Sibrian-Vazquez
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Most of the research in the field of molecular imprinting has been focused on the development of new functional monomers, in order to improve the molecular recognition properties afforded by these materials. The role of the crosslinking monomer has often been overlooked, since it is considered an inert component that only provides a scaffold to support the binding sites. However, the crosslinking monomer represents a high percent (80-90%) of the composition of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), which can have a large influence on the MIPs properties. This research addresses the design, synthesis, and applications of new crosslinking monomers for molecular …
Solid-Phase Dna Sequencing Reactions Performed In Micro-Capillary Reactors And Solid-Phase Reversible Immobilization In Microfluidic Chips For Purification Of Dye-Labeled Dna Sequencing Fragments, Yichuan Xu
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The research presented in this dissertation involves micro-capillary reactors for solid phase DNA sequencing, the identification of dye terminator sequencing fragments with time-resolved methods, and purification of dye-labeled DNA fragments using solid- phase reversible immobilization in microfluidic chips. Solid-phase micro-reactors have been prepared for DNA sequencing applications using slab gel electrophoresis. A PCR product was immobilized to the interior wall of a fused-silica capillary tube via a biotin-streptavidin linkage. Solid-phase sequencing was carried out in micro-capillary reactors using a four-lane, single color dye primer chemistry strategy. The read length was found to be 589 bases. The complementary DNA fragments generated …
Design And Synthesis Of Constrained Dipeptide Units For Use As Β-Sheet Promoters, Umut Oguz
Design And Synthesis Of Constrained Dipeptide Units For Use As Β-Sheet Promoters, Umut Oguz
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The study of factors promoting beta-sheet formation has recently gained interest due to the suspected involvement of beta-sheets in brain degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) and bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Understanding beta-sheet formation and the factors that stabilize beta-sheet structure may serve as a basis for future drug design. The extended structure of a beta-sheet can be stabilized by constrained amino acid analogs that are pre-organized to adopt the extended conformation. In this dissertation using innovative synthetic organic chemistry methods, two dipeptide units are designed and synthesized that are constrained to form the extended conformation and …
Design And Synthesis Of Handles For Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis And Convergent Peptide Synthesis, Jose Giraldes
Design And Synthesis Of Handles For Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis And Convergent Peptide Synthesis, Jose Giraldes
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The recent popularity of methods for solid-phase peptide synthesis that use the 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) group for Nα-amino protection has created a need for compatible anchoring linkages and handles. In an effort to develop mild new methods for use in solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), a new ferrocene containing linker or “handle”, the 1’1-ferrocenyl carboxaldehyde handle was designed, synthesized, characterized and tested. This linker is analogous to those commercially available and developed by Barany. The ferrocenyl amine linker(FAL) releases C-terminal peptide amides upon acidolysis. Since the FAL handle is acid labile it is compatible with Fmoc and Nα-dithiasuccinoyl …
Characterization Of Native And Bypass Human Coronary Artery Plaque Deposits From The Same Heart: Investigation Of The Chemical Form Of Calcium In Human Coronary Artery Plaque Deposits, Serigne Thiam
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Gradual deposits of lipids, proteins, and calcium on the coronary arterial walls cause atherosclerosis, leading to blockage of the blood flow and possible heart attack. Despite many studies, the mechanism underlying these processes remains unclear. In this research, differences between native and bypass plaque deposits from the same heart were examined. In addition, the crystalline and the amorphous plaques within these native and bypass vessels were characterized. The techniques used to characterize the deposits included inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS), solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), etc. The results from the ICPMS technique showed that …
Synchrotron Radiation As A Probe Of Chemical Information Using Novel Experimental Configurations, George Farquar
Synchrotron Radiation As A Probe Of Chemical Information Using Novel Experimental Configurations, George Farquar
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Determination of chemical information with synchrotron radiation is an area of great scientific interest, and expanding the range of available techniques is the topic of this dissertation. The experimental methods described herein allows for a significant advancement of the availability of subtle chemical information. This dissertation uses ionizing radiation to study three chemical systems. First, the l=3 shape resonance in CO is investigated using a cryogenically cooled gas jet. Shape resonant effects have been studied for many years. Previously, this was accomplished on the vibrational structure of molecules with a limited ability to determine the rotational substructure effects. A dramatic …
