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Articles 391 - 420 of 740
Full-Text Articles in Chemistry
Identification Of Novel Ribosome Stalling Peptides Using The Tat-Two Hybrid, Benjamin Van Leeuwen, Dr. Allen Buskirk
Identification Of Novel Ribosome Stalling Peptides Using The Tat-Two Hybrid, Benjamin Van Leeuwen, Dr. Allen Buskirk
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Dr. Buskirk discontinued my previous project on discovering novel ribosomal stalling sequences shortly after the start of the semester because of its lack of relevance to more current ribosomal research trends. While there are still an unknown number of stalling sequences that have yet to be discovered, the current research has moved away from that field into more novel ribosomal research. Therefore, I was not able to finish my project as planned and presented in my last application.
Development Of Low-Cost Point-Of-Care Channel Flow Constriction Immunoassays For The Developing World, Neil Anderson, Dr. Adam Woolley
Development Of Low-Cost Point-Of-Care Channel Flow Constriction Immunoassays For The Developing World, Neil Anderson, Dr. Adam Woolley
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Biomarkers have a tremendous capacity for use in screening for various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and bacterial infections. Existing immunoassay methods can detect a broad spectrum of biomarkers. However, they are costly to perform for small numbers of samples and require bulky, expensive instrumentation, making these methods unfit for point-of-care use in the developing world. The focus of my research in the past 10 months has been to help develop a small microfluidic system capable of detecting and quantifying biomarker concentrations with simple, easy-to-read results and that requires little or no technical training before use. Our group has developed and …
Miniaturized Electrostatic Ion Beam Trap Mass Analyzer, Junting Wang
Miniaturized Electrostatic Ion Beam Trap Mass Analyzer, Junting Wang
Theses and Dissertations
The electrostatic ion beam trap (EIBT) was designed by D. Zajfman during the previous decade. This ion trap combines many properties of the Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass analyzer and time-of-flight (TOF) mass analyzer. There are several advantages for the electrostatic ion beam trap. First, large mass-to-charge particles in an electrostatic field could be easier to analyze. Second, there is a folded flight path, which could make the mass analyzer smaller compared to conventional TOF mass analyzer. This principle of operation of this ion trap is analogous to an optical resonator. The ions are trapped in a voltage valley …
Identification And Differentiation Of Tier 1 Bacterial Agents Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Dan Li
Theses and Dissertations
A simple method was developed for detection and differentiation of five Tier 1 bacterial agents, including Bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis, Yersinia pestis, Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei as well as their closely related near neighbors by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Generally, different classes of compounds can be used as biomarkers for biowarfare agent detection, including nucleic acids (i.e., DNA or RNA), proteins (i.e., antibodies), carbohydrates (i.e., sugars), lipopolysaccharides, lipids (i.e., fatty acids) and small molecules. One-step thermochemolysis (TCM) was developed to provide GC-MS detectable biomarker signatures, including sugars, fatty acids and small molecules. Solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) was used for …
Bacterial Spores Remain Viable After Electrospray Charging And Desolvation, Sara Nielson Pratt
Bacterial Spores Remain Viable After Electrospray Charging And Desolvation, Sara Nielson Pratt
Theses and Dissertations
The electrospray survivability of B. subtilis spores and E. coli was tested in atmospheric mobility experiments. E. coli did not survive electrospray charging and desolvation, but B. subtilis did. Experimental conditions ensured that any surviving bacteria were charged, desolvated, and de-agglomerated. B. subtilis was also found to survive both positive and negative electrospray and subsequent introduction into vacuum conditions. Attempts were made to measure the charge distribution of viable B. subtilis spores using electrostatic deflection. From those experiments, it was found that either the spores do not become highly charged under the electrospray conditions used or only spores in a …
