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Articles 241 - 270 of 740
Full-Text Articles in Chemistry
Determination Of The Number Of Redox Sites In Mammalian Ferritin, Jason Kenealey, Dr. Gerald Watt
Determination Of The Number Of Redox Sites In Mammalian Ferritin, Jason Kenealey, Dr. Gerald Watt
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Ferritin is a protein that facilitates iron metabolism in the body. Virtually all living organisms are dependent on ferritin for iron storage. It has been found in everything including animals, plants and bacteria. Ferritin is formed from 24 subunits, which are arranged to form a sphere with a hollow center. In mammals these subunits consist of two isomers: heavy and light, which are named so due to the difference in their molecular weight. In the center the iron is stored as ferric hydroxide. The mechanism of the iron deposition into the core is not well understood. A part of this …
Na,K-Atpase Expression In The Epithelial Layer Of The Lens, Karen Merrell, Dr. Steven W. Graves
Na,K-Atpase Expression In The Epithelial Layer Of The Lens, Karen Merrell, Dr. Steven W. Graves
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Na,K-ATPase is a multi-subunit protein that uses ATP to pump Na+ ions out of the cell and K+ ions into the cell. Multiple isoforms of each subunit of Na,K-ATPase have been identified, but the á subunit of Na,K-ATPase plays the most important functional role and has been the most widely studied. Within the lens, Na,K-ATPase is most concentrated in the outer epithelial layer. To study changes in Na,K-ATPase levels I cultured bovine lens epithelial cells (BLEC), and incubated them with various hormones. The abundance of the á3 isoform of Na,K-ATPase was determined by Western blot protein gel electrophoresis using specific …
The Effect Of Salt Concentrations On A. Vinelandii Nitrogenase, Clinton R. King, Dr. Gary D. Watt
The Effect Of Salt Concentrations On A. Vinelandii Nitrogenase, Clinton R. King, Dr. Gary D. Watt
Journal of Undergraduate Research
We are investigating the kinetic effect of salt concentration on the reaction N2 + (6+2n)H+ + (6+2n)e- + 2(6+2n)ATP 2NH3 + nH2 + 2(6+2n)Pi + 2(6+2n)ADP (1) catalyzed by nitrogenase where the spontaneous decomposition of S2O4 2- is the electron source. Under high partial pressures of N2, n has a limiting value of one, but in the absence of N2, nitrogenase simply catalyzes the reduction of protons to H2.
Development Of A Cellular Model Expressing Cloned Hiv Env Genes, Jeffrey S. Johnson, Dr. Gregory F. Burton
Development Of A Cellular Model Expressing Cloned Hiv Env Genes, Jeffrey S. Johnson, Dr. Gregory F. Burton
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), a treatment that uses protease inhibitors and nucleoside analogs to block replication of HIV, has had a marked effect on decreasing the viral loads of HIV in infected individuals. However, studies have indicated that if a patient receiving HAART for long periods of time (2 to 3 years) is taken off treatment, HIV levels in the blood will increase drastically within several weeks (2). This problem indicates that reservoirs in the body harbor the virus and protect it from treatment until conditions allow the virus to replicate unchecked throughout the body. The Follicular Dendritic Cell …
Regio- And Stereoselective Photochemical [2+2] Cycloaddition Between 4-Hydroxycoumarin And Alkenes, Scott Henneman, Dr. Steven A. Fleming
Regio- And Stereoselective Photochemical [2+2] Cycloaddition Between 4-Hydroxycoumarin And Alkenes, Scott Henneman, Dr. Steven A. Fleming
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Recent photochemical research has proven helpful in understanding the regio- and stereoselective mechanism of four-member ring formation. When compounds cycloadd— combine either inter- or intramolecularly to form rings—a broad assortment of isomers are generally formed. However, the regio- and stereoselectivity of the cycloaddition process—the tendency of the compounds to combine in specific ways, i.e. the preference for one product over another—can be greatly enhanced through the utilization of a tether group. This tether group can be anything used to control the reacting molecular components involved in a cycloaddition towards combination in a specific orientation. The regio- and stereoselectivity of the …
Molecular Collisional Energy Transfer Efficiency, Jeffery K. Thomson, Dr. Eric T. Sevy
Molecular Collisional Energy Transfer Efficiency, Jeffery K. Thomson, Dr. Eric T. Sevy
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The kinetics of unimolecular reactions are especially interesting in the manner in which they absorb or transfer energy. For a unimolecular reaction to proceed, an activation energy barrier must be overcome. This barrier can be overcome through collisions with other molecules or atoms with sufficient force that excite vibrations violent enough to break chemical bonds. It has been observed that some molecules are more efficient at transferring energy through collisions than others. The reasons why some molecules transfer energy more efficiently are not fully understood. The goal of this project is to provide a window into the events taking place …
Antibiotic Compounds Isolated From Plant Microbes, Michael C. Haymore, Dr. Noel Owen
Antibiotic Compounds Isolated From Plant Microbes, Michael C. Haymore, Dr. Noel Owen
