Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

The Tropical Forest And Fire Emissions Experiment: Overview And Airborne Fire Emission Factor Measurements, Robert Yokelson, Thomas Karl, P Artaxo, D Blake, Theodore Christian, David W. Griffith, A Guenther, W M Hao

Faculty of Science - Papers (Archive)

The Tropical Forest and Fire Emissions Experiment (TROFFEE) used laboratory measurements followed by airborne and ground based field campaigns during the 2004 Amazon dry season to quantify the emissions from pristine tropical forest and several plantations as well as the emissions, fuel consumption, and fire ecology of tropical deforestation fires. The airborne campaign used an Embraer 110B aircraft outfitted with whole air sampling in canisters, mass-calibrated nephelometry, ozone by UV absorbance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and proton-transfer mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) to measure PM10, O3, CO2, CO, NO, NO2, HONO, HCN, NH3, OCS, DMS, CH4, and up to 48 non-methane …

The Synthesis Of 2',2'-Bis-Benzylisoquinolines And Their Cytostatic Activities, Stephen R. Taylor, Alison T. Ung, Stephen G. Pyne

Faculty of Science - Papers (Archive)

The novel laudanosine dimers in which two laudanosine units are linked via a C-2′ biaryl bond have been prepared by a sequence that involves formation of the biaryl bond first and then formation of the isoquinoline rings. Two of these compounds showed higher cytostatic activity on three cancer cell lines than thalicarpine.

Effect Of Protein Stabilization On Charge State Distribution In Positive- And Negative Ion Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectra, Stephen J. Watt, Margaret Sheil, Jennifer L. Beck, Pavel Prosselkov, Gottfried Otting, Nicholas E. Dixon

Faculty of Science - Papers (Archive)

Changes in protein conformation are thought to alter charge state distributions observed in electrospray ionization mass spectra (ESI-MS) of proteins. In most cases, this has been demonstrated by unfolding proteins through acidification of the solution. This methodology changes the properties of the solvent so that changes in the ESI-MS charge envelopes from conformational changes are difficult to separate from the effects of changing solvent on the ionization process. A novel strategy is presented enabling comparison of ESI mass spectra of a folded and partially unfolded protein of the same amino acid sequence subjected to the same experimental protocols and conditions. …

Synthesis Of An Anthracyclinone Bearing An Unprecedented Aromatic Ring-Fused Bridgehead-Hydroxylated Bicyclo[3.1.1]Heptanol, Celine Kelso, Jennifer L. Beck, Michael J. Kelso

Faculty of Science - Papers (Archive)

This Letter describes the unexpected stereospecific formation of a novel anthracyclinone incorporating the unprecedented aromatic ring-fused bridgehead-hydroxylated bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanol scaffold.

Ground-Based Solar Absorption Ftir Spectroscopy: Characterization Of Retrievals And First Results From A Novel Optical Design Instrument At A New Ndacc Complementary Station, Aldona Waiacek, J R. Taylor, K Strong, R Saari, T Kertzenmacher, Nicholas B. Jones, David W. Griffith

Faculty of Science - Papers (Archive)

The authors describe the optical design of a high-resolution Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS), which serves as the primary instrument at the University of Toronto Atmospheric Observatory (TAO). The FTS is dedicated to ground-based infrared solar absorption atmospheric measurements from Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Instrument performance is discussed in terms of instrumental line shape (ILS) and phase error and modulation efficiency as a function of optical path difference. Typical measurement parameters are presented together with retrieval parameters used to derive total and partial column concentrations of ozone. Retrievals at TAO employ the optimal estimation method (OEM), and some impacts of the necessary …

Provincial Paradoxes: 'At Home' With Older Gay Men In A Provincial Town Of The Antipodes, Gordon R. Waitt, Andrew W. Gorman-Murray

Faculty of Science - Papers (Archive)

In this paper we explore the importance of ‘home’ in the everyday lives of older gay men living in Townsville, a provincial town in tropical north Queensland. To do this we deploy the work of Alison Blunt and Robin Dowling (2006), who present a spatialised understanding of home. Drawing on interview materials with ten men who identified as gay, and who are also over forty years of age, we demonstrate that home is a crucial site in the production of their subjectivities. We argue that a spatialised understanding of home reveals paradoxical qualities of Townsville-as-home for older gay men. Furthermore, …

Impact Of Data Uncertainty On The Spatio-Temporal Distribution Of Australian Cyclones, 1906-2006, Marjetta L. Puotinen

Faculty of Science - Papers (Archive)

Tropical cyclones (known elsewhere as hurricanes or typhoons) regularly track through Australia’s northern coastal regions (Figure 1).