Isolation, Characterization And Synthesis Of Asthma Inducing Fungal Glycolipid And Analytical Method Development For Novel Antimicrobial Peptide Mimics, Vinod Chaudhary
Isolation, Characterization And Synthesis Of Asthma Inducing Fungal Glycolipid And Analytical Method Development For Novel Antimicrobial Peptide Mimics, Vinod Chaudhary
Theses and Dissertations
NKT cells are an important part of human immune system and recognize a specific set of antigens called glycolipids. Only a handful of "natural" NKT cell antigens are known till date. Although NKT cells play a protective role against pathogenic organisms, imbalances in NKT cell functions are implicated in many diseases including asthma. Allergic asthma, a Th2 driven inflammation of airways, is primarily caused by inhalation of environmental allergens. In the last decade, inhaled allergen Aspergillus fumigatus has been under scrutiny for the presence of NKT cell antigens that might trigger asthma. We successfully isolated, characterized and synthesized a "natural" …
Synthesis And Immunological Evaluation Of Type I, Type Ii, And Gamma Delta Nkt Cell Antigens, Brian L. Anderson
Synthesis And Immunological Evaluation Of Type I, Type Ii, And Gamma Delta Nkt Cell Antigens, Brian L. Anderson
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of the immune system is to protect our bodies from infection. One way it accomplishes this task is through the presentation of foreign pathogens to NKT cells. After an antigen is presented to the T cell receptor, activated NKT cells quickly release soluble chemical signals, termed chemokines and cytokines, that modulate the response of the immune system. Due to the immunological relevance of NKT cell activation, we developed and synthesised non-natural analogs of immunostimulatory type I, II, and gamma delta NKT cell antigens. The immunological evaluations of these analogs resulted in identification of sulfatide as a gamma delta …
Kinetics Of Atmospheric Reactions Of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds: Measurement Of The Rate Constant Ofthujone + Cl· At 296 K And Calculation Ofthe Equilibrium Constant For The Ho2ch2ch2o2· H2o Complex, Marie Coy Killian
Theses and Dissertations
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) react with Cl and OH radicals and the resulting radicals combine with oxygen to form peroxy radicals RO2. Organic peroxy radicals can then react with NO to form NO2, a precursor of tropospheric ozone. The work presented here explored the initial reaction between Cl and thujone, a VOC emitted by Great Basin sagebrush. The rate constant for the reaction of thujone + Cl at 296 K was measured with the method of relative rates with FTIR for detection of reactants. LEDs were used to photolyze Cl2 to generate Cl in the reaction cell. Thujone was …
Supramolecular Chemistry For Students, Dr. Roger Harrison, Dr. John Lamb, Dr. David Dearden
Supramolecular Chemistry For Students, Dr. Roger Harrison, Dr. John Lamb, Dr. David Dearden
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Students working in the mentoring environment synthesized compounds and worked with separation and mass analyzer instruments. They learned how to make new compounds by organic synthesis and characterize their compounds by NMR and mass spectrometry. They also had the opportunity to work with other students who were working to apply their new compounds to chemical separations. They applied reactions they had learned in their courses. They learned to solve problems by finding new ways to synthesize or characterize their compounds. They learned to run, fix, and change settings on multifaceted instruments. They learned to trouble-shoot problems to solve instrumental errors. …
Rational Design Of The Metabolite Mimics As Novel Antibiotics Targeting Sam-I/Ii Riboswitches, Dr. Young Wan Ham
Rational Design Of The Metabolite Mimics As Novel Antibiotics Targeting Sam-I/Ii Riboswitches, Dr. Young Wan Ham
Journal of Undergraduate Research
In our 2009 MEG application, we have proposed structure-based rational design of metabolite mimics based on S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) as novel antibiotics targeting SAM-I/II riboswitches and subsequent development of fluorescence assay to evaluate binding of the designed mimics to SAM-I/II riboswitches.
