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Articles 31 - 60 of 77
Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics
User Controlled Privacy Protection In Location-Based Services, Anuket Bhaduri
User Controlled Privacy Protection In Location-Based Services, Anuket Bhaduri
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The rapid development of location-determining technologies has enabled tracking of people or objects more accurately than ever before and the volume and extent of tracking has increased dramatically over time. Within the broader domain of tracking technologies, location-based services (LBS) are a subset of capabilities that allow users to access information relative to their own physical location. However, the personal location information generated by such technologies is at risk of being misused or abused unless protection capabilities are built into the design of such systems. These concerns may ultimately prevent society from achieving the broad range of benefits that otherwise …
Hydroperiod Of Wetlands And Reproduction In Wood Frogs (Rana Sylvatica) And Spotted Salamanders (Ambystoma Maculatum), Mary Beth Kolozsvary
Hydroperiod Of Wetlands And Reproduction In Wood Frogs (Rana Sylvatica) And Spotted Salamanders (Ambystoma Maculatum), Mary Beth Kolozsvary
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Many amphibians rely on wetlands for reproduction and the differential distribution of amphibian species along a gradient of wetland permanence is striking, yet not absolute. Wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) and spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum) are thought to rely on seasonal wetlands for greatest breeding success, but there is little documentation of their reliance on these or other habitats. In my first chapter, I studied these species in wetlands across a hydrologic gradient from seasonal wetlands of short flood duration to permanently flooded sites. My results indicate that wood frogs have greatest reproductive effort and success in …
Susceptibility Of Adult Colorado Potato Beetle (Leptinotarsa Decemlineata) To The Fungal Entomopathogen Beauveria Bassiana, Ellen Klinger
Susceptibility Of Adult Colorado Potato Beetle (Leptinotarsa Decemlineata) To The Fungal Entomopathogen Beauveria Bassiana, Ellen Klinger
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Factors influencing the susceptibility of adult Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), to the fungal entomopathogen, Beauveria bassiana (Bals.), were studied. In an assay comparing trials between a): laboratory reared, non-diapausing beetles and b): field collected, post-diapausing beetles, survival of B. bassiana treated beetles was higher for non-diapausing adults, however, control mortality was higher for post-diapausing adults. In a similar assay with field collected pre- and post-diapausing beetles, survival of B. bassiana treated individuals was higher for post-diapause adults and control mortality was higher for post-diapausing adults than pre-diapausing beetles. In a third experiment, the effect of time from …
An Engineering, Economic, And Political Approach To Beach Erosion Mitigation And Harbor Development: A Review Of The Beach Communities Of Camp Ellis, Maine, Wells, Maine, And Cape May, New Jersey, Edmund Cervone
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The history of coastal engineering projects is fraught with problems. In this thesis I examine the federal navigation project at Wells, Maine. In Wells, an incomplete understanding of the coastal setting led to a faulty engineering design responsible for a poorly functioning inlet and harbor and damage to neighboring beaches and wildlife habitat. Project planners and designers did not account for all unforeseen problems that arose. Reviewing the history of Wells Harbor demonstrates how proper attention to the natural setting, economics, and the political environment is essential to a successful project and enables agencies and stakeholders better to address contingencies …
Collaborative Research: Volcanic Records From The Siple And Taylor Dome Ice Cores, Antarctica, George A. Zielinski
Collaborative Research: Volcanic Records From The Siple And Taylor Dome Ice Cores, Antarctica, George A. Zielinski
University of Maine Office of Research Administration: Grant Reports
The primary goals of this project were to, 1) evaluate the volcanic acidity record in the Siple Dome A (SDMA) and B (SDMB) ice cores and the Taylor Dome ice core available through the sulfate time series developed by the glaciochemistry group at the University of Maine, 2) undertake a continuous scan of the SDMA core and scan specific sections in the SDMB core to locate and analyze volcanic glass to determine glass composition, and thus source eruptions for the glass and potentially for volcanic sulfate found in the same layer, and 3) evaluate specific sections containing volcanic glass in …
Antarctic Oversnow Traverse-Based Southern Hemisphere Climate Reconstruction, Paul Andrew Mayewski
Antarctic Oversnow Traverse-Based Southern Hemisphere Climate Reconstruction, Paul Andrew Mayewski
Earth Science Faculty Scholarship
On 2 January 2003, the U.S. component of the International Trans Antarctic Scientific Expedition (U.S. ITASE) (Figure 1) arrived at the South Pole after completing more than 5000 km of oversnow traverses that included much of west Antarctica and a portion of east Antarctica (Figure 2). During the traverses, which were performed from 1999 through 2003, U.S. ITASE focused on collecting data that will allow the reconstruction of sub-annual scale climate variability and changes in the chemistry of the atmosphere over the last 200+ years.