Data documenting the basic characteristics of cyclones in the Australian region is available from the Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) as early as 1906. This data set (freely available in ASCII format at http://www.bom.gov.au) records some 41 attributes (most of which are not complete for the entire time series) for 22,645 individual cyclone eye positions. Because cyclones can cause considerable impact to both marine and terrestrial environments, data sets such as this are widely used to reconstruct past cyclone conditions (for example, see Berz …

Reductive Ring Opening Reactions Of Diphenyldihydrofullerenylpyrroles, William Hawkins, Paul A. Keller, Stephen G. Pyne

Faculty of Science - Papers (Archive)

The reductive ring opening reaction conditions for the simple [60]fullerenyldihydropyrrole 1 have been optimized to include acetic acid in the reaction mixture to rapidly protonate the anionic intermediate. Under these conditions, the ring opened dihydrofullerene 2 was obtained in 68% yield. Under slightly modified conditions and at −78 °C, the reductive bis-ring opening of the tethered trans-4 isomer 3 provided the novel racemic bis-dihydrofullerenyl derivative 7.

Sensor Node Localisation Using A Stereo Camera Rig, Dermot Diamond, Noel E. O'Connor, Alan F. Smeaton, Stephen Beirne, Brian Corcoran, Philip Kelly, King-Tong Lau, Roderick L. Shepherd

Faculty of Science - Papers (Archive)

In this paper, we use stereo vision processing techniques to detect and localise sensors used for monitoring simulated environmental events within an experimental sensor net- work testbed. Our sensor nodes communicate to the camera through patterns emitted by light emitting diodes (LEDs). Ultimately, we envisage the use of very low-cost, low-power, compact microcontroller-based sensing nodes that employ LED communication rather than power hungry RF to trans- mit data that is gathered via existing CCTV infrastructure. To facilitate our research, we have constructed a controlled environment where nodes and cameras can be deployed and potentially hazardous chemical or physical plumes can …

Classification Of Seagrass Habitat Structure As A Reponse To Wave Exposure At Etoile Cay, Seychelles, Sarah Hamylton, Tom Spencer

Faculty of Science - Papers (Archive)

Physical processes are thought to be a critical control on shallow water communities in the tropics. Past studies of seagrass community patterns have tended to be qualitative and failed to empirically link observed structures with the processes that govern them. Remote sensing technology, in the form of imagery acquired using a Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI), has been used to construct a habitat map of seagrass communities at Etoile Cay, Amirantes, Seychelles. . A sim-ple definition of seagrass habitat structure, incorporating measures of complexity and heterogene-ity, has been investigated along a wave exposure gradient via moving window analysis over the …

Forestry For Indigenous Peoples: Learning From Experiences With Forest Industries, Sue Feary

Faculty of Science - Papers (Archive)

No abstract provided.

Infrared Spectra Of The Li +_(H 2)N(N=1-3) Cation Complexes, C Emmeluth, B L. J Poad, C D. Thompson, G H. Weddle, E J. Bieske

Faculty of Science - Papers (Archive)

The Li⁺–(H₂)_n n = 1–3 complexes are investigated through infrared spectra recorded in the H–H stretch region (3980–4120 cm⁻¹) and through ab initio calculations at the MP2∕aug-cc-pVQZ level. The rotationally resolved H–H stretch band of Li⁺–H₂ is centered at 4053.4 cm⁻¹ [a −108 cm⁻¹ shift from the Q₁(0) transition of H₂]. The spectrum exhibits rotational substructure consistent with the complex possessing a T-shaped equilibrium geometry, with the Li⁺ ion attached to a slightly perturbed H₂ molecule. Around 100 rovibrational transitions belonging to …

Interactions Between The Chloride Anion And Aromatic Molecules: Infrared Spectra Of The Cl-_C6h5ch3, Cl-_C6h5nh2 And Cl-_C6h5oh Complexes, Corinna Emmeluth, Berwyck L. J Poad, Christopher D. Thompson, Evan J. Bieske

Faculty of Science - Papers (Archive)

The Cl^-−C₆H₅CH₃·Ar, Cl^-−C₆H₅NH₂·Ar, and Cl^-−C₆H₅OH·Ar anion complexes are investigated using infrared photodissociation spectroscopy and ab initio calculations at the MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ level. The results indicate that for Cl^-−C₆H₅NH₂ and Cl^-−C₆H₅OH, the Cl^- anion is attached to the substituent group by a single near-linear hydrogen bond. For Cl^-−C₆H₅CH₃, the Cl^- is attached to an ortho-hydrogen atom …