Facile Synthesis And Improved Pore Structure Characterization Of Mesoporous Γ-Alumina Catalyst Supports With Tunable Pore Size, Baiyu Huang
Theses and Dissertations
Mesoporous γ-alumina is the most extensively used catalysts support in a wide range of catalytic processes. The usefulness of γ-alumina relies on its favorable combination of physical, textural, thermal, and chemical properties. Pore structure properties are among the most important properties, since high surface area and large pore volume enable higher loading of active catalytic phases, while design of pore size and pore size distribution is critical to optimize pore diffusional transport and product selectivity. In addition, accurate determination of surface area (SA), pore volume (PV) and pore size distribution (PSD) of porous supports, catalysts, and nanomaterials is vital to …
Resorcinarene-Based Cavitands: From Structural Design And Synthesis To Separations Applications, Na Li
Resorcinarene-Based Cavitands: From Structural Design And Synthesis To Separations Applications, Na Li
Theses and Dissertations
Resorcinarenes are cyclic tetramers that are synthesized by the condensation of resorcinol and various aldehydes. The upper and lower rims can be modified with substituents that provide specific selectivity and other chemical features. In this work, resorcinarene-based macrocyclic ligands with specific selectivities have been designed, synthesized and applied to chiral amine discrimination and transition metal ion separations.These resorcinarenes fall into two categories. In the first type, the upper rims of resorcinarenes were modified with amino acid groups, including chiral alanine groups. The lower rims were modified with --CH3, or --C11H23 groups. The structures were studied by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), …
Student Electrochemical Research, Dr. Dean Wheeler
Student Electrochemical Research, Dr. Dean Wheeler
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The work allowed additional students to join in electrochemical engineering research here at BYU. The mentored students worked on one of several possible projects with the broad theme of understanding and mitigating internal resistances in fuel cells and lithium batteries. Additional work was done on statistical mechanics models of fluid properties. The students gained experience and confidence as they applied and augmented knowledge gained from their coursework. They strengthened their technical leadership and teamwork skills that are part of the expected student outcomes in the chemical engineering curriculum.
Metallization Of Dna And Dna Origami Using A Pd Seeding Method, Yanli Geng
Metallization Of Dna And Dna Origami Using A Pd Seeding Method, Yanli Geng
Theses and Dissertations
In this dissertation, I developed a Pd seeding method in association with electroless plating, to successfully metallize both lambda DNA and DNA origami templates on different surfaces. On mica surfaces, this method offered a fast, simple process, and the ability to obtain a relatively high yield of metallized DNA nanostructures. When using lambda DNA as the templates, I studied the effect of Pd(II) activation time on the seed height and density, and an optimal activation time between 10 and 30 min was obtained. Based on the Pd seeds formed on DNA, as well as a Pd electroless plating solution, continuous …
A Comparison Of Boltzmann And Gibbs Definitions Of Microcanonical Entropy For Small Systems, Randall B. Shirts
A Comparison Of Boltzmann And Gibbs Definitions Of Microcanonical Entropy For Small Systems, Randall B. Shirts
Faculty Publications
Two different definitions of entropy, S= klnW, in the microcanonical ensemble have been competing for over 100 years. The Boltzmann/Planck definition is that W is the number of states accessible to the system at its energy E (also called the surface entropy). The Gibbs/Hertz definition is that W is the number of states of the system up to the energy E (also called the volume entropy). These two definitions agree for large systems but differ by terms of order N-1 for small systems, where N is the number of particles in the system. For three analytical …
Microfluidic Devices With Integrated Sample Preparation For Improved Analysis Of Protein Biomarkers, Pamela Nsang Nge
Microfluidic Devices With Integrated Sample Preparation For Improved Analysis Of Protein Biomarkers, Pamela Nsang Nge
Theses and Dissertations