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The discovery of penicillin by Alexander Flemming in the early twentieth century is seen as one of the most significant medical advances in the past 100 years. Millions of people have had their lives preserved or prolonged due to the use of effective antibiotics since their discovery and wide-spread use. However, with the incredibly diverse and constantly evolving infectious diseases older antibiotics such as penicillin are becoming obsolete in the fight against infection. Thus, there remains a constant need to discover antibiotics effective against today’s diseases. Plants are a rich source of antibiotic compounds. Because plants live and compete in …
A Novel Method For The Preparation Of Sulfhydryl-Terminated Self-Assembled Monolayers On Gold, Justin Gregory Peacock, Dr. Matthew R. Linford
A Novel Method For The Preparation Of Sulfhydryl-Terminated Self-Assembled Monolayers On Gold, Justin Gregory Peacock, Dr. Matthew R. Linford
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Self-assembled monolayers (SAM’s) on gold have been extensively studied during the past 20 years because of their use in biochemical surface recognition, as nanotechnological structures, as nano-chemical wires and circuits in electronics, as a means of creating patterned surfaces, as sensors to monitor various chemical levels, and to attach proteins and other biomolecules to surfaces.1 In 1994 Offord et al.2 prepared series of mixed monolayers on gold using different proportions of t-butylthiol and 1-octadecanethiol. When monolayers were prepared from ethanolic solutions, anomalous surface properties were observed at intermediate t-butylthiol solution concentrations. They attributed the higher than expected thicknesses and lower …
Potential Inhibitors Of Hiv Integrase, Daniel A. Gubler, Dr. Matt A. Peterson
Potential Inhibitors Of Hiv Integrase, Daniel A. Gubler, Dr. Matt A. Peterson
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The purpose of my research is to synthesize a new class of enediynes that mimic linbenzoadenosine derivatives and have potential for inhibiting HIV integrase. This new class of enediynes is shown in Figure 1. Upon synthesis we will evaluate the biological activity of these compounds.
Collisional Dynamic Elements Of The Pyrazine - N2o System:Middle And Low J States, La Moyne Tyler Mix
Collisional Dynamic Elements Of The Pyrazine - N2o System:Middle And Low J States, La Moyne Tyler Mix
Theses and Dissertations
Unimolecular reactions based on the Lindemann - Hinchelwood mechanism are important to understanding combustion and atmospheric processes. The main feature of this mechanism is the energy transfer probability distribution function, P(E',E). We have chosen to study P(E',E) through gas phase collisional dynamics probed with IR transient absorption spectroscopy. Post-collision absorption line widths for the pyrazine-N2O system are used to calculate lab frame translational temperatures. The translational temperatures reveal that collisions with large rotational energy transfer also transfer large amounts of translational energy. For J states >47 the relationship is linear indicating a constant impact parameter. Line widths for J=47 through …
Synthesis, Characterization, And Application Of High Surface Area, Mesoporous, Stabilized Anatase Tio2 Catalyst Supports, Rebecca Elizabeth Olsen
Synthesis, Characterization, And Application Of High Surface Area, Mesoporous, Stabilized Anatase Tio2 Catalyst Supports, Rebecca Elizabeth Olsen
Theses and Dissertations
Nanomaterials have attracted substantial attention in the area of catalysis due to the unique properties they exhibit such as high surface areas, intricate pore networks and unique morphologies. TiO2 has attracted attention as a catalyst since the discovery of its high photocatalytic activity by Fuishima and Honda in 1972. Given its high thermal stability, low cost, low environmental impact, and versatility, TiO2 is a widely used commercial catalyst and catalyst support. TiO2 is used in many applications such as photocatalysis is also an excellent support material for noble metals in a number of oxidative synthesis and pollution-control reactions. Though TiO2 …
Nonlinear Spectroscopic Investigation Of Adsorption To C-18 Model Stationary Phase, Anthony D. Peterson
Nonlinear Spectroscopic Investigation Of Adsorption To C-18 Model Stationary Phase, Anthony D. Peterson
Theses and Dissertations
Reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) is a commonly used separation technique in chemistry. Nevertheless, the mechanistic interactions at the molecular level among the eluent, analyte, and the stationary phase are not fully understood. Because of this limited understanding, optimization of the separation must be done experimentally. Learning more about molecular interactions should aid in improving separations. We are currently using second-harmonic generation (SHG) spectroscopy to investigate how analytes adsorb to the surface. SHG is a spectroscopic technique that produces signal only at places of non-isotropic symmetry; this typically occurs at surfaces. SHG can be used to produce surface isotherms of test …
Formation And Analysis Of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles And Zinc Oxide Hexagonal Prisms And Optical Analysis Of Cadmium Selenide Nanoparticles, Jared M. Hancock