ITASE is a multi-disciplinary research program supported by 19 nations and endorsed by the Scientific …
The Response Of A Small Stream In The Lesni Potok Forested Catchment, Central Czech Republic, To A Short-Term In-Stream Acidification, T. Navrátil, M. Vach, Stephen A. Norton, P. Skrivan, J. Hruška, L. Maggini
The Response Of A Small Stream In The Lesni Potok Forested Catchment, Central Czech Republic, To A Short-Term In-Stream Acidification, T. Navrátil, M. Vach, Stephen A. Norton, P. Skrivan, J. Hruška, L. Maggini
Earth Science Faculty Scholarship
Lesni Potok stream drains a forested headwater catchment in the central Czech Republic. It was artificially acidified with hydrochloric acid (HCl) for four hours to assess the role of stream substrate in acid-neutralisation and recovery. The pH was lowered from 4.7 to 3.2. Desorption of Ca and MP and desorption or solution of Al dominated acid-neutralisation; Al mobilisation was more important later. The stream substrate released 4.542 meq Ca, 1, 184 meq Mg, and 2,329 meq Al over a 45 in long and I in wide stream segment, smaller amounts of Be. Cd, Fe, and Mn were released. Adsorption of …
Collaborative Research: Did The Laurentine Ice Sheet Control Abrupt Climate Change?, Terence J. Hughes, James L. Fastook, David Bromwich, E. Richard Toracinta
Collaborative Research: Did The Laurentine Ice Sheet Control Abrupt Climate Change?, Terence J. Hughes, James L. Fastook, David Bromwich, E. Richard Toracinta
University of Maine Office of Research Administration: Grant Reports
This is a collaborative project with the University of Maine and Ohio State University. The Principal Investigators will model the late glacial Laurentide Ice Sheet from near steady-state equilibrium at - 25,000 BP (years before present), through reversible stadial/interstadial transitions associated with Laurentide iceberg outbursts (Heinrich events 2 and 1), and across the threshold of irreversible Laurentide collapse after the last iceberg outburst at - 1 1,000 BP (Heinrich event 0). The goals are to determine if ice-sheet changes could have triggered climate changes by abrupt ice sheet change and to investigate the structure of these changes. The Principal Investigators …
Population Dynamics And Spatial Analysis Of The Maine Green Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus Droebachiensis) Fishery, Robert C. Grabowski
Population Dynamics And Spatial Analysis Of The Maine Green Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus Droebachiensis) Fishery, Robert C. Grabowski
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Fisheries research on the green sea urchin in Maine has been limited despite its importance to the state's fishing industry. The objective of this thesis was to generate critical information for the management and monitoring of the Maine green sea urchin fishery. In particular there are three main areas of interest: (1) an investigation of biological reference points; (2) spatial analysis and biomass estimation, and (3) the development of a simulation framework approach to determine an optimal sampling strategy for the fishery-independent survey program. Biological reference points are markers conlrnonly used to monitor and manage fisheries. For the Maine sea …
Reactions Of Alcohols And Organophosphonates On Tungsten Trioxide Epitaxial Films, Shuguo Ma
Reactions Of Alcohols And Organophosphonates On Tungsten Trioxide Epitaxial Films, Shuguo Ma
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The adsorption, diffusion, reactions, and desorption of water, alcohols, ethers, and an organophosphonate were studied using calibrated thermal desorption spectroscopy (CTDS) on thin film WO3(OOl) surfaces grown epitaxially on a single crystal α- Al2O3(li02) (sapphire) substrate. The studies were conducted on oxidized and reduced surfaces, which were characterized by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS). The desorption spectra for molecular desorption of all of these molecules shifted to lower temperature with increasing coverage, and had overlapping tails on the high temperature side. Monte Carlo simulations show that this typical desorption shape …
Oxygen Delignification Kinetics And Selectivity Improvement, Steven M. Violette