Biomarkers present a non-invasive means of detecting cancer because they can be obtained from body fluids. They can also be used for prognosis and assessing response to treatment. To limit interferences it is essential to pretreat biological samples before analysis. Sample preparation methods include extraction of analyte from an unsuitable matrix, purification, concentration or dilution and labeling. The many advantages offered by microfluidics include portability, speed, automation and integration. Because of the difficulties encountered in integrating this step in microfluidic devices most sample preparation methods are often carried out off-chip. In the fabrication of micro-total analysis systems it is important …
Microfabrication, Characterization, And Application Of Carbon Nanotube Templated Thin Layer Chromatography Plates, And Functionalization Of Porous Graphitic Carbon, David S. Jensen
Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation contains the following sections. Chapter 1 contains a detailed description of the theory of thin layer chromatography (TLC). Chapter 2 describes the benefits and practical considerations of elevated temperatures in liquid chromatography (LC). The porous graphitic carbon (PGC) I modified as part of my work is often used in elevated temperature LC. Chapter 3 shows a thermodynamic analysis of chromatographic retention at elevated temperature, and Chapter 4 contains a closer look at the van 't Hoff equation in LC and how it can be used in retention modeling. In Chapter 5, I describe a new procedure for microfabricating …
Deposition And Characterization Of Hydrophobic Coatings, Vipul Gupta
Deposition And Characterization Of Hydrophobic Coatings, Vipul Gupta
Theses and Dissertations
Hydrophobic coatings find application in various sectors of the economy including to electronics, textiles, optical devices, and in scientific and commercial equipment. These different applications demand that different hydrophobic coatings posses a range of properties that may include smoothness or roughness, thicknesses on the order of a monolayer or a micron, robustness or the ability to dissolve quickly, transparency or opacity, water resistance or water permeability, electrical conductivity, oleophobicity, etc. However, whatever the final/desired properties, deposition via dry-deposition processes offers significant advantages, including greater reproducibility, increased environmental friendliness, and cost effectiveness on an industrial scale. Herein I explore the chemical …
Mechanism Of Action Studies On A New Class Of Anticancer Nucleosides, Megan E. Browning
Mechanism Of Action Studies On A New Class Of Anticancer Nucleosides, Megan E. Browning
Theses and Dissertations
We have completed mechanism of action studies on a new class of anticancer nucleosides typified by a novel nucleoside discovered in our lab, MAP-870. In order to study the mechanism of MAP-870, several experiments were completed on a colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line, HT-29, including trypan blue cell count, sulforhodamine B assays, flow cytometry of cell cycle, propidium iodide incorporation, and phosphatidylserine externalization, Caspase-Glo3/7 assays, DNA fragmentation gel, cyclophilin A release gel, PAMPA, and confocal imaging. Sulforhodamine B assays show that MAP-870 does indeed cause growth inhibition and cell death in the model tested. PAMPA assays show that MAP-870 does not …
Gas Phase Characterization Of Supramolecules Using Cross-Sectional Areas By Fticr And Sustained Off-Resonance Irradiation Collision Induced Dissociation Techniques In A Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometer, Fan Yang
Theses and Dissertations
In my dissertation, I use a Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometer (FTICR-MS) to investigate supramolecules. Cross-sectional areas by Fourier transform ICR (CRAFTI), a novel technique for measurements of collision cross sections by FTICR, is demonstrated for the first time. The CRAFTI method measures the total "dephasing cross section" for removal of the ions from the coherent packet in the FTICR cell, including contributions not only from momentum transfer but also from reactive collisions including those leading to collisional dissociation. Experimental CRAFTI collision cross sections correlate linearly with theoretically computed results and with results obtained using ion mobility measurements. …
Multiple Recoding Mechanisms Produce Cyclooxygenase And Cyclooxygenase-Related Proteins From Frameshift-Containing Cox-3/Cox-1b Transcripts In Rat And Human, John Cameron Hunter
Multiple Recoding Mechanisms Produce Cyclooxygenase And Cyclooxygenase-Related Proteins From Frameshift-Containing Cox-3/Cox-1b Transcripts In Rat And Human, John Cameron Hunter
Theses and Dissertations
