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Articles 181 - 210 of 378

Full-Text Articles in Astrophysics and Astronomy

Clouds Search For Variability In Brown Dwarf Atmospheres: Infrared Spectroscopic Time Series Of L/T Transition Brown Dwarfs, D. Stephens, B. Goldman, M. C. Cushing, M. S. Marley, E. Artigau, K. S. Baliyan, V. J. S. Bejar, J. A. Caballero, N. Chanover, M. Connelley, R. Doyon, T. Forveille, S. Ganesh, C. R. Gelino, H. B. Hammel, J. Holtzman, S. Joshi, U. C. Joshi, S. K. Leggett, M. C. Liu Feb 2008

Clouds Search For Variability In Brown Dwarf Atmospheres: Infrared Spectroscopic Time Series Of L/T Transition Brown Dwarfs, D. Stephens, B. Goldman, M. C. Cushing, M. S. Marley, E. Artigau, K. S. Baliyan, V. J. S. Bejar, J. A. Caballero, N. Chanover, M. Connelley, R. Doyon, T. Forveille, S. Ganesh, C. R. Gelino, H. B. Hammel, J. Holtzman, S. Joshi, U. C. Joshi, S. K. Leggett, M. C. Liu

Faculty Publications

L-type ultra-cool dwarfs and brown dwarfs have cloudy atmospheres that could host weather-like phenomena. The detection of photometric or spectral variability would provide insight into unresolved atmospheric heterogeneities, such as holes in a global cloud deck. Indeed, a number of ultra-cool dwarfs have been reported to vary. Additional time-resolved spectral observations of brown dwarfs offer the opportunity for further constraining and characterising atmospheric variability. Aims. It has been proposed that growth of heterogeneities in the global cloud deck may account for the L- to T-type transition when brown dwarf photospheres evolve from cloudy to clear conditions. Such a mechanism is …


Determining The Refractive Index In The Extreme Ultraviolet Using Kramers-Kronig On Thin-Film Scandium Oxide Transmission Data, David D. Allred, Jacqualine J. Butterfield Jan 2008

Determining The Refractive Index In The Extreme Ultraviolet Using Kramers-Kronig On Thin-Film Scandium Oxide Transmission Data, David D. Allred, Jacqualine J. Butterfield

Faculty Publications

Whereas the real part of the refractive index is dependent on both transmittance and reflectance, the imaginary part can be determined from transmittance data alone. It is possible to use Kramers-Kronig analysis to calculate the real part if the imaginary part is known over a sufficiently broad range. We show that the delta calculated from reflection and transmission data without taking into account roughness may underestimate the real part of the refractive index of the scandium oxide samples we are studying by up to 40% near 270 eV.


Nanoscale Characterization Of Thin Film Coatings Using Annular Dark Field Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy, Guillermo Acosta, Richard Vanfleet, David D. Allred Jan 2008

Nanoscale Characterization Of Thin Film Coatings Using Annular Dark Field Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy, Guillermo Acosta, Richard Vanfleet, David D. Allred

Faculty Publications

When considering the optical performance of thin films in the Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV), developing an accurate physical description of a thin film coating is necessary to be able to successfully model optical performance. With the short wavelengths of the EUV, film interfaces and sample roughness warrant special attention and care. The surfaces of thin film samples are routinely measured by Atomic Force Microscopy, from which roughness can be determined. However, characterizing the quality of interfaces below the surface is much more challenging. In a recent study of scandium oxide thin films, High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy and Annular Dark Field …


Time Reversal, Brian E. Anderson, Michele Griffa, Paul A. Johnson, Carene Larmat, Timothy J. Ulrich Jan 2008

Time Reversal, Brian E. Anderson, Michele Griffa, Paul A. Johnson, Carene Larmat, Timothy J. Ulrich

Faculty Publications

This article provides an historical overview of Time Reversal (TR), introduces its basic physics, addresses advantages and limitations, and describes some applications of this very active research area of acoustics. In the Geophysics Group at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, we conduct studies of TR of elastic waves in solids. Our work includes application of TR to nondestructive evaluation of materials, as well as to earthquake source characterization, and ground-based nuclear explosion monitoring. We emphasize the term elastic waves here to underscore that we include both compression and shear waves, in contrast to purely acoustic waves that are only compressional.