Diffusion Of A Rodlike Virus In Complex Solutions, Randall Charles Cush
Diffusion Of A Rodlike Virus In Complex Solutions, Randall Charles Cush
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Entanglement phenomena in concentrated polymer solutions remain an interesting and challenging problem. It is still unclear how entanglement onset affects polymer chain motion at small distance scales. One way to study such motion is to follow the diffusion of a probe particle while increasing the concentration of the polymer. Many such studies have been done using probes ranging from linear and star polymers to various colloidal particles; however, relatively few studies have used rodlike probes. Rodlike probes are potentially more interesting due to the added information that may be gained by following rotational as well as translational diffusion. The anisotropic …
Genome Analysis: Mutation Analysis Using Near Infrared Laser-Induced Fluorescence (Nir-Lif) And Single Molecule Detection In Microfluidic Devices, Musundi Ben Wabuyele
Genome Analysis: Mutation Analysis Using Near Infrared Laser-Induced Fluorescence (Nir-Lif) And Single Molecule Detection In Microfluidic Devices, Musundi Ben Wabuyele
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
A number of genotyping methods have been developed for mutation analysis, each of which has its own unique advantage. DNA amplification via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) provides an unlimited supply of material for subsequent genetic analysis even in case where only a single copy of the DNA molecule is present in the sample. Research presented in this dissertation first examines the efficiency of in vitro amplification of single copy DNA with subsequent sequencing analysis of PCR product. The PCR products (amplicons) were investigated for possible alteration, distortions or mutations due to the amplification process. The sequencing data for single copy …
Synthesis And Study Of New Materials For The Visual Detection Of Biomolecules, Ming He
Synthesis And Study Of New Materials For The Visual Detection Of Biomolecules, Ming He
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The visual determination of saccharides has been of interest for well over a century. Sugars are a relatively challenging class of compounds to analyze. They exhibit great structural similarity as well as transparency in the visible region. The sensing of specific saccharides could aid the monitoring of disease or industrial fermentation products. Herein I present new methods allowing for simple and rapid visual detection of sialic acid, fructose and a homologous series of prototypical neutral oligosaccharides, the linear maltodextrins, containing up to seven glucose residues. The new methods allow for selective color detection of fructose in a large excess of …
Synthesis, Characterization, And Applications Of Novel Pseudostationary Phases In Micellar Capillary Electrophoresis For Separation Of Chiral And Archiral Compounds H[Electronic Resource], Cevdet Akbay
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The research presented in this dissertation involves the synthesis, characterization, and the use of novel surfactants, including both micelles and vesicles, as pseudostationary phases in micellar capillary electrophoresis (MCE) for the separation of achiral and chiral compounds. Separation of environmental pollutants such as 2 to 6-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was achieved using poly(sodium undecylenic sulfate). A baseline separation of all 16 PAHs was possible for the first time in MCE by a single-surfactant system. In addition, a surfactant with a phosphated head group, i.e., di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate (DEHP), was also introduced as a novel pseudostationary phase for separation of 21 weakly …
X-Ray Spectroscopy Of Geometrically Constrained Systems, Edward Earl Doomes
X-Ray Spectroscopy Of Geometrically Constrained Systems, Edward Earl Doomes
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Hard X-rays (2 KeV or greater) are used as spectroscopic tools in the characterization of chemical systems. X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy is used to characterize multiple groups of chemicals in a systematic fashion. This thesis focuses on chemical systems that in some context have geometrical constraints on their structure. They include self-assembled n-alkanethiol monolayers that are tethered to silver substrates, cyclic sulfides, and (Bis(diphenylphosphino) alkane tetracarbonyl metal complexes. The study of n-alkanethiol monolayers on Ag(111) contains the first observation in the literature of an anomalous resonance in the 18 carbon monolayer. A new interpretation of a subthreshold …
Fabricating Microfluidic Devices In Polymers For Bioanalytica Applications, Sean M. Ford
Fabricating Microfluidic Devices In Polymers For Bioanalytica Applications, Sean M. Ford