To increase diversity of enzymes and proteins, cells mix and match exonic and intronic regions retained in mature mRNAs by alternative splicing. An estimated 94% of all multi-exon genes express one or more alternatively spliced transcripts generating proteins with similar or modified functions. Cyclooxygenase is a signaling enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of diverse bioactive lipids termed prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are involved in myriad physiological and pathopysiological processes including vasoregulation, stomach mucosal maintenance, parturition, pain, fever, inflammation, neoplasia and angiogenesis and are inhibited by aspirin-like drugs known as NSAIDs. In 2002 an alternatively spliced, intron-1 retaining variant …
Flow Valve Diagnostics For Label-Free, Quantitative Biomarker Detection: Device Fabrication, Surface Modification, And Testing, Danielle Scarlet Mansfield
Flow Valve Diagnostics For Label-Free, Quantitative Biomarker Detection: Device Fabrication, Surface Modification, And Testing, Danielle Scarlet Mansfield
Theses and Dissertations
Diseases are often diagnosed by detection of disease-specific biomarkers in fluid samples. However, many state-of-the-art detection methods require a lab with complex machinery, trained operators, and/or lengthy analysis time. In contrast, point-of-care (POC) devices are brought to the patient's location, they are easy to use, and results are obtained almost immediately. Many current POC devices are too difficult to be used without a skilled assistant, and although many are able to detect analytes above a threshold value, they give little or no quantitative information. This work presents the development of polymer-based microfluidic devices capable of sensing and quantifying biomarkers in …
Synthesis And Biological Evaluation Of Various Derivatives Of A Broad-Spectrum Anticancer Nucleoside, Jadd R. Shelton
Synthesis And Biological Evaluation Of Various Derivatives Of A Broad-Spectrum Anticancer Nucleoside, Jadd R. Shelton
Theses and Dissertations
Recently the Peterson lab discovered a promising anticancer adenosine derivative-- 2´,3´-bis-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-5´-deoxy-5´-[N-(methylcarbamoyl)amino]-N6-(N-phenylcarbamoyl)adenosine. This compound showed selective toxicity against human colon cancer cells in vitro with LC50's = 6--10 µM. It was hypothesized that the lead compound exerted its cytotoxic effects by interacting with a protein kinase. A systematic Structure Activity Relationship (SAR) was undertaken in an attempt to increase the kinase-binding affinity of the lead compound. Many regions of the lead compound were examined: the N6-phenyl urea moiety, the 5´-N-methyl urea group, the 2´,3´-bis-O-TBS groups, the nucleobase, and the ribose sugar. Results of these studies produced some promising new derivatives. In …
The Synthesis And Structural Characterization Of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Having Catalytic Applications, Stacey Janel Smith
The Synthesis And Structural Characterization Of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Having Catalytic Applications, Stacey Janel Smith
Theses and Dissertations
Nanotechnology is blossoming into one of the premiere technologies of this century, but the key to its progress lies in developing more efficient nanosynthesis methods. Variations in synthetic technique, however, can cause variations in size, structure, and surface characteristics, thereby altering the physical properties and functionality of the particles. Careful structural characterizations are thus essential for understanding the properties and appropriate applications for particles produced by new synthetic techniques.In this work, a new ‘solvent-deficient’ method is presented for the synthesis of an unprecedentedly wide range of metal oxide nanomaterials including at least one metal oxide from each group in Groups …
Refining Vibrationally-Resonant Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy For Studies Of Interfacial Interactions, Alexander D. Curtis
Refining Vibrationally-Resonant Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy For Studies Of Interfacial Interactions, Alexander D. Curtis
Theses and Dissertations
Many phenomena of interest to science and engineering occur at interfaces; however, access to, or discrimination of, interfacial interactions has been challenging, especially at buried interfaces. Vibrationally resonant sum-frequency generation (VR-SFG) spectroscopy is a powerful tool for investigating the molecular structure of free or buried interfaces, but spectral analysis has relied on many assumptions. To claim accurate new insights, practitioners must be able to make unique determinations from the data without experimental artifacts affecting the final results. For example, two independent and overlapping studies for the polystyrene/air interface were carried out, but reported different surface structures. Initially, this difference was …
