Chemistry Commons^™

Investigating The Spring Bloom In San Francisco Bay: Links Between Water Chemistry, Metal Cycling, Mercury Speciation, And Phytoplankton Community Composition, Allison C. Luengen

Environmental Science

Investigating the spring bloom in San Francisco Bay: Links between water chemistry, metal cycling, mercury speciation, and phytoplankton community composition This dissertation addresses the relationship between two problems facing estuaries nationwide: nutrient enrichment and metal contamination. The focus is on the southern reach of San Francisco Bay, where high nutrient concentrations can control the magnitude of the predictably occurring spring phytoplankton bloom. The bloom in this study, in spring 2003, was one of the largest blooms on record, exceeding 150 μg L ^-1 of chlorophyll α. As the bloom grew, diatoms (e.g. Thalassiosira punctigera ) depleted dissolved nutrients from the …

Eddy Correlation Measurements Of The Air/Sea Flux Of Dimethylsulfide Over The North Pacific Ocean, Christa A. Marandino, Warren J. De Bruyn, Scott D. Miller, Eric S. Saltzman

Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles and Research

Shipboard measurements of air/sea fluxes and sea surface concentrations of dimethylsulfide (DMS) were made over the tropical and midlatitude North Pacific Ocean. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry was used to measure DMS levels in ambient air and in air equilibrated with surface seawater drawn from a depth of 5 m. Air/sea fluxes were obtained using eddy covariance. Corrections and uncertainties involved in the calculation of fluxes from shipboard data are discussed. The surface ocean DMS concentrations measured during this study ranged from 1 to 10 nM, and atmospheric mixing ratios ranged from 20 to 1000 ppt. Air/sea fluxes ranged …

On-Road Remote Sensing Of Automobile Emissions In The Denver Area: Year 6, January 2007, Gary A. Bishop, Donald H. Stedman

Fuel Efficiency Automobile Test Publications

No abstract provided.

An Experiment Using A Simple Photoassisted Fuel Cell Designed To Remediate Simulated Wastewater, John Cassidy, Faisa Touati, Kevin Mcguigan

Articles

Work in photochemistry work peaked in the 1980’s where there was the prospect of using sunlight shining on suspensions of titanium dioxide in order to catalytically cleave water into hydrogen and oxygen [1-5]. In this way a clean and efficient method of producing hydrogen as a fuel was envisaged. However, there was a requirement to use a rather high energy light to achieve the splitting and it was not as efficient with visible light[5]. Doped TiO2 layers have been used in a three electrode system for formic acid degradation[6]. In this work, the system uses an electrode coated with TiO2 …

Chemical Analyses In Support Of Yucca Mountain Studies, Harry Reid Center For Environmental Studies, University Of Nevada, Las Vegas

Publications (YM)

Research Objectives: Provide preparation of injectates, sorption studies and analyses for tracer tests Provide REE, trace metals, majors and field measurement data from wells of the Nye County Early Warning Drilling Program (NCEWDP)and Inyo County Other laboratory needs as they arise

Improved Nitrate Sensing Using Ion Selective Electrodes Based On Urea–Calixarene Ionophores, Benjamin Schazmann, Dermot Diamond

Articles

Urea–calix[4]arenes 1 and 2 were synthesised and incorporated into ISE membranes for assessment as sensors for inorganic anions in water. 1 revealed a strong response to all anions following the Hofmeister selectivity order. For ISEs of 2, the response to a portion of the anion series was suppressed, increasing the margin of selectivity of nitrate over chloride, a common interferant of nitrate in fresh and marine water samples. The performance of ISEs containing 2 was compared to commercially available alkylammonium nitrate ion-exchange salts used for nitrate sensing. Our ISEs performed favourably in terms of sensitivity, linear range and LOD performing …

A Novel Tio2 / Pvc Layer For Use In A Photoelectrochemical Cell, Faiza Touati, John Cassidy, Kevin Mcguigan

Articles

A novel method of coating titanium dioxide on a glassy carbon electrode as a polyvinylchloride composite , is described. On illumination , there is an enhanced voltammetric current at this TiO2/PVC composite in aqueous formic acid solution. This electrode is used as the basis of a formic acid fuel cell where oxygen is reduced at a platinum cathode. The system yields 100 cm-2 for 0.01 mol dm-3 HCOOH in 0.1 mol dm-3 NaOH under illumination from a 150 W xenon lamp. The current without illumination is 0.5 cm-2.