Oxygen Delignification Kinetics And Selectivity Improvement, Steven M. Violette
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Pulp strength loss during oxygen delignification is caused by cellulose chain cleavage resulting fiom attack by oxygen-based radicals generated through reactions with lignin. The objective of this research was to improve the lignin-to-cellulose selectivity during oxygen delignification by using radical-scavenging polymeric additives that adsorb on the cellulose surfaces where protection fiom radicals is needed. Among the polymers evaluated were starch, carboxymethyl-cellulose, galactomannan, xylan, and glucomannan. Oxygen delignification experiments were conducted on Northeast softwood Kraft pulps at different temperatures, sodium hydroxide charges, reaction times, and pretreatments. The effect of polymer additives on the selectivity and kinetics was studied. Polymer adsorption on …
Relationship Between Alkaline Pulp Yield And The Mass Fraction And Degree Of Polymerization Of Cellulose In Pulp, Mehmet Sefik Tunc
Relationship Between Alkaline Pulp Yield And The Mass Fraction And Degree Of Polymerization Of Cellulose In Pulp, Mehmet Sefik Tunc
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Wood as a raw material is generally the dominant cost factor for the production of chemical pulp. Therefore, an increase in pulp yield has a major impact on the competitiveness of a mill. In order to optimize pulp yield, for example by changing operating conditions, a mill must be able to monitor the yield accurately. However, an accurate "real-time" pulp yield measurement method is not available at the present time. Pulping yield is presently measured from the amount of pulp produced from a given quantity of wood consumed over a 3 to 6 month time frame. This method is obviously …
Modeling Bird Species Occurrence In Current And Future Landscapes, Stephen Nicholas Matthews
Modeling Bird Species Occurrence In Current And Future Landscapes, Stephen Nicholas Matthews
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
With mounting evidence that global temperatures have increased significantly over the last century and the projections of greater changes in climate by the end of this century, understanding the potential consequences of these changes for species is essential to conservation efforts. Here I evaluate the potential response of birds to projected climate change by using regression tree analysis to create models of species distributions under current conditions from Breeding Bird Survey data and then project these models onto General Circulation Model (GCM) scenarios of global climate change. Before modeling species responses to climate change, I selected seventeen bird species to …
The Use Of Acoustics To Resolve Nightly Excursions Of Hyperbenthos, Heather U. Abello
The Use Of Acoustics To Resolve Nightly Excursions Of Hyperbenthos, Heather U. Abello
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Acoustic analysis of die1 vertical migration in the Darnariscotta River estuary, Maine, showed a fairly regular nightly increase in biovolume (mm3 m'3) of organisms in the water column, presumed to be due to emergence, the entry of hyperbenthic organisms into the water column. Timing of these events was significantly correlated with time of sunset and time of sunrise for more than 50% of the dates where emergence and re-entry could be identified, between June and October 2002. Emergence traps indicate that the mysid shrimp, Neomysis americana, is the predominant migrator. Daily fluctuations in irradiance influence the timing of emergence fiom …
The Integration Of Cadastral Base Mapping With Cadastral Parcel Attribution, Kurt B. Wurm
The Integration Of Cadastral Base Mapping With Cadastral Parcel Attribution, Kurt B. Wurm
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
A cadastre is a parcel-based, up-to-date land information system containing a record of interests in land. Creation and maintenance of a cadastre usually involves coordination between different public and private organizations that are responsible for the various data. The U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) has built a Geographic Coordinate Data Base (GCDB) that currently provides cadastral base map data for more than 38,000 townships across the country, with many of the western states nearly complete. The GCDB strategy is that the coordinates can and do change as more recent and accurate information becomes available. The locational reliability of the …