Widespread Disruption Of Repressor Element-1 Silencing Transcription Factor/Neuron-Restrictive Silencer Factor Occupancy At Its Target Genes In Huntington's Disease, Chiara Zuccato, Nikolai D. Belyaev, Paola Conforti, Lezanne Ooi, Marzia Tartari, Evangelia Papadimou, Marcy Macdonald, Elisa Fossale, Scott Zeitlin, Noel J. Buckley, Elena Cattaneo

Faculty of Science - Papers (Archive)

Huntingtin is a protein that is mutated in Huntington's disease (HD), a dominant inherited neurodegenerative disorder. We previously proposed that, in addition to the gained toxic activity of the mutant protein, selective molecular dysfunctions in HD may represent the consequences of the loss of wild-type protein activity. We first reported that wild-type huntingtin positively affects the transcription of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene, a cortically derived survival factor for the striatal neurons that are mainly affected in the disease. Mutation in huntingtin decreases BDNF gene transcription. One mechanism involves the activation of repressor element 1/neuron-restrictive silencer element (RE1/NRSE) located …

Vulnerability Of Geomorphological Features In The Great Barrier Reef To Climate Change, Scott Smithers, N Harvey, David Hopley, Colin D. Woodroffe

Faculty of Science - Papers (Archive)

The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) is the largest contiguous coral reef ecosystem in the world81,49. That it is possibly the largest geomorphological structure ever created by living organisms is less widely appreciated. The GBR extends through approximately 15 degrees of latitude and more than 2100 km along the northeast Queensland coast, covering an area of 344,500 km²⁸². It includes more than 2900 reefs of varying types (eg fringing, patch, cresentic, lagoonal, planar), dimensions and stage of growth, which together occupy greater than 20,000 km², or about 5.8 percent of the total area of the GBR^{81,82 …}

Water Quality In The Illawarra-South Coast Region Of New South Wales, Australia, Robert John Morrison, Mark R. O'Donnell

Faculty of Science - Papers (Archive)

Water quality is a serious environmental concern in the South Coast region of New South Wales as many aspects of human ecology and the economy are dependant on good water quality. Apart from drinking water for residents and visitors, tourism and agricultural productivity rely on good quality water. This paper presents an overview of general issues with regard to the development of water quality assessment procedures and programs, and discusses a number of issues considered important for the region. These include the impacts of increasing urbanisation, industrial activity (including mining), the potential wider use of groundwater and the improved management …

Intramolecular Versus Intermolecular Oxidative Couplings Of Ester Tethered Di-Aryl Ethers, Stephen R. Taylor, Alison T. Ung, Stephen G. Pyne, Brian W. Skelton, Allan H. White

Faculty of Science - Papers (Archive)

The oxidative cyclization of 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl 3,4-dimethoxyphenylacetate, through intramolecular biphenyl bond formation, was successful and gave the target seven-membered lactone in good yield (85–86%). All other ester substrates gave biphenyl products or their further oxidized products via intermolecular coupling of their radical cation intermediate with the neutral substrate. It appears that matching of the oxidation potentials and nucleophilicity of the two phenyl rings, the positioning of the ring substituents and the ease of E to Z isomerization about the ester C–O bond are important factors contributing to these product outcomes.

'Plus Ca Change ...' Change And Stasis In The Age Of Irish Fertility, 1961-2002: A Spatio-Temporal Analysis, Murray Wilson

Faculty of Science - Papers (Archive)

Since the 1960s Irish fertility has undergone dramatic change. Whilst the broad outlines of both the nature and the origins of such change are, by now, well engough known and understood, little attention has been paid to the way in which changes in age specific fertility have been manifested regionally. This paper uses cluster analysis to group counties and county boroughs/cities according to their age-specific profiles of fertility at each full cencus year between 1961 and 2002 and then ANOVA to identify meaningful statistical relationships between cluster membership in each year and varibles descriptive of the demographic and socio-economic context.