On-Road Remote Sensing Of Automobile Emissions In The Chicago Area: Year 7, September 2006, Gary A. Bishop, Ryan Stadtmuller, Donald H. Stedman

Fuel Efficiency Automobile Test Publications

No abstract provided.

On-Road Remote Sensing Of Automobile Emissions In The Phoenix Area: Year 6, November 2006, Gary A. Bishop, Ryan Stadtmuller, Donald H. Stedman

Fuel Efficiency Automobile Test Publications

No abstract provided.

Portable Emission Measurements Of Snowcoaches And Snowmobiles In Yellowstone National Park, Gary A. Bishop, Ryan Stadtmuller, Donald H. Stedman

Fuel Efficiency Automobile Test Publications

No abstract provided.

Fleet Vehicle Smoke Emissions As Measured By On-Road Remote Sensing Using Infrared Scattering: Years 1998 Through 2007, Jeffrey A. Caulfield, Gary A. Bishop, Donald H. Stedman

Fuel Efficiency Automobile Test Publications

No abstract provided.

Significance Of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Pahs) And Petroleum Biomarker Compounds In Contaminated Passaic River Sediments, Michael A. Kruge

Department of Earth and Environmental Studies Faculty Scholarship and Creative Works

The lower Passaic River (northeastern New Jersey) flows through one of the most densely populated regions of the United States. The area’s long history of industrial activity is reflected in the complex and variable hydrocarbon composition of the river sediments. Sediments from river bottom grab samples at Newark and a 30 cm deep core at Kearny were subjected to thermal desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS). This technique offers a practical alternative for rapid, inexpensive analysis, simply employing milligram quantities of dry, disaggregated sediment, avoiding the use of hazardous organic solvents. For each sample, a total of 181 hydrocarbons and organosulfur compounds …

Polyaniline And Its Derivatives For Environmental Analysis., Atogho Jude Abia

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Electrooxidation has been used to deposit thin film polyaniline as well as its derivative - thin film poly (ortho-phenylenediamine) (POPD) and poly (meta-phenylenediamine) (PMPD) on carbon electrodes, which are subsequently used to monitor the environmental heavy metal ions (Hg²⁺, Pb²⁺ ,Cd²⁺) through a rather unusual "blocking" of anodic stripping for these metals. Using Hg²⁺ as a model, its cyclic voltammogram for a modified glassy carbon electrode with the resultant polymer shows an enhanced cathodic peak that increases linearly with the analyte ion concentration. POPD also exhibits unique selective detection for organic species. Acetaminophen and …

The Impact Of Acid Mine Drainage On West Little Sugar Creek, Vigo Co., In, Jodie L. Gibson

All-Inclusive List of Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This study evaluates the degree and extent of contamination in West Little Sugar Creek by analyzing water chemistry in the stream during low and moderate flow conditions. West Little Sugar Creek is located in Vigo County, Indiana and has been severely impacted by AMD discharging from the abandoned Green Valley Mine site. Stream water is commonly acidic (as low as pH 2.4) with elevated concentrations of Fe and Al and elevated trace elements including Ni, Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr, Co, and others, many of which exceed local and/or national surface water quality standards. Amorphous Fe and Al precipitates also form …

Characterization Of Polar Organic Components In Fine Aerosols In The Southeastern United States: Identity, Origin, And Evolution, Song Gao, Jason D. Surratt, Eladio M. Knipping, Eric S. Edgerton, Mona Shahgholi, John H. Seinfeld

Chemistry and Physics Faculty Articles

Filter samples of fine aerosols collected in the Southeastern United States in June 2004 were analyzed for the characterization of polar organic components. Four analytical techniques, liquid chromatography –mass spectrometry, ion trap mass spectrometry, laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry, and high-resolution mass spectrometry, were used for identification and quantification. Forty distinct species were detected, comprising on average 7.2% and 1.1% of the total particulate organic mass at three inland sites and a coastal site, respectively. The relative abundance of these species displays a rather consistent distribution pattern in the inland region, whereas a different pattern is found at the coastal …

Molecular Characterization Of Wetland Soil Bacterial Community In Constructed Mesocosms, Ethan C. Bishop

Theses and Dissertations

The use of wetlands to effectively remediate aquifers contaminated with chlorinated solvents is an emerging technique, which shows high promise. In order to better understand this process and test its legitimacy, a treatment wetland was constructed at Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, Ohio and, in a joint effort with Wright State University (WSU), has previously shown the effective removal of PCE. The purpose of this research was to characterize the soil bacterial community, pre-PCE injection, among three wetland plant species from the sedge family (Cyperaceae) within constructed wetland mesocosms and to identify any bacterial dominance. Carex comosa, Scirpus atrovirens, and Eleocharis erythropoda …