Solid Phase Crystallization Of Vanadium Dioxide Thin Films And Characterization Through Scanning Electron Microscopy, Felipe Rivera Dec 2007

Solid Phase Crystallization Of Vanadium Dioxide Thin Films And Characterization Through Scanning Electron Microscopy, Felipe Rivera

Theses and Dissertations

Crystalline films of vanadium dioxide were obtained through thermal annealing of amorphous vanadium dioxide thin films sputtered on silicon dioxide. An annealing process was found that yielded polycrystalline vanadium dioxide thin films, semi-continuous thin films, and films of isolated single-crystal particles. Orientation Imaging Microscopy (OIM) was used to characterize and study the phase and the orientation of the vanadium dioxide crystals obtained, as well as to diferentiate them from other vanadium oxide stoichiometries that may have formed during the annealing process. There was no evidence of any other vanadium oxides present in the prepared samples. Indexing of the crystals for …


Scandium Oxide Thin Films And Their Optical Properties In The Extreme Ultraviolet, Guillermo Antonio Acosta Nov 2007

Scandium Oxide Thin Films And Their Optical Properties In The Extreme Ultraviolet, Guillermo Antonio Acosta

Theses and Dissertations

This study reports on the physical and optical characterization of scandium oxide thin films. Thin films of scandium oxide, 20-40 nm thick, were deposited on silicon wafers, quartz slides, and silicon photodiodes by reactively sputtering scandium in an oxygen environment. These samples were characterized using ellipsometry, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive x-ray analysis. A 28.46 nm thick scandium oxide thin film was measured in the Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) from 2.7 to 50 nm (459.3 to 24.8 eV) using synchrotron radiation at the Advanced Light Source Beamline 6.3.2 at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. In …


Construction Of A Calcium Matter-Wave Interferometer, Christopher Joseph Erickson Nov 2007

Construction Of A Calcium Matter-Wave Interferometer, Christopher Joseph Erickson

Theses and Dissertations

I describe the construction of a calcium matter-wave interferometer. The interferometer is based on a Ramsey-Borde scheme, and uses a thermal beam of atoms excited by an optical-frequency transition in calcium. In our experiment four pi/2 pulses of light are delivered to the atoms, which split and recombine the wave functions of the atoms. Our experimental design minimizes first-order Doppler shifts, and allows for the cancellation of systematic errors including phase shifts due to rotation and acceleration. I describe the individual components of the interferometer and its assembly. The requirements for the electronics used in the experiment as well as …


Measurement And Evaluation Of Blade Passage Frequency Fluctuations (A), Cole V. Duke, Scott D. Sommerfeldt, Kent L. Gee, Connor R. Duke Nov 2007

Measurement And Evaluation Of Blade Passage Frequency Fluctuations (A), Cole V. Duke, Scott D. Sommerfeldt, Kent L. Gee, Connor R. Duke

Faculty Publications

In the active control of tonal noise from cooling fans, one factor that can limit the achievable attenuation is fluctuation of the blade passage frequency in time. Large fluctuations in a short time can hinder the algorithm from converging to the optimal solution. Some fans have steadier speeds than others, which can be due to unsteady driving mechanisms or the physical structure of the fan. Environmental effects, such as back pressure and unsteady blade loading, can also cause the fan speed to fluctuate. The shifting in the blade passage frequency will be measured using a zero-crossing technique to track the …


Error Sensor Placement For Active Control Of An Axial Cooling Fan, Benjamin M. Shafer Oct 2007

Error Sensor Placement For Active Control Of An Axial Cooling Fan, Benjamin M. Shafer

Theses and Dissertations

Recent experimental achievements in active noise control (ANC) for cooling fans have used near-field error sensors whose locations are determined according to a theoretical condition of minimized sound power. A theoretical point source model, based on the condition previously stated, reveals the location of near-field pressure nulls that may be used to optimize error sensor placement. The actual locations of these near-field pressure nulls for both an axial cooling fan and a monopole loudspeaker were measured over a two-dimensional grid with a linear array of microphones. The achieved global attenuation for each case is measured over a hemisphere located in …


Development Of A Method For Calculating Delta Scuti Rotational Velocities And Hydrogen Beta Color Indices, Tabitha Christi Buehler Sep 2007

Development Of A Method For Calculating Delta Scuti Rotational Velocities And Hydrogen Beta Color Indices, Tabitha Christi Buehler

Theses and Dissertations

To add to the understanding of the structure and evolution of Delta Scuti stars, 167 Delta Scutis north of -01 degrees declination and brighter than 13th magnitude have been observed spectroscopically. A method for calculating rotational velocity values and Hydrogen-Beta color indices for the stars in the data set with no previously published values is developed, using the stars in the data set brighter than 7th magnitude. Rotational velocity values for four stars with previously unknown values and Hydrogen-Beta index values for five stars with previously unknown values are calculated.


