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Articles 301 - 330 of 740
Full-Text Articles in Chemistry
A Novel Asymmetric Phase-Transfer Catalyzed Approach To The Compounds Ragaglitazar And Kuarsoin A, D. Karl Bedke
A Novel Asymmetric Phase-Transfer Catalyzed Approach To The Compounds Ragaglitazar And Kuarsoin A, D. Karl Bedke
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Asymmetric glycolate alkylation plays a key role in the synthesis of complex biologically active compounds. Such asymmetric transformations have largely to date been accomplished by employing chiral auxiliaries which have shown remarkable success in asymmetric synthesis. However, auxiliaries must also be used in stoichiometric amounts and can become quite expensive. A catalytic approach to asymmetric glycolate alkylations presents an attractive option to the use of auxiliaries. Andrus2,3 et al. have recently developed a methodology utilizing phase-transfer catalyst 1 for alkylation of a novel alkoxyacetophenone substrate 2 that can be readily oxidized to its glycolic ester derivative to provide access to …
Evaluation Of Fluorescent Folate Bis-Retinoid Bioconjugates As Chemotherapeutic Agents, Britta Bergstrom, Dr. Heidi Vollmer-Snarr
Evaluation Of Fluorescent Folate Bis-Retinoid Bioconjugates As Chemotherapeutic Agents, Britta Bergstrom, Dr. Heidi Vollmer-Snarr
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The purpose of my project was to evaluate how effective a certain class of organic chemical compounds, known as fluorescent folate bis-retinoid bioconjugates, is for use as chemotherapy agents. An important part of my research involved developing techniques for the growth and maintenance of healthy cancer-cell cultures. I focused especially on the use of a new kidney cancer cell culture, because kidney cancers are hypothesized to be especially susceptible to chemotherapy with folate bioconjugates. The purpose of the folate part of the bioconjugate is to direct the drug to the cancer cells, because cancer cells tend to take in more …
The Essence Of Nature, Bradley M. Bricker, Dr. Steven Wood
The Essence Of Nature, Bradley M. Bricker, Dr. Steven Wood
Journal of Undergraduate Research
It is the volatile aromatic compounds found in flowers that give them their distinctive aroma. These volatile compounds in their extracted form are often referred to as “essential oils.” And for thousands of years civilizations have been extracting these essential oils from flowers. There are many methods for obtaining these volatile compounds from flowers. Likewise, there are many intended purposes for the resulting extracts, ranging from aesthetic to medicinal.
Mitochondrial Dna Analysis Of The Inhabitants Of Amantani, Peru, Matthew A. Mcnairy, Dr. David Hart
Mitochondrial Dna Analysis Of The Inhabitants Of Amantani, Peru, Matthew A. Mcnairy, Dr. David Hart
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is useful in population genetics studies because it is inherited only from the maternal parent. Because there is no paternal contribution and no recombination, mtDNA represents a clear maternal lineage. Four predominant maternal lineages or mitochondrial haplotypes have been found to exist among natives of North, Central, and South America.1 Each of the four haplotypes, A-D, is associated with a unique set of variations in the mtDNA sequence. Variations associated with types A, C, and D are identified using restriction enzymes that cleave specific DNA sequences. Type B is characterized by the presence of a nine base-pair …
The Unique Photo-Toxic Properties Of Pyridinium Bis-Retinoid Compounds, Matthew Sparks, Dr. Heidi Vollmer-Snarr
The Unique Photo-Toxic Properties Of Pyridinium Bis-Retinoid Compounds, Matthew Sparks, Dr. Heidi Vollmer-Snarr
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an ocular disease that currently afflicts approximately 25–30 million people around the globe.1,2 The disease is characterized by the destruction of the macula, the central region of the retina. As the disease progresses, central vision becomes distorted, clouded, and eventually lost entirely.3 Although currently receiving much attention from researchers, the chemical pathway(s) causing the disease have remained elusive. Much research has focused on A2E, the most commonly known photo-toxic compound implicated in AMD pathogenesis.