Hybrid Treatment Systems For Dye Wastewater, Faisal I. Hai, Kazuo Yamamoto, Kensuke Fukushi

Faculty of Science - Papers (Archive)

Virtually all the known physico-chemical and biological techniques have been explored for treatment of extremely recalcitrant dye wastewater; none, however, has emerged as a panacea. A single universally applicable end-of-pipe solution appears to be unrealistic, and combination of appropriate techniques is deemed imperative to devise technically and economically feasible options. An in-depth evaluation of wide range of potential hybrid technologies delineated in literature along with plausible analyses of available cost information has been furnished. In addition to underscoring the indispensability of hybrid technologies, this paper also endorses the inclusion of energy and water reuse plan within the treatment scheme, and …

Late Quaternary Bedrock Incision In The Narmada River At Dardi Falls, Avijit Gupta, Vishwas S. Kale, Lewis A. Owen, A. K. Singhvi

Faculty of Science - Papers (Archive)

Fluvial incision in bedrock is common in many rivers of the Indian Peninsula. We investigated a site in the gorge of the Narmada river at Dardi Falls that displays geomorphic evidence of intense bedrock erosion. We report here a terrestrial cosmogenic radionuclide date from an eroded rock surface in Peninsular India. Terrestrial cosmogenic radionuclide dating of the rock surface adjacent to the inner gorge indicated that the minimum age of the gorge is 40 ka. We suggest that the present gorge has developed in two phases, separated by a period of large-scale aggradation that filled the gorge with alluvium. Gorge …

Spatial Models Of Giant Burrowing Frog Distributions, Trent D. Penman, M. Mahony, A. Towerton, Francis Lemckert

Faculty of Science - Papers (Archive)

Spatial models of species distributions are becoming a common tool in wildlife management. Most distributional models are developed from point locality data which may limit the modelling process. Habitat variability within a species environment could be included by modelling areas of occurrence rather than point records. This may be particularly important for rare and cryptic species which often have only a small number of known localities. The giant burrowing frog Heleioporus australiacus is a threatened and cryptic species in south-eastern Australia. Previous attempts at modelling its distribution have been largely unsuccessful due to the extremely small number of known localities. …

Stone Axe Technology In Neolithic South India: New Evidence From The Sanganakallu-Kupgal Region, Mideastern Karnataka, A Brumm, Nicole Boivin, Ravi Korisettar, Jinu Koshy, Paula Whittaker

Faculty of Science - Papers (Archive)

The transition to agriculture—and to settled village life—occurred at different times in various parts of the world. Even within the Indian subcontinent, the Neolithic transition did not occur simultaneously across the entire region; rather, Neolithic ‘‘pockets’’ developed at di¤erent moments in certain key areas within the subcontinent. One such area is the South Deccan Plateau in South India, where the third millennium b.c. saw the development of a novel Neolithic way of life that di¤ered in crucial ways from Neolithic lifeways in other parts of the subcontinent (Allchin 1963). This tradition was marked by a particular focus on cattle and …

The Natural Resilience Of Coastal Systems: Primary Concepts, C. D. Woodroffe

Faculty of Science - Papers (Archive)

Coasts are particularly dynamic and the morphology of the coast is continually changing in response to various processes operating at different rates. Coastal landforms are extremely changeable and coastal habitats change over a range of spatial and temporal scales; recognition of these variations is necessary in order that planning and management can be effective. The increasing realisation that human impacts are affecting our coastlines has promoted the concept of vulnerability. Successful management of coastlines, including mitigation of adverse impacts, must be based on an understanding of natural patterns of change. When a trajectory of change is detected, it is often …

Corticotropin Releasing Hormone - A Gpcr Drug Target, C. Hemley, A. Mccluskey, Paul A. Keller

Faculty of Science - Papers (Archive)

Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone (CRH) is a primary hormone in the fight or flight response targeting a membrane bound G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR). Many people worldwide stand to benefit by the development of CRH agonists and antagonists for the treatment of anxiety and depression, with additional therapeutic targets including Alzheimer’s, pain and the prevention of premature birth: so why the delay in development? In this review, we will discuss not only CRH, related proteins, receptors and ligands, but some of the obstacles that have arisen, as well as strategies being pursued to overcome these problems in the pursuit of this GPCR …

Cultural Ecology: The Problematic Human And The Terms Of Engagement, Lesley M. Head

Faculty of Science - Papers (Archive)

As an intellectual container ‘cultural ecology’ is fraught with the same conceptual and ontological problems – what Anderson (2005: 280) calls ‘the stale binaries’ - that attend human impacts, cultural landscapes, indeed human and physical geographies. Yet the rich, detailed and diverse empirical material in evidence at the moment contradicts this in the doing. So perhaps we should be confident that in the public conversations we shall be known best by our works. Our students will be most effective if they can both groundtruth the satellite image of coastal vegetation and explain why the tsunami was experienced very differently by …

Evidence For Historic Coastal High-Energy Wave Impact (Tsunami?) In North Wales, United Kingdom, S. Haslett, Edward A. Bryant

Faculty of Science - Papers (Archive)