Novel Phosducin-Like Protein Binding Partners: Exploring Chaperone And Tumor Suppressor Protein Interactions, Amy Jetaun Gray
Novel Phosducin-Like Protein Binding Partners: Exploring Chaperone And Tumor Suppressor Protein Interactions, Amy Jetaun Gray
Theses and Dissertations
Many proteins cannot fold into their native state without the assistance of one or more molecular chaperones. Chaperonins are an essential class of chaperones that provide an isolated chamber for proteins to fold. CCT, a group II chaperonin found in eukaryotes assists in the folding of actins, tubulins, and many other cellular proteins. PhLP1 is a member of the phosducin protein family that assists CCT in the folding of Gβ and its subsequent assembly with Gγ. However, previous studies have not addressed the scope of PhLP1 and CCT-mediated Gβγ; assembly. The data presented in Chapter 2 shows that PhLP1 plays …
Follicular Dendritic Cells, Human Immunodeficency Virus Type 1, And Alpha 1 Antitrypsin, Xueyuan Zhou
Follicular Dendritic Cells, Human Immunodeficency Virus Type 1, And Alpha 1 Antitrypsin, Xueyuan Zhou
Theses and Dissertations
HIV/AIDS is raging and causing millions of deaths around the world. The major challenge in treating HIV/AIDS is the establishment of HIV reservoirs where the viruse escapes both drug and immune system attempts at eradication. Throughout the course of HIV/AIDS, productive HIV infection occurs primarily in the lymphoid follicles or germinal centers (GC) surrounding follicular dendritic cells (FDC). In the GCs, FDCs trap and maintain infectious HIV for years and provide these infectious viruses to the host cells. FDCs also attract B and T cells into the GCs and increase the ability of CD4+ T cells to be infected. Additionally, …
Optical And Mass Spectrometric Studies Of A Helium Dielectric-Barrier Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma Jet Used As An Ambient Desorption Ionization Source, Matthew Spencer Heywood
Optical And Mass Spectrometric Studies Of A Helium Dielectric-Barrier Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma Jet Used As An Ambient Desorption Ionization Source, Matthew Spencer Heywood
Theses and Dissertations
Recently there has been a surge in the field of mass spectrometry centered around the concept of rapid analysis of target analytes with minimal or no sample preparation. The target analyte undergoes desorption from its surface of origin and is subsequently ionized under ambient conditions. The technique is termed ambient desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (ADI-MS). Since the introduction of ADI-MS in 2004, there has been an explosion of research based around the development of novel ambient desorption/ionization (ADI) sources with the capability of desorbing and ionizing a variety of target analytes from various sampling surfaces. One type of ADI source uses …
Dynamics Of The Solvent Exchange Reaction Of Weakly Bound Organic Solvents To Group 6 Transition Metal Carbonyls And The Molybdenum Hexacarbonyl Mediated Pauson-Khand Reaction, Richard J. Gates
Theses and Dissertations
Many organometallic reactions are solvent-dependent, suggesting solvent molecules interact with reaction intermediates. Studies of the solvent exchange reaction of group 6 transition metal carbonyls with moderately binding ligands have provided insight into these interactions, however, studies of the mechanism for this reaction with weakly binding ligands have not been performed. Experiments were conducted on the nanosecond time scale in methylcyclohexane over the temperature range of 4 to 44 °C using Step Scan FTIR (SS FTIR) spectroscopy with weakly binding ligands benzene and mesitylene. Upon photolysis of the metal hexacarbonyls, the kinetically favored product (M(CO)5(solv)), decays following pseudo-first-order kinetics to the …
Design And Synthesis Of Cationic Steroid Antimicrobial Compounds, Synthesis Of Glycolipids Recognized By Natural Killer T Cells And Development Of Tlr-1, Tlr-6 Heterodimer Binders And Studies Of Their Immunology Activities, Yanshu Feng
Theses and Dissertations
Cationic steroid antimicrobial agents (CSAs) are a family of bile acid derivatives. These compounds are amphiphilic and mimic endogenous antimicrobial peptides. The antimicrobial activities of CSA-13 have been investigated and due to portent bactericidal activities and low toxicity, a large amount of CSA-13 is demanded for clinic trails and other antimicrobial applications. During our studies, we optimized the synthetic route of CSA-13, so that it can be prepared at the kilogram, even in tons scale. We investigated three routes and one of them is suitable for industry, because only recrystallization is needed in the synthesis. Natural killer T cells (NKT …