Secondary N-Nitrosocarbamate Anions: Structure And Alkylation Reactions. A Dft Study, Vladimir Benin

Chemistry Faculty Publications

The current article reports theoretical studies (DFT: B3LYP/6-31+G(d)) on the structure and alkylation reactions of the anions of some secondary N-nitrosocarbamates, a class of ambident nucleophiles whose chemistry has been little explored. Several anions (1–4), with an increasing size of the carbamate alkyl (aryl) group were investigated, in an attempt to establish the influence of the size of that group on the thermal stability and regioselectivity of alkylation of the title anions. The conclusion is that thermal stability and the mode of reaction are affected significantly only in the presence of very large and branched carbamate groups. The thermal …

Gas-Phase Products And Secondary Aerosol Yields From The Ozonolysis Of Ten Different Terpenes, Anita Lee, Allen H. Goldstein, Melita D. Keywood, Song Gao, Varuntida Varutbangkul, Roya Bahreini, Nga L. Ng, Richard C. Flagan, John H. Seinfeld

Chemistry and Physics Faculty Articles

The ozonolyses of six monoterpenes (α-pinene, β-pinene, 3-carene, terpinolene, α-terpinene, and myrcene), two sesquiterpenes (α-humulene and β-caryophyllene), and two oxygenated terpenes (methyl chavicol and linalool) were conducted individually in Teflon chambers to examine the gas-phase oxidation product and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) yields from these reactions. Particle size distribution and number concentration were monitored and allowed for the calculation of the SOA yield from each experiment, which ranged from 1 to 54%. A proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) was used to monitor the evolution of gas-phase products, identified by their mass to charge ratio (m/z). …

Making Soap From Readily Available Agricultural And Household Wastes Can Increase Cleanless In Rural Area, Eugenia Lucas, Thomas Ciaglo

Student Research Posters

In some areas of the world, soap is too expensive for many people to afford. For these people an alternative exists. They can make their own soap. In general, soap is made by the reaction of triglycerides and caustic soda. However, caustic soda, too, may be difficult to find or too expensive. The aim of this project is to develop a process for making soap from readily available agricultural and household waste materials, and other inexpensive chemicals. By using this process, rural people can get the benefits of readily available, inexpensive soap. Soap is made from animal fats or vegetable …

Evaluation Of Chlorinated Solvent Removal Efficiency Among Three Wetland Plant Species: A Mesocom Study, Jun Yan

Theses and Dissertations

Different species of plants need to be studied individually to compare the remediation efficiency of each species. This research will study three different wetland plants species and an unplanted control, under a laboratory setting. Each plant has a different characteristic favorable for chlorinated solvent degradation. Eleocharis erythropoda (Spike Rush) are plants with thin tube like leaves and large root mass. Carex comosa (Bearded Sedge) has broad leaves and Scirpus atrovirens (Green Bulrush) are broad leafed wetland plants with a long flowering stem during reproduction. PCE will be injected into the plant mesocosm and any possible PCE degradation will be observed. …

Determining The Redox Properties Of Yucca Mountain-Related Groundwater Using Trace Element Speciation For Predicting The Mobility Of Nuclear Waste, James Cizdziel, Amy J. Smiecinski

Publications (YM)

The objective of this task is to determine the principal oxidation state (redox) species of select elements in samples of groundwater in the vicinity of Yucca Mountain (YM), which is being evaluated as a site for geologic storage of the nation’s spent nuclear fuel and high-level nuclear waste. Samples to be analyzed include, but are not limited to, groundwater from wells of the Nye County Early Warning Drilling Program. Elements to be studied include arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), vanadium (V), tungsten (W), rhenium (Re), and uranium (U). The …

Nmr Investigations Of Natural Organic Matter In Forest Ecosystems, Chris E. Johnson

Civil and Environmental Engineering - All Scholarship

No abstract provided.