Understanding the contribution of high-energy events (e.g. storms, tsunami) to coastal evolution is currently much debated. Field investigations in North Wales on Anglesey and the Lleyn Peninsula have identified four sites where imbricated boulder trains occur that are discriminators of wave characteristics. Clast analysis indicates that storm wave heights (ca. 20 m), in excess of known extremes (5 to < 9 m), are required to transport them. A plausible explanation is the historic impact of tsunami (≥ 5 m high) that may have been caused either by a) a submarine slide situated offshore on the edge of the continental shelf or Rockall Trough, b) through seismic activity, as the region is one of the most seismically active regions of the British Isles, or c) impact of comet debris in the North Atlantic, with a candidate event around AD 1014. Field evidence suggests that such a high wave-energy event has not recurred along this coast within the last 400 years.

Dnase Sda1 Provides Selection Pressure For A Switch To Invasive Group A Streptococcal Infection, Mark J. Walker, A. Hollands, Martina L. Sanderson-Smith, J. N. Cole, J. K. Kirk, A. Henningham, Jason D. Mcarthur, K. Dinkla, R. K. Aziz, R. G. Kansal, A. J. Simpson, J. T. Buchanan, G. S. Chhatwal, M. Kotb, V. Nizet

Faculty of Science - Papers (Archive)

Most invasive bacterial infections are caused by species that more commonly colonize the human host with minimal symptoms. Although phenotypic or genetic correlates underlying a bacterium’s shift to enhanced virulence have been studied, the in vivo selection pressure governing such shifts are poorly understood. The globally disseminated M1T1 clone of group A Streptococcus (GAS) is linked with rare but life-threatening syndromes of necrotizing fasciitis and toxic shock syndrome. Mutations in the GAS control of virulence regulatory sensor kinase (covRS) operon are associated with severe invasive disease, abolishing expression of a broad spectrum cysteine protease (SpeB)2,3 and allowing the recruitment and …

The Effect Of Dextran On Subunit Exchange Of Αa-Crystallin, A. Ghahghaei, A. Rekas, W. E. Price, J. A. Carver

Faculty of Science - Papers (Archive)

α-Crystallin, a member of small heat shock protein (sHsp) family, is comprised of αA and αB subunits and acts as a molecular chaperone by interacting with unfolding proteins to prevent their aggregation. The αA-crystallin homopolymer consists of 30-40 subunits that are undergoing dynamic exchange. α-Crystallin and αA-crystallin are poorer chaperones in the presence of the crowding agent, dextran. Using fluorescence resonance energy transfer, it is shown that the αAcrystallin subunit exchange rate strongly increased with temperature. Binding of reduced ovotransferrin to αA-crystallin markedly decreases the rate of subunit exchange, as does the presence of dextran. In addition, in the presence …

Aryl Nitro Reduction With Iron Powder Or Stannous Chloride Under Ultrasonic Irradiation, A. B. Gamble, James A. Garner, Christopher Gordon, S. M. J. O'Conner, Paul A. Keller

Faculty of Science - Papers (Archive)

The selective reduction of aryl nitro compounds in the presence of sensitive functionalities, including halide, carbonyl, nitrile and ester substituents under ultrasonic irradiation at 35 kHz is reported in yields of 39-98%. Iron powder proved superior to stannous chloride with high tolerance of sensitive functional groups and high yields of the desired aryl amines in relatively short reaction times. Simple experimental procedure and purification also make the iron reduction of aryl nitro compounds advantageous over other methods of reduction.

Coastal Systems And Low-Lying Areas, R. J. Nicholls, P. P. Wong, V. Burkett, J. Codignotto, J. Hay, R. Mclean, S. Ragoonaden, C. D. Woodroffe, P. A. O. Abuodha, J. Arblaster, B. Brown, D. Forbes, J. Hall, S. Kovats, J. Lowe, K. Mcinnes, S. Moser, S. Rupp-Armstrong, Y. Saito

Faculty of Science - Papers (Archive)

Since the IPCC Third Assessment Report (TAR), our understanding of the implications of climate change for coastal systems and low-lying areas (henceforth referred to as ‘coasts’) has increased substantially and six important policy-relevant messages have emerged. Coasts are experiencing the adverse consequences of hazards related to climate and sea level (very high confidence). Coasts are highly vulnerable to extreme events, such as storms, which impose substantial costs on coastal societies [6.2.1, 6.2.2, 6.5.2]. Annually, about 120 million people are exposed to tropical cyclone hazards, which killed 250,000 people from 1980 to 2000 [6.5.2]. Through the 20th century, global rise of …