Effect Of The −1 Triplet In Tmrna, Mickey Miller, Dr. Allen Buskirk
Effect Of The −1 Triplet In Tmrna, Mickey Miller, Dr. Allen Buskirk
Journal of Undergraduate Research
tmRNA (transfer-messenger RNA) is a functional RNA that acts as both tRNA and mRNA to rescue ribosomes stalled on mRNA lacking a stop codon or on nascent peptide sequences in eubacteria (1). When a ribosome stalls, the tRNA-like structure of tmRNA enters the ribosome and adds an alanine to the growing peptide. The ribosome then releases the original mRNA and translation continues with tmRNA as the template. The tmRNA template codes for a 10 amino acid tag sequence followed by a stop codon. With a stop codon, the ribosome is able to dissociate and be recycled. Meanwhile, the tagged peptide …
Solid Phase Synthesis Of The Peptide Hulhv And Characterization Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Matthew J. Hinton, Dr. Roger G. Harrison
Solid Phase Synthesis Of The Peptide Hulhv And Characterization Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Matthew J. Hinton, Dr. Roger G. Harrison
Journal of Undergraduate Research
An exciting area of research is based on the idea that small molecules can be used to perform the same chemical reactions as enzymes. In living organisms, enzymes play important roles in facilitating the vast majority of biochemical reactions necessary for life. One particular class of these biomolecules, non-heme iron containing enzymes, are of particular interest because they have structural characteristics that may allow their chemistry to be modeled by small molecules. In the active site of these enzymes there is often one or more iron atoms bound by two or three histidine side chains. I was interested in determining …
Molecular Mechanics Calculations Of The Dissociation Energy Of Alkaline Earth Metal Cations And Various Crown Ether Complexes, Darrell E. Hurt, Dr. Randall B. Shirts
Molecular Mechanics Calculations Of The Dissociation Energy Of Alkaline Earth Metal Cations And Various Crown Ether Complexes, Darrell E. Hurt, Dr. Randall B. Shirts
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Since their discovery in 1967, crown ethers have proved a valuable tool for chemical separations of charged species that are otherwise inseparable.1 Crown ethers are a type of ligand, or a molecule that works by binding to another chemical species without breaking or forming chemical bonds. Crown ethers bind selectively – certain crown ethers bind strongly to certain species and not others. The selectivity of a crown ether is believed to be a function of both the size of its cavity and of the dihedral angle of the binding oxygen atoms.2,3 One can think of a crown ether as a …
Synthesis Of Lipid A Analogs For Use In Studying The Binding Of Lipid A And Polymyxin B, Bryce A. Harrison, Dr. Paul B. Savage
Synthesis Of Lipid A Analogs For Use In Studying The Binding Of Lipid A And Polymyxin B, Bryce A. Harrison, Dr. Paul B. Savage
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Lipid A (1 in Fig. 1) is a bacterial compound that can cause sepsis, an overreaction of the immune system during bacterial infections.1 Because no good treatment is known, sepsis causes over 100,000 deaths annually in the U.S.1 Treatments for sepsis are difficult to develop partly due to a lack of understanding of how lipid A interacts with other molecules. Consequently, we are synthesizing lipid A analogs (3-6 in Fig. 3) to studying the mechanism of binding of lipid A to polymyxin B (PMB, 2 in Fig. 2), a naturally occurring cyclic peptide. Understanding the mechanism of binding will aid …
Copper Nanowire Synthesis By Electroless Deposition, Adam Washburn, Dr. Adam Woolley
Copper Nanowire Synthesis By Electroless Deposition, Adam Washburn, Dr. Adam Woolley