Optimization Of Control Source And Error Sensor Locations In Free Field Active Noise Control, Connor Raymond Duke Aug 2007

Optimization Of Control Source And Error Sensor Locations In Free Field Active Noise Control, Connor Raymond Duke

Theses and Dissertations

Previous work has shown that active noise control (ANC) can be applied to axial cooling fans. Optimization of the control source and error sensor placement is desired to maximize the attenuation using ANC. A genetic algorithm was developed to find the optimal placement of control sources for a given primary source. The optimal configuration of control sources around a single primary source was shown to be a linear arrangement of the sources. This holds true for both two-dimensional as well as three-dimensional configurations. The higher-order radiation of the linear arrangement has also been verified experimentally, but the improvement in the …


Development Of A New Ca Ii H And K Spectrophotometric Temperature Index, Kathleen Elizabeth Moncrieff Aug 2007

Development Of A New Ca Ii H And K Spectrophotometric Temperature Index, Kathleen Elizabeth Moncrieff

Theses and Dissertations

We are developing a new spectrophotometric temperature index based on the Ca II H and K lines. Because these lines are present even in very cool stars and because the Ca II H line is blended with the H-epsilon line in hot stars, this index should cover a very broad range of spectral types. Our data set consisted of 95 stars with spectral types ranging from O9 to M1. We examined five different indices based on the Ca II H + H-epsilon and K lines, as well as single-wavelength indices centered on each of the H-delta and H-gamma lines, which …


The Effect Of Nonlinear Propagation On Near-Field Acoustical Holography, Micah Raymond Shepherd Aug 2007

The Effect Of Nonlinear Propagation On Near-Field Acoustical Holography, Micah Raymond Shepherd

Theses and Dissertations

Near-field acoustical holography (NAH) has been used extensively for acoustical imaging of infinitesimal-amplitude (or small-amplitude) sources. However, recent interests are in the application of NAH to image finite-amplitude (or high-amplitude) sources such as jets and rockets. Since NAH is based on linear equations and finite-amplitude sources imply nonlinear effects, which cause shock formation and consequently an altered spectral shape, a feasibility study is carried out to determine the effect of nonlinear propagation on NAH. Jet and rocket sources typically have a distinct spectral shape resembling a ‘haystack’ and center frequencies varying from 30 to 300 Hz. To test the effect …


On Stability And Evolution Of Solutions In General Relativity, Stephen M. Taylor Jul 2007

On Stability And Evolution Of Solutions In General Relativity, Stephen M. Taylor

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis is concerned with several problems in general relativity and low energy string theory that are pertinent to the time evolution of the gravitational field. We present a formulation of the Einstein field equations in terms of variational techniques borrowed from geometric analysis. These equations yield the evolution equations for the Cauchy problems of both general relativity and low energy string theory. We then proceed to investigate the evolutionary linear stability of Schwarzschild-like solutions in higher dimensional relativity called black strings. These objects are determined to be linearly unstable. This motivates a further stability analysis of the charged p-brane …


Development Of A Mevva Based Beryllium-7 Plasma Source, David K. Olson Jul 2007

Development Of A Mevva Based Beryllium-7 Plasma Source, David K. Olson

Theses and Dissertations

We have designed a new type of plasma gun ion source for a Malmberg-Penning trap based on Metal Vapor Vacuum Arc (MeVVA) ion source designs. Our primary intent with this MeVVA-type source is to create a confinable beryllium-7 (7-Be) plasma. 7-Be is a peculiar isotope due to its varying radioactive decay half-life in different electro-chemical configurations. It is also found in an unexpected abundance at high altitudes of the Earth's atmosphere. It is possible ioniziation affects the radioactivity of the isotope, partly explaining this discrepancy with atmospheric models. The short half-life of 7-Be requires us to replace the sample inside …