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The research presented in this document focuses on the fabrication, characterization and application of microfluidic systems fabricated in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with the emphasis focused on the fabrication processing steps. Microfluidic devices were produced in PMMA using X-ray lithography. The fabrication methods investigated were sacrificial mask, polyimide membrane mask and embossing techniques. PMMA microfluidic devices fabricated using X-ray lithography were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy, while analytical techniques such as electroosmotic flow determination, separations, and fluorescent microscopy were used to characterize fluid transport in these devices. A novel method for the heat annealing of PMMA to …
Precursors For Copper Chemical Vapor Deposition, Muna Bufaroosha
Precursors For Copper Chemical Vapor Deposition, Muna Bufaroosha
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The main objective of this study was to synthesize precursors that are capable of producing copper films of high quality by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). We investigated some copper(I) and copper(II) complexes as precursors for chemical or photochemical vapor deposition. In chapter 2, we synthesized a series of Cu(hfac)2(amine) adducts, where hfac- is hexafluoroacetylacetonate and the amines are: dimethylamine, isopropylamine, allylamine, pyrrolidine, and piperidine. The efficiency of these adducts compared to Cu(hfac)2(H2O) as Cu-CVD precursors was examined under hydrogen. We found that among these amine adducts, Cu(hfac)2(allylamine)2 gave the best …
Mode Specific Photoionization Dynamics In Polyatomic Molecules, Gerald Jeffery Rathbone
Mode Specific Photoionization Dynamics In Polyatomic Molecules, Gerald Jeffery Rathbone
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The work presented in this dissertation presents new work on polyatomic photoionization. In these investigations, the broad range behavior of both allowed and forbidden vibrational modes in linear triatomic systems were studied to understand mode specific aspects of photoionization. The current study is made possible by the experimental strategy of exploiting high resolution photoelectron spectroscopy and the high brightness of third generation synchrotron radiation sources. The data is taken typically tens of eV’s past the ionization potential. The strategy that I employ is to probe alternative vibrational modes which are frequently affected differently following resonant ionization. Such vibrationally resolved data …
Capillary And Microdevice Electrophoretic Tools For Genetic Analyses: Heteroduplex Analysis For Tuberculosis Drug Susceptibility And Ligase Detection Reaction For Colorectal Cancer Detection, Gloria Thomas
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The traditional format of electrophoresis, the slab gel, is quickly being replaced by capillary and microdevice platforms, which offer improvements in cost, resolution, speed, quantitation and automation in genetic analyses. These techniques also employ a variety of separation matrices while the slab gel is limited to agarose and polyacrylamide. The research presented here explores the use of these electrophoretic formats for the detection of single nucleotide mutations using two genetic models associated with human disease. Slab gel based heteroduplex analysis (HDA), a popular mutation scanning method, uses a specially designed universal heteroduplex generator (UHG) containing controlled variation to enhance the …
Artificial Peptides Containing Ca,A- Disubstituted Amino Acids: Synthesis, Conformational Studies, And Application As Β-Strand Mimics, Yanwen Fu
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Short peptides containing Cα,α-dipropylglycine (Dpg) at alternating sequence positions were synthesized and examined for conformational behavior. Peptide assembly was performed using Fmoc-solid-phase chemistry where the coupling with PyAOP could be significantly enhanced at elevated temperature. Circular dichroism (CD) and NMR conformational studies revealed that incorporation of Dpg residues induced folded structures into peptides. It was observed that Dpg residues adopted helical conformation in a helix-promoting sequence. The resulting helical structure was comprised of consecutive β-turns whose structure was stabilized by salt bridge in aqueous solution. In this study, the preparation of sterically and polyfunctional Cα,α-disubstituted amino …
The Ligase Detection Reaction: The Evolution Of A Mutation Detection Strategy, Hannah D. Farquar
The Ligase Detection Reaction: The Evolution Of A Mutation Detection Strategy, Hannah D. Farquar
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Early detection of genetic mutations is important for control of diseases such as cancer and Alzheimer's. Early detection requires methods that detect small amounts of mutated DNA in very large amounts of normal or wild type DNA. One method to detect mutated DNA is the ligase detection reaction (LDR). Since its inception LDR has evolved greatly from a simple detection reaction after PCR amplification to PCR/RE/LDR, a scheme which uses nucleoside base analogs in PCR to convert wild type sequences to sequences containing restriction endonuclease (RE) sites which can then be cleaved leaving only mutant sequences for detection by LDR. …