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The construction of nanometer-scale electronic devices is an emerging and promising interdisciplinary field. Nanoelectronic devices may reduce size limits in integrated circuits and also function as miniature chemical detectors.1 Nanowire connections are essential components of nanoelectronic devices. A recently developed method for creating nanowires is to deposit metal onto a DNA template. Because DNA can be manipulated into specific shapes and surface patterns, DNA templates are particularly appealing for nanowire formation.2
Use Of Solid-Phase Extraction To Enrich Protein Biomarkers Of Disease From Blood Serum, Peter F. Mclean, Dr Craig Thulin
Use Of Solid-Phase Extraction To Enrich Protein Biomarkers Of Disease From Blood Serum, Peter F. Mclean, Dr Craig Thulin
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Biomarkers in blood serum are the keys needed for the early detection of several types of cancer, complications of pregnancy, and potentially many other diseases, to allow time for successful treatment. Blood serum is ideal because itp comes in contact with all parts of the body, its sampling is minimally invasive, and it is easily prepared with high reproducibility. There is a problem, however, that prevents the development and wide-scale utilization of this treasure chest of biological information. Pure blood serum is complex and cluttered with high-abundance non-target proteins which makes examination of the low-abundance and low-molecular weight potential biomarkers …
Antibiotic Thin Films, Timothy Jennings, Jason Nielsen, Brian Ratcliff, Nina Wallace, Xin Zhong Lai, Paul B. Savage
Antibiotic Thin Films, Timothy Jennings, Jason Nielsen, Brian Ratcliff, Nina Wallace, Xin Zhong Lai, Paul B. Savage
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Nosocomial infections lead to septicemia, a severe problem in the United States. The Savage group has developed a novel class of antibiotics (CSAs) that can be attached to polymers. Invasive medical equipment can be coated with CSA polymers, forming an antibiotic thin film. Testing has shown the ability of CSA polymers to kill bacteria, which will lead to further testing and future use in the medical field.
Biomimetic And Amino-Retinoid Compounds: Potential Applications In Cancer And Age-Related Macular Degeneration, Kam Lau, Dr. Heidi Vollmer-Snarr
Biomimetic And Amino-Retinoid Compounds: Potential Applications In Cancer And Age-Related Macular Degeneration, Kam Lau, Dr. Heidi Vollmer-Snarr
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. According to the American Cancer Society, about half of all men and one-third of all women in the US will develop cancer during their lifetimes. Today, millions of people are living with cancer or have had cancer.1 Even though there is still no ultimate treatment for cancer, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery are common existing treatments for different types of cancers. New kinds of anti-cancer agents, developed in our laboratory, called amino-retinoid compounds also show promise in treating cancer. Currently, retinoid compounds and germcitabine (a chemotherapy drug) are …
Removal Of Abundant Non-Informative Proteins From Blood Serum For Biomarker Discovery, Nathan Lewis, Dr. Craig D. Thulin
Removal Of Abundant Non-Informative Proteins From Blood Serum For Biomarker Discovery, Nathan Lewis, Dr. Craig D. Thulin
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Biomarkers play a key role in disease diagnosis and in guiding physicians in treatment selection. Blood serum is potentially the best tissue for biomarker discovery and detection for several reasons. First, blood is already routinely drawn for tests. Second, serum preparation is highly reproducible between differing labs because the serum preparation method is standardized. Third, the blood is in intimate contact with most other tissues and is often the route by which the body discards of cellular waste or by which endocrine signals are sent.