Extreme Ultraviolet Polarimetry With Laser-Generated High-Order Harmonics, Nicole Brimhall Jul 2007

Extreme Ultraviolet Polarimetry With Laser-Generated High-Order Harmonics, Nicole Brimhall

Theses and Dissertations

We developed an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) polarimeter, which employs laser-generated high-order harmonics as the light source. This relatively high-flux directional EUV source has available wavelengths between 8 nm and 62 nm and easily rotatable linear polarization. The polarimeter will aid researchers at BYU in characterizing EUV thin films and improving their understanding of materials for use in EUV optics. This first-time workhorse application of laser high harmonics enables polarization-sensitive reflection measurements not previously available in the EUV. We have constructed a versatile positioning system that places harmonics on the microchannel plate detector with an accuracy of 0.3 mm, which allows …


Anomalous Magnetic Field Dependence Of The T1 Spin Lifetime In A Lightly Doped Gaas Sample, John S. Colton, M. E. Heeb, P. Schroeder, A. Stokes, L. R. Wienkes, A. S. Bracker May 2007

Anomalous Magnetic Field Dependence Of The T1 Spin Lifetime In A Lightly Doped Gaas Sample, John S. Colton, M. E. Heeb, P. Schroeder, A. Stokes, L. R. Wienkes, A. S. Bracker

Faculty Publications

The T1 spin lifetime of a lightly doped n-type GaAs sample has been measured via time-resolved polarization spectroscopy under a number of temperature and magnetic field conditions. Lifetimes up to 19 μs have been measured. The magnetic field dependence of T1 shows a nonmonotonic behavior, where the spin lifetime first increases, then decreases, then increases again with field. The initial increase in T1 is understood to be due to correlation between electrons localized on donors. The decrease in T1 is likely due to phonon-related spin-orbit relaxation. The final increase in T1 with B indicates a suppression of the spin-orbit relaxation …


Coupling Down Converted Light Into Single Mode Fibers, David A. Niemi Apr 2007

Coupling Down Converted Light Into Single Mode Fibers, David A. Niemi

Theses and Dissertations

We investigate the influence of the pump and collection mode parameters on the collection efficiency of Type I down converted photons into single mode fibers. For best single and coincidence counting rates, we find that the mode sizes should be close to the same size and that the mode waists should be located near the down-conversion crystal. Larger collection waists give higher collection efficiencies, but lower singles counts.


Grating Lobe Reduction In Transducer Arrays Through Structural Filtering Of Supercritical Plates, Brian E. Anderson, Stephen A. Hambric, Jack W. Hughes Mar 2007

Grating Lobe Reduction In Transducer Arrays Through Structural Filtering Of Supercritical Plates, Brian E. Anderson, Stephen A. Hambric, Jack W. Hughes

Faculty Publications

The effect of placing a structural acoustic filter between water and the transducer elements of an array to help reduce undesirable grating lobes is investigated. A supercritical plate is mounted to transducer elements with a thin decoupling polyurethane layer between the transducers and the plate. The plate acts as a radiation/incidence angle filter to pass energy at angles near normal incidence, but suppress energy at large incidence angles. Grating lobe reduction is achieved at the expense of limiting the available steering of the main lobe. Within this steer angle limitation, the main lobe can be steered as normal while the …


Development Of An H-Alpha Index For The Detection Of Pms Candidates In Young Open Clusters, Liberty Rae Evanko Mar 2007

Development Of An H-Alpha Index For The Detection Of Pms Candidates In Young Open Clusters, Liberty Rae Evanko

Theses and Dissertations

One phase of formation of medium- and low-mass stars is the optically visible phase known as the pre-main-sequence or PMS phase. In order to further the understanding of this phase, more of these PMS objects need to be identified and classified. Previous techniques have used photometry to identify possible PMS objects by their characteristic Hα emission. Once identified these objects can be studied spectroscopically yielding complete PMS classification. This study develops a method to locate these emission objects that overcomes two limitations of previous techniques. The first limitation is the need for the creation of reddening maps. It is eliminated …