Formation And Analysis Of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles And Zinc Oxide Hexagonal Prisms And Optical Analysis Of Cadmium Selenide Nanoparticles, Jared M. Hancock
Theses and Dissertations
In this dissertation, methods to synthesize ZnO are reported. First, zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized with small amounts of transition metal ions to create materials called dilute magnetic semiconductors (DMS). We employed a low temperature sol-gel method that produces ZnO nanoparticles of reproducible size and incorporates cobalt, nickel, and manganese ions into the nanoparticles. Conditions were controlled such that a range of amounts of Co, Ni, and Mn were incorporated. The incorporation was tracked by color changes in the white ZnO powder to blue for Co, green for Ni and yellow for Mn. XRD measurements showed the nanoparticles were on …
Ferritin-Based Photo-Oxidation Of Biomass For Nanoparticle Synthesis, Bioremediation, And Hydrogen Evolution, Oscar Petrucci
Ferritin-Based Photo-Oxidation Of Biomass For Nanoparticle Synthesis, Bioremediation, And Hydrogen Evolution, Oscar Petrucci
Theses and Dissertations
The cell is the basic unit of all living organisms. It is an amazing machine capable of self-replicating, growing, and synthesizing and shuttling thousands of compounds. To perform all of these activities the cell needs energy. The original source of energy for all living beings is the Sun. The energy of the sun is collected by the autotrophs (mostly plants) through photosynthesis and stored in the chemical bonds of carbohydrates and lipids through carboxylic acid intermediates; animals use these compounds to obtain the energy for their cells. Most of the energy extracted by the cell comes from the citric acid …
Obstacles And Solutions To Studying Functional Adhesives Using Vibrational Sum-Frequency Generation Spectroscopy, Angela Renee Andersen
Obstacles And Solutions To Studying Functional Adhesives Using Vibrational Sum-Frequency Generation Spectroscopy, Angela Renee Andersen
Theses and Dissertations
Important aspects of adhesion occur at interfaces, including structures that may be different from those in the bulk materials. However, probing the orientation of molecules in functional adhesives poses a significant challenge because adhesive molecules are always located at a buried interface. The limited penetration depth of surface-specific analysis prohibits the study of buried interfaces using those techniques. The large quantity of bulk molecules relative to the adhesive molecules interacting at the interface results in the bulk signal swamping out adhesive signal in bulk analysis techniques. An interface-specific technique is required to study functional adhesives. One such technique that has …
Investigation Into The Effects Of Pegylation On The Thermodynamic Stability Of The Ww Domain, Sam S. Matthews
Investigation Into The Effects Of Pegylation On The Thermodynamic Stability Of The Ww Domain, Sam S. Matthews
Theses and Dissertations
The covalent attachment of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to a protein surface (known as PEGylation), has been demonstrated to increase the serum half-life of therapeutic proteins by reducing kidney clearance and immunogenicity and by protecting against proteolysis. Theses beneficial effects could be further enhanced if PEGylation consistently increased protein conformational stability (i.e. the difference in free energy between the folded and unfolded states). However, the effects of PEGylation on protein conformational stability are unpredictable; PEGylation has been reported to increase, decrease, or have no effect on the conformational stability of medicinal proteins.This thesis details the results of two studies aimed at …
Acoustic Droplet Vaporization In Biology And Medicine, Chung-Yin Lin, William G. Pitt
Acoustic Droplet Vaporization In Biology And Medicine, Chung-Yin Lin, William G. Pitt
Faculty Publications
This paper reviews the literature regarding the use of acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) in clinical applications of imaging, embolic therapy, and therapeutic delivery. ADV is a physical process in which the pressure waves of ultrasound induce a phase transition that causes superheated liquid nanodroplets to form gas bubbles. The bubbles provide ultrasonic imaging contrast and other functions. ADV of perfluoropentane was used extensively in imaging for preclinical trials in the 1990s, but its use declined rapidly with the advent of other imaging agents. In the last decade, ADV was proposed and explored for embolic occlusion therapy, drug delivery, aberration correction, …
Follicular Dendritic Cells As Reservoirs Of Diverse Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Phylogenetic Analysis, Trever Bradley Burgon, Dr. Gregory F. Burton
Follicular Dendritic Cells As Reservoirs Of Diverse Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Phylogenetic Analysis, Trever Bradley Burgon, Dr. Gregory F. Burton
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), the retrovirus that causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), currently infects over 42 million people; more than three million of them are children under the age of 15. The Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS calls the current AIDS epidemic: “the most devastating disease mankind has ever faced.”