Three-Dimensional Modeling Of Two Forms Of The Hepatitis B Virus, Rebecca Baum, Dr. David M. Belnap
Three-Dimensional Modeling Of Two Forms Of The Hepatitis B Virus, Rebecca Baum, Dr. David M. Belnap
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a pathogen that causes liver disease and death in over one million individuals per year. It is an enveloped retrovirus that is composed of a protein capsid surrounding a nucleic acid core. This nucleic acid core, depending upon the maturation state of the virus, consists of either RNA or DNA. The protein capsid of HBV is composed of four quasiequivalent subunits (subunits that have identical polypeptide (amino acid) sequences but slightly different tertiary structures). Each subunit forms an alpha-helical hairpin structure and dimerizes with another subunit. The result is the appearance of spikes on …
Genetic Analysis Of Protein Folding, Daniel Chan, Dr. Allen Buskirk
Genetic Analysis Of Protein Folding, Daniel Chan, Dr. Allen Buskirk
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Proteins are of the utmost physiological importance in their roles as enzymes, structural elements, and antibodies. Correctly formed proteins catalyze biochemical reactions, initiate proper immune system response, and even promote the development of hair, bones, skin, muscles, and blood. Likewise, incorrectly formed proteins cause Alzheimer’s disease, cystic fibrosis, various forms of cancer, and Creutzfeld-Jacob (mad cow) disease1. One of the fundamental problems that scientists face today is understanding how proteins fold to yield correct or incorrect structures. Proteins consist of building blocks called amino acids, each of which is encoded by certain DNA sequences. The conventional wisdom in the field …
Structural Identification Of The Bioactive Components Of The Samoan Fish Poison Plant Barringtonia Asiatica, Robert A. Burton, Dr. Noel L. Owen
Structural Identification Of The Bioactive Components Of The Samoan Fish Poison Plant Barringtonia Asiatica, Robert A. Burton, Dr. Noel L. Owen
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The seed of the Futu tree, Barringtonia asiatica, has been used by inhabitants of the Pacific islands for many years as a highly toxic fish poison.1 These ethnobotanical studies were responsible for the initiation of this investigation.
Formation, Functionalization, Characterization, And Applications Of A Mixed-Mode, Carbon/Diamond-Based, Core-Shell Phase For High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Landon A. Wiest
Theses and Dissertations
My work has focused on a variety of different types of diamond-based, core-shell particles. These particles are formed with inert cores and poly(allylamine)/nanodiamond shells. Their intended purpose is to form an LC stationary phase that is stable from pH 1 – 14 and at elevated temperatures. At the beginning of my studies, the particles that had been made in the Linford laboratory were pH stable, but irregular and had poor mechanical stability. Since that time, I have worked to improve the particles by using more spherical zirconia and carbon cores, and I have improved their mechanical stability via chemical crosslinking …
Investigate The Function Of The 5′ Leader In The Human At1 Angiotensin Receptor, Erik J. Petersen, Dr. Terry S. Elton
Investigate The Function Of The 5′ Leader In The Human At1 Angiotensin Receptor, Erik J. Petersen, Dr. Terry S. Elton
Journal of Undergraduate Research
A comparison of several published hAT1R cDNA sequences revealed that, although these clones shared an identical open reading frame, they differed in portions of their 5′-UTRs.1 Therefore these data suggest that alternative splicing events combine various 5′-UTR exons with the exon that harbors the hAT I R coding region.
Determination Of Angiotensin Ii Type 2 Receptor Protein Interactions Using The Yeast-Two Hybrid System, Emily Janeen Westover, Dr. Terry S. Elton
Determination Of Angiotensin Ii Type 2 Receptor Protein Interactions Using The Yeast-Two Hybrid System, Emily Janeen Westover, Dr. Terry S. Elton
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The renin-angiotensin system plays a central role in water and salt homeostasis, electrolyte balance, and vascular tone maintenance. 1 Each component of this system is a potential effector in the etiology of hypertension. Angiotensin II (Ang II), a component of the reninangiotensin system, interacts with two distinct receptor types, the Angiotensin Type 1 Receptor (AT1R) and the Angiotensin Type 2 Receptor (AT2R). The receptor types 2 probably mediate opposite intracellular effects.3 However, all currently known effects of Ang II involve the AT1R. Because of its novelty and importance, we are investigating the 4 role of the AT2R by determining proteins …
Mechanism Of Translation Termination, Michael Pfeiffer, Dr. Allen Buskirk
Mechanism Of Translation Termination, Michael Pfeiffer, Dr. Allen Buskirk
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Each cell within our body contains thousands of different kinds of proteins, each with a different function. Proteins provide cellular structure and perform catalysis of chemical reactions in the cell. Every protein is synthesized as ribosomes link together amino acids in the order encoded by DNA. It is therefore crucial that ribosomes function with great accuracy and proficiency to synthesize proteins quickly and correctly.