Bounds And Conditions: A Kolob In Our Solar System?, David D. Allred Mar 2007

Bounds And Conditions: A Kolob In Our Solar System?, David D. Allred

Faculty Publications

In 2003, Dialogue ran adjacent essays by two scientists, David Tolman and David Allred. The two Davids had been students together at Princeton, attending the same student ward. Decades after Princeton, Tolman had left Mormonism and Allred had stayed. Their essays are a fascinating juxtaposition. In the course of his piece, David Allred ventured for a few paragraphs into a discussion of the planet Jupiter and its role as a governor and protector in our solar system—a type of Kolob. Although the other author dismissed the topic as “fanciful physics,” my own interest was piqued. I asked Dr. Allred, who …


Strain-Based Electrical Properties Of Systems Of Carbon Nanotubes Embedded In Parylene, David D. Allred, Jon Brame, Johnathan Goodsell, Stephanie Getty Jan 2007

Strain-Based Electrical Properties Of Systems Of Carbon Nanotubes Embedded In Parylene, David D. Allred, Jon Brame, Johnathan Goodsell, Stephanie Getty

Faculty Publications

We have fabricated flexible electronic devices to test the strain-based change in resistance of a network of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) for use in microscale, high resolution magnetometry. To do this, we first develop a simple, reliable method to obtain catalyst nanoparticles for carbon nanotube growth through indirect, thin-film evaporation. Next we fabricate a two-terminal SWCNT device on a rigid substrate. We then transfer the device, intact, to a flexible substrate for strain testing. Herein, we report progress in growth and measurement techniques.


Computationally Modeling The Effects Of Surface Roughness On Soft X-Ray Multilayer Reflectors, Jedediah Edward Jensen Johnson Dec 2006

Computationally Modeling The Effects Of Surface Roughness On Soft X-Ray Multilayer Reflectors, Jedediah Edward Jensen Johnson

Theses and Dissertations

Electromagnetic scattering from a rough two dimensional homogeneous scatterer has been computationally modeled. The scatterer is intended to simulate reflection from a two interface multilayer. The rough scatterer was created from Gaussian random points centered about an ideal interface. The points were connected with a third order spline interpolant which accounts for correlation between neighboring surface atoms. The scalar electric field integral equation (EFIE) and magnetic field integral equation (MFIE) were solved using the Nystrom method to obtain the reflected intensity as a function of observation angle. Verification of the accuracy of the code was obtained by means of comparison …


Ordering Tendencies In The Binary Alloys Of Rh, Pd, Ir, And Pt: Density Functional Calculations, Gus L. W. Hart, Brian Kolb, Stefan Müller, David B. Botts Oct 2006

Ordering Tendencies In The Binary Alloys Of Rh, Pd, Ir, And Pt: Density Functional Calculations, Gus L. W. Hart, Brian Kolb, Stefan Müller, David B. Botts

Faculty Publications

The binary alloys of Rh, Pd, Ir, and Pt are important because of their high catalytic potential. We report in this paper that the Rh1-xIrx and Rh1-xPtx systems, long thought to phase separate at low temperatures, actually exhibit miscibility over the entire concentration and temperature range. We find low critical ordering temperatures, indicating that long-range order is unlikely to be observed experimentally. These results are compared with previous theoretical predications for the other binary alloys of Rh, Pd, Ir, and Pt and with calculations performed here on the Pt1-xIrx and Pd1-xIrx systems. We discuss these results and investigate the mechanisms …


Fourier Spectroscopy Of Ultrashort Laser Pulses, Scott D. Bergeson, Justin Peatross Sep 2006

Fourier Spectroscopy Of Ultrashort Laser Pulses, Scott D. Bergeson, Justin Peatross

Faculty Publications

We describe a Fourier-transform spectrometer appropriate for use in an undergraduate optics laboratory. The modular design, which uses off-the-shelf equipment, is suitable for determining the spectra of ultrashort pulsed and continuous light sources. The spectrometer does not require equal step sizes for the motion of the mirror. An algorithm interpolates the phase of both a reference and an unknown light beam at equal intervals before performing the Fourier transform. The interferometer scan and the phase and spectral analysis are performed in a few seconds, making the apparatus a useful tool for teaching concepts of temporal coherence and Fourier spectroscopy.