Scope For Activity, Specific Dynamic Action And Growth In Early Juvenile Stages Of Atlantic Cod, Gadus Morhua, Sorren Lund Hansen
Scope For Activity, Specific Dynamic Action And Growth In Early Juvenile Stages Of Atlantic Cod, Gadus Morhua, Sorren Lund Hansen
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Growth rates of early life stages of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) are very high, but decline, as the fish grow larger. Little is know about the physiological processes that facilitate and regulate this growth pattern. In this study, feeding and swimming metabolism were measured in individual juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in order to investigate how energy are allocated to swimming and growth in fast growing stages of fishes. Metabolic rates were measured by the means of oxygen consumption using two "Brett-type" respirometers. The metabolic measurements were repeated several times in individual juvenile Atlantic cod with a wet body mass …
Lipid Solubilization By Marine Benthic Invertebrates, Ian M. Voparil
Lipid Solubilization By Marine Benthic Invertebrates, Ian M. Voparil
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This work characterized the size of lipoidal colloids in benthic invertebrates' guts, using contact angle dilutions and imaging the fluorescence of the hydrophobic probe Nile Red. Deposit feeders and Nereis virens ingesting sediment were found to have micelles rather than emulsions in the gut. Gut fluids from Arenicola manna (a deposit-feeding polychaete) readily formed emulsions when incubated with mussel meat (Mytilus edulis; 80 g-mussel L"-gut fluid), suggesting that micelles form due to a paucity of emulsifying lipids in the gut. Lipid tracer contained in emulsion droplets was twice as likely to be captured by sediment than was tracer in micelles. …
Surface Interactions Of Mercury On Gold Foil Electrodes In Electrodeposition And Stripping And ; An Investigation Of Free Thiolate Ions From Metal-Thiolate Chalcogenides, Charles Martin Watson
Surface Interactions Of Mercury On Gold Foil Electrodes In Electrodeposition And Stripping And ; An Investigation Of Free Thiolate Ions From Metal-Thiolate Chalcogenides, Charles Martin Watson
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Mercury, a highly toxic metal, whose environmental concentration magnifies with ascension of the food chain, is monitored in our waters, food and air. Monitoring mercury is generally done by sample collection, transport to the laboratory; followed by: digestion of the sample, separation of the mercury and detection of the mercury: mostly by cold vapor atomic absorption or, cold vapor atomic fluorescence. These monitoring methods, preclude, routine, in-the-field mercury determination. New analytical techniques have been proposed for in the field determination of mercury. They consist of mercury adsorption onto a sensor or electrode and measuring how much is there either as …
The Short And Long-Term Effects Of Herbicide Application In Maine Clearcuts On Ant Communities (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), Kerry Frances Lough
The Short And Long-Term Effects Of Herbicide Application In Maine Clearcuts On Ant Communities (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), Kerry Frances Lough
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The short and long-term effects of glyphosate application on the diversity and abundance of ants in Maine clearcuts was assessed in a two-year study. Glyphosate is applied to release coniferous trees from suppression by competition with deciduous vegetation after a forest is clearcut. Previous research indicates glyphosate has limited immediate and long-term effects on non-target fauna, though specific species can be affected. Limited research on the effects of herbicides on insects indicates some initial decrease in insect