Thermodynamic Properties Of Nanoalumina Synthesis And Analysis Of Nanoalumina, Rebecca Olsen, Dr. Juliana Boerio-Goates
Thermodynamic Properties Of Nanoalumina Synthesis And Analysis Of Nanoalumina, Rebecca Olsen, Dr. Juliana Boerio-Goates
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Nanomaterials, possessing unique chemical, physical, and mechanical properties, can be used in a wide range of industrial, biomedical, and electronic applications. There are three general categories for producing nanomaterials: mechanical processing (milling), chemical processing (precipitation), or thermal processing (evaporation and condensation). Conventional methods often have drawbacks in controlling size, purity, surface morphologies, production amounts, cost, and time.1,2,3 Additionally, techniques developed for one metal oxide often do not transfer to other nano-oxides. A new method developed here at BYU overcomes many of these difficulties.
Enantioselective Synthesis Of Hasubanan Alkaloids, Daniel Nielsen, Laura Nielsen, Dr. Steven L. Castle
Enantioselective Synthesis Of Hasubanan Alkaloids, Daniel Nielsen, Laura Nielsen, Dr. Steven L. Castle
Journal of Undergraduate Research
In nature, many molecules exist in two different forms, referred to as enantiomers. These forms are structurally identical, yet they are mirror images of each other. One simple example of this is our hands. While both hands are structurally identical, there is no way that they can be superimposed. Our hands are enantiomers, and interact differently with certain objects. For example, a left hand cannot fit a right-handed glove. Such a phenomenon occurs on the molecular level as well. A left-handed enantiomer of a drug might react with the receptors in the body in a beneficial way, while the right-handed …
Does The Ribosome Cleave Mrna? Searching For The A-Site Endonuclease, Jeremy Goodson, Dr. Allen Burskirk
Does The Ribosome Cleave Mrna? Searching For The A-Site Endonuclease, Jeremy Goodson, Dr. Allen Burskirk
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Trans-translation can be broken down into 5 steps. , After a ribosome stalls, the mRNA in its aminoacyl-tRNA site (A-site) is cleaved and released, which leaves the A-site empty. The key molecule in ribosomal rescue, transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA), then forms a complex with Small Protein B (SmpB). This complex is recruited into the empty A-site of the stalled ribosome. tmRNA contains a message in an open reading frame, which encodes a degradation tag that will be added to the protein later. In the next surprising step, the ribosome switches RNA templates from the stalled mRNA to tmRNA, resuming translation on …
Covalent Modification Of Hydrogen-Terminated Silicon Surfaces Through A One-Step Polymerization Process, Robert Blake, Dr. Matthew R. Linford
Covalent Modification Of Hydrogen-Terminated Silicon Surfaces Through A One-Step Polymerization Process, Robert Blake, Dr. Matthew R. Linford
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Silicon is one of the most abundant elements on the earth and has been used throughout history in a variety of applications. Because silicon is so widely used in the semiconductor and electronics industries, recent research has focused on altering the properties of silicon wafers. Chemical modification of the silicon surface changes the properties of the silicon wafer and potentially presents new semiconductor applications. One method commonly used to modify silicon surfaces is to grow polymer brushes from them.