Sound Absorption And Sound Power Measurements In Reverberation Chambers Using Energy Density Methods, David B. Nutter Aug 2006

Sound Absorption And Sound Power Measurements In Reverberation Chambers Using Energy Density Methods, David B. Nutter

Theses and Dissertations

Measurements in a reverberation chamber use spatially averaged squared pressure to calculate sound absorption, sound power, and other sound measurements. While a reverberation chamber provides an approximation of a diffuse sound field, variations in the measurements introduce uncertainty in measurement results. Room qualification procedures require a sufficient number of source-receiver locations to obtain suitable measurements. The total acoustic energy density provides greater spatial uniformity than squared pressure, which requires fewer source-receiver positions to produce similar or better accuracy in measurement results. This paper explores the possibility of using energy density in place of squared pressure, using methods outlined in current …


Feedback Applications In Active Noise Control For Small Axial Cooling Fans, Matthew J. Green Aug 2006

Feedback Applications In Active Noise Control For Small Axial Cooling Fans, Matthew J. Green

Theses and Dissertations

Feedback active noise control (ANC) has been applied as a means of attenuating broadband noise from a small axial cooling fan. Such fans are used to maintain thermal stability inside of computers, projectors, and other office equipment and home appliances. The type of low-level noise radiated from axial cooling fans has been classified as harmful to productivity and human well being. Previous research has successfully implemented feed-forward ANC, targeting specific narrow-band fan noise content related to the blade passage frequency (BPF) of the fan. The reference signal required for a feed-forward algorithm limits its ability to attenuate much of the …


Mesoscopic Domain Average Engineering Simulations Of Ferroelectric Perovskites Compared With Multidomain Group Theoretical Predictions, Brandon J. Keith, Dorian M. Hatch Aug 2006

Mesoscopic Domain Average Engineering Simulations Of Ferroelectric Perovskites Compared With Multidomain Group Theoretical Predictions, Brandon J. Keith, Dorian M. Hatch

Faculty Publications

Engineered, multidomain ferroelectrics are of current interest for mechatronic and optical applications. Previously [D. M. Hatch et al., J. Appl. Phys. 94, 5220 (2003)], we presented a set of tables/symmetry rules showing all possible domain average engineered multidomain structures arising from [100]-, [110]-, and [111]-ordering ferroelectric transitions from a Pm[overline 3]m perovskite structure. In this work we test those predictions against three-dimensional mesoscopic fast quench simulations under various electric/stress field combinations and find excellent agreement with multidomain group theory. These simulations use a Langevin strain-displacement/polarization evolution strategy and are important to developing processing conditions for materials with precise domain structures.


Understanding Dc-Bias Sputtered Thorium Oxide Thin Films Useful In Euv Optics, William R. Evans, Sarah C. Barton, Michael Clemens, David D. Allred Aug 2006

Understanding Dc-Bias Sputtered Thorium Oxide Thin Films Useful In Euv Optics, William R. Evans, Sarah C. Barton, Michael Clemens, David D. Allred

Faculty Publications

We use spectroscopic ellipsometry to determine the optical constants of seven thin-film ThO2 samples deposited by radio-frequency sputtering, thickness ranging between 24 and 578 nm, for the spectral range of 1.2 to 6.5. We used a hollow-cathode light source and vacuum monochromator to measure constants at 10.2 eV. None of the deposition parameters studied including DC-bias voltages successfully increased the n of (that is, densify) thoria films. The value of n at 3.0 eV is 1.86 ± 0.04. We find compelling evidence to conclude that the direct bad gap is at ~5.9 eV, clarifying the results of others, some of …


Optimization Of Active Noise Control For Small Axial Cooling Fans, Brian B. Monson Jul 2006

Optimization Of Active Noise Control For Small Axial Cooling Fans, Brian B. Monson

Theses and Dissertations

Previous work has shown that active noise control is a feasible solution to attenuate tonal noise radiated by small axial cooling fans, such as those found in desktop computers. One such control system reduced noise levels of a baffled 80-mm fan in the free field with four small loudspeakers surrounding the fan. Due to industry specified spatial constraints, a smaller fan and speaker configuration was desirable. The smaller configuration maintains similar control performance, further facilitating practical implementation of the control system. The smaller control system employs a smaller fan running at a higher speed. Different loudspeaker configurations for control exist …