Collision Cross Section Measurements In A Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometer, Daniel E. Austin, Dr. David Dearden
Collision Cross Section Measurements In A Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometer, Daniel E. Austin, Dr. David Dearden
Journal of Undergraduate Research
I explored the possibility of using spectral linewidths in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FTICR-MS) to measure ion collision cross sections. A measurement of an ion’s collision cross section would provide important information about its conformation, or the spatial arrangement of the atoms and functional groups that make up the ion.
Generation And Formal Analysis Of Algorithmic Fractals In Hyperspaces, Minglei Xu, Dr. Robert P. Burton
Generation And Formal Analysis Of Algorithmic Fractals In Hyperspaces, Minglei Xu, Dr. Robert P. Burton
Journal of Undergraduate Research
n-D fractals, where n> 4, have long been under scrutiny for their mathematical properties and artistic values. Multi-dimensional space filling curves, for instance, are a focus for contemporary topologists. Notable works in this area include the uses of quaternions, commutative hyper-complex calculus, and, most recently, doubling processes. However, all these discoveries have been limited to algebraic fractals such as the Mandelbrot set and the Julia sets. Algorithmic fractals are equally interesting since they serve as bridges connecting chaos theory to well studied formal language theory.1 2-D and 3-D algorithmic fractals are conventionally generated and analyzed using L-systems and iterated function …
Development Of A New Sugar Receptor, William D. Thomas, Dr. Paul B. Savage
Development Of A New Sugar Receptor, William D. Thomas, Dr. Paul B. Savage
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Oligosaccharides are enormously rich in structural information. They are often branched and can be bonded together by a variety of different linkages, unlike polypeptides which contain identical peptide bonds.1 For this reason, polysaccharides play a crucial role in cell recognition.2 Although carbohydrate recognition is known to take place, the event is not well understood.3 In order to better understand the hydrophobic interactions that enhance binding between sugar based receptors and various small hydrophobic molecules in aqueous solvents, the synthesis of a glucose based cavity was attempted (see Fig. 3). The cavity was carefully designed to maximize hydrophobic interactions with small …
The Role Of Rgs16 In Germinal Center T Cells, Aaron Lewis, Dr. Gregory Burton
The Role Of Rgs16 In Germinal Center T Cells, Aaron Lewis, Dr. Gregory Burton
Journal of Undergraduate Research
RGS16 is an inhibitor of the chemokine receptor, CXCR4, and HIV uses CXCR4 to infect CD4+ T cells. CXCR4 is upregulated in germinal center (GC) T cells even though RGS16 is present in GC T cells
Synthesis And Characterization Of Novel Amino-Retinoid A4-Spermine, Jeffrey Swallow, Dr. Heidi Vollmer-Snarr
Synthesis And Characterization Of Novel Amino-Retinoid A4-Spermine, Jeffrey Swallow, Dr. Heidi Vollmer-Snarr
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Age Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of vision loss in developed countries. The accumulation of lipofuscin in the eye causes death of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) leading to blindness (1,2). The lipofuscin chemical A2E has been shown to have cytotoxic effect in RPE, yet much of lipofuscin has remained uncharacterized (3). We have shown that other compounds exist in lipofuscin through preliminary mass spectroscopy (MS) and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) data collected from lipofuscin samples. Our lab is working to first characterize these lipofuscin compounds and then we will also study their oxidative products in order …
Production Of A Novel Anti-Tumor Chemotherapy Agent, Jeffrey Stephens, Dr. Merrit Andrus
Production Of A Novel Anti-Tumor Chemotherapy Agent, Jeffrey Stephens, Dr. Merrit Andrus
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Cancer is a condition unlike any other known to man. It is one of the leading causes of death in the United States. In 2000, over 500,000 deaths resulted from various cancers.1 This has led to an extensive search for improved ways to treat cancer, and has left a daunting challenge to develop new ways to treat this condition. The natural product Geldanamycin (GA), the most potent of the benzoquinone absamycin antibiotics, has shown to have great promise as an anti-tumor agent. The analog of Geldanamycin, 17-Allylanino-GA, is currently in clinical trials2, and the first total synthesis of GA was …
Retinal-Bio-Amine Synthesis Related To Age-Related Macular Degeneration, Matthew Sparks, Dr. Heidi Vollmer-Snarr
Retinal-Bio-Amine Synthesis Related To Age-Related Macular Degeneration, Matthew Sparks, Dr. Heidi Vollmer-Snarr
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause for blindness among the world’s elderly population1. As the central region of the retina, known as the macula, is damaged and begins to deteriorate, central vision becomes clouded. This vision loss progresses until the affected person becomes completely and permanently blind. To date, AMD is an incurable disease.