A Trojan Horse Approach To Cancer Treatment: A2da And A2noon As Potential Triggered And Targeting Chemotherapeutic Drugs, Jeremy Koontz, Dr. Heidi Vollmer-Snarr
A Trojan Horse Approach To Cancer Treatment: A2da And A2noon As Potential Triggered And Targeting Chemotherapeutic Drugs, Jeremy Koontz, Dr. Heidi Vollmer-Snarr
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Despite the enormous amounts of time and money spent to research effective cures for cancer—the second leading cause of death in the United States —little is known today about how to kill cancer cells without harming normal cells. Current traditional forms of cancer treatment are chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and invasive surgery. However, the challenge with such treatments is they do not discriminate between normal cells and cancerous cells; these therapies struggle to balance toxicity and efficiency. In comparison, photodynamic therapy (PDT) offers a more favorable alternative to traditional methods of cancer treatment. In PDT drugs, called photosensitizers, are activated through specific …
Ectodermal Dysplasia In Family Arises From Unidentified Dominantly Inherited De Novo Mutation, Phil Young, Dr. Emily Bates
Ectodermal Dysplasia In Family Arises From Unidentified Dominantly Inherited De Novo Mutation, Phil Young, Dr. Emily Bates
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Ectodermal dysplasia (ED) is a genetic disorder dealing with improper formation of tissues derived from the ectoderm, such as skin and sweat glands. Many clinical manifestations of the disorder exist, which has led to the classification of over 170 types of ectodermal dysplasia (1). The observed phenotypes of the disorder include: conical teeth, missing or sparse eyebrows, inability to sweat, craniofacial defects, and digit malformation. Many genetic causes have been identified. A novel mutation in an individual’s DNA sequence has caused ectodermal dysplasia in several members of a Caucasian, American family we identify as Kindred 214. The family pedigree shows …
Dominantly Inherited Mutation Of Ectodermal Dysplasia, Ella Wyllie, Dr. Emily Bates
Dominantly Inherited Mutation Of Ectodermal Dysplasia, Ella Wyllie, Dr. Emily Bates
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Ectodermal Dysplasia is a genetic disorder associated with the abnormal development of hair, teeth, nails, tear ducts, sweat glands, and occasionally gross craniofacial or digit structure. ED is caused by a defective in the growth and development of the ectoderm where their tissues are derived. There are several different types of ED; to determine exactly what is causing each form of ED several genes have been investigated1. TP63, Ectodysplasin A, EDAR, tumer necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6, dentin sialophophoprotein, Dlx3, TBX22, Wnt10, Plakophilin-1 (PKP1), gap junction beta-6 protein (GJB6), porcupine homolog (PORCN), and EVC have all been identified with …
Self-Assembled Dna Origami Templates For The Fabrication Of Electronic Nanostructures, Elisabeth Pound Gates
Self-Assembled Dna Origami Templates For The Fabrication Of Electronic Nanostructures, Elisabeth Pound Gates
Theses and Dissertations
An important goal of nanoscience is the self-assembly of nanoscale building blocks into complex nanostructures. DNA is an important and versatile building block for nanostructures because of its small size, predictable base pairing, and numerous sequence possibilities. I use DNA origami to design and fold DNA into predesigned shapes, to assemble thin, branched DNA nanostructures as templates for nanoscale metal features. Using a PCR-based scaffold strand generation procedure, several wire-like nanostructures with varying scaffold lengths were assembled. In addition, more complex prototype circuit element structures were designed and assembled, demonstrating the utility of this technique in creating complex templates. My …
Lipidomic Analysis Of Metastatic Kidney Cancer, Brendan Coutu, Dr. John Prince
Lipidomic Analysis Of Metastatic Kidney Cancer, Brendan Coutu, Dr. John Prince
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Cancer not only affects individuals and families but has the greatest economic effect worldwide than any other premature cause of death.1 Diverse aspects of cancer biology are under investigation to better understand the mechanism of action of different cancer types, that biomarkers can be identified for early diagnosis, and, most importantly, that a lasting cure can be discovered.32 In the development of cancer, cells undergo a number of phenotypic changes, known as the hallmarks of cancer.2 The hallmarks of cancer are described as sustained proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, activating invasion and metastasis, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, and resisting …