Isotope Sourcing Of Prehistoric Willow And Tule Textiles Recovered From Western Great Basin Rock Shelters And Caves: Proof Of Concept, Larry V. Benson, E. M. Hattori, H. E. Taylor, S. R. Poulson, E. A. Jolie

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

Isotope and trace-metal analyses were used to determine the origin of plants used to manufacture prehistoric textiles (basketry and matting) from archaeological sites in the western Great Basin. Research focused on strontium (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) and oxygen (¹⁸O/¹⁶O) isotope ratios of willow (Salix sp.) and tule (Schoenoplectus sp.), the dominant raw materials in Great Basin textiles. The oxygen-isotope data indicated that the willow and tule used to produce the textiles were harvested from the banks of rivers or in marshes characterized by flowing water and not from lakes or sinks. The strontium-isotope …

Solvent Targeting, Avoidance And Recovery Trials (Start), Kealan Allen

Theses

Solvent is the largest-volume raw material used at Janssen Pharmaceutical (Ire) Ltd. Over 2.2 million m³ were used in 2004. The top 13 solvents make up 99% of this amount. There are two main uses for solvent on site, processing and cleaning. Processing uses 55% of the total solvent used on site, cleaning uses the remainder.

Waste solvent forms the majority of the hazardous waste produced at Janssen. Three treatment options exist at present for this waste: incineration, recovery for reuse and energy recovery. All of the hazardous waste produced on site must be exported for these treatment options, …

Properties Of New York/New Jersey Harbor Sediments, K. W. Jones, Huan Feng, E. A. Stren, U. Neuhäusler, J. Osán, N. Marinkovic, Z. Song

Department of Earth and Environmental Studies Faculty Scholarship and Creative Works

Sediments found in waterways around the world may contain toxic compounds of anthropogeilic origin that can harm the environment and human health. As a result, it is often necessary to remove them and find disposal methods that are environmentally and economically acceptable. Here, we report on results obtained in an experimental program to characterize the nature of the sediment contamination. The objective was to gain a better understanding of the properties of the sediments to develop better methods for understanding the fate and transport of the contaminants and for improving methods for their removal from the sediments. Our investigations made …

Development Of A Calix[4]Arene Sensor For Soft Metals Based On Nitrile Functionality, Benjamin Schazmann, Dermot Diamond

Articles

The current work is amongst the first to examine the potential usefulness of the nitrile functional group in potentiometric analytical sensors for soft metals. Nitrile functionality has hereby been incorporated into a calix[4]arene skeleton to give a series of new cation selective hosts. The analytical sensing behaviour of these hosts was examined by Ion Selective Electrode (ISE) based potentiometry. In all cases a preference for soft metals was observed, explained primarily in terms of soft–soft compatibility between calix[4]arene nitrile hosts and metal guests in combination with a classical ‘lock and key’ best fit mechanism. Hosts 2, 3 and 4 showed …

Preparation Of Some Substituted Terephthalic Acids, Susanna Branion, Vladimir Benin

Chemistry Faculty Publications

We report in detail the preparation of two substituted terephthalic acids: 2‐sulfomethylterephthalic acid (1) and 2‐phosphonoterephthalic acid (2). Efficient, short syntheses have been developed for both compounds. They are potentially useful monomers for construction of acid‐pendant polymer chains.

Preparation, Characterization And Dft Studies Of Some New N-Nitrosocarbamates And N-Nitrosoureas, Ragavan Narayanan, Helene Hedian, Eric Shamo, Vladimir Benin

Chemistry Faculty Publications

We are presenting the preparation, characterization and density functional theory (DFT) studies {B3LYP/6-31+G(d)) of several reiated classes of N-nitrosocarbamates and N-nitrosoureas. The iong-range goal is the design and preparation of compounds, which would undergo photochemical or hydrolytic decomposition, to yield stabilized cyclic cations that can serve as alkylating agents at various nucleophilic centers, including DNA bases.

Open-Ocean Carbon Monoxide Photoproduction, Aron Stubbins, Günther Uher, Cliff S. Law, Kenneth Mopper, Carol Robinson, Robert C. Upstill-Goddard

Chemistry & Biochemistry Faculty Publications

Sunlight-initiated photolysis of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is the dominant source of carbon monoxide (CO) in the open-ocean. A modelling study was conducted to constrain this source. Spectral solar irradiance was obtained from two models (GCSOLAR and SMARTS2). Water-column CDOM and total light absorption were modelled using spectra collected along a Meridional transect of the Atlantic ocean using a 200-cm pathlength liquid waveguide UV-visible spectrophotometer. Apparent quantum yields for the production of CO (AQY_CO) from CDOM were obtained from a parameterisation describing the relationship between CDOM light absorption coefficient and AQY_CO and the CDOM spectra collected. …

In-Use Emission Measurements Of Snowmobiles And Snowcoaches In Yellowstone National Park, Gary A. Bishop, Daniel A. Burgard, Thomas R. Dalton, Donald H. Stedman

Fuel Efficiency Automobile Test Publications

No abstract provided.