Investigate And Study Of The Properties Of 2,2-Dipicolyamine And It Interactions With Anions, Martin Conda Sheridan, Dr. John Lamb
Investigate And Study Of The Properties Of 2,2-Dipicolyamine And It Interactions With Anions, Martin Conda Sheridan, Dr. John Lamb
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Compared to cation ligand interactions, anion ligand studies are less well known. We studied the interactions of protonated cavitands, Fig 1, with anions because of their many applications, including: environmental waste remediation, anion separation, binding constant determination, and molecular structure recognition.
Stereo-Selective Photochemical [2+2] Cycloaddition: Π-Π Interactions Or Radical Stabilization, Alexander Parent, Dr. Steven Fleming
Stereo-Selective Photochemical [2+2] Cycloaddition: Π-Π Interactions Or Radical Stabilization, Alexander Parent, Dr. Steven Fleming
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Organic chemistry centers around the stereo- and regioselective formation of C–C bonds. Although [4+2] and [2+2] cycloadditions present the opportunity for single-step creation of multiple stereocenters and two C–C bonds, the products resulting from intermolecular cycloadditions can be hard to predict and yields of any single isomer can be low. These obstacles can be overcome by the use of a removable tether, which induces regio- and stereo-control through the forced intramolecular reaction. The silyl acetal-tethered [2+2] photocycloaddition has been shown to produce high yields of a single product when both of the reacting alkenes contain extended p-systems. This phenomenon is …
Cadmium Specific Ion Sensor, David Michaelis, Dr. Paul Savage
Cadmium Specific Ion Sensor, David Michaelis, Dr. Paul Savage
Journal of Undergraduate Research
In recent years it has become critical to detect and monitor concentrations of heavy metal ions in the environment. Cadmium and other heavy metals have detrimental effects to human health. The main difficulty of sensing these ions is selectively detecting the ions in the presence of other naturally present metal ions such as calcium, zinc, and copper. Fluorescent molecular sensors provide an ideal solution to the problem. These organic sensors can be constructed to selectively bind with target metal ions. While many such sensors exist today, little work has been done to incorporate such sensors into portable sensing devices.
Isolation, Structure Identification And Cytotoxic Studies Of Biologically Active Compounds In Carica Papaya Of Ghana, Kurtis S. Staples, Dr. Steven G. Wood
Isolation, Structure Identification And Cytotoxic Studies Of Biologically Active Compounds In Carica Papaya Of Ghana, Kurtis S. Staples, Dr. Steven G. Wood
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Carica papaya, commonly known as the papaya plant, is found in large abundance throughout the tropical regions of the planet. The fruit of the plant has been extensively studied with papain, a protease, being the center of research. Preliminary studies showed that compounds found in the leaves of the plant possessed anti-cancer properties. As alternatives for cancer treatment are constantly being sought, plant extracts have risen to the forefront in this hunt.1 An understanding of the structure and mode of activity of the compounds in this plant will further knowledge of how to develop chemotherapeutic agents.
Synthesis Of Hiv Integrase Inhibitors, Carl Jones, Dr. Matt A. Peterson
Synthesis Of Hiv Integrase Inhibitors, Carl Jones, Dr. Matt A. Peterson
Journal of Undergraduate Research
We have made significant progress toward the synthesis of one branch of the library of compounds that we plan to synthesize. The scheme we have followed is shown below. Once synthesized, we plan to have the compounds tested by expert collaborators to see how well they bind HTLV integrase. In addition, they will be tested against many viruses and cancers, as well as HIV. Because they are nucleoside based, it is impossible to predict exactly what type of biological activity these compounds will have. They could possibly treat a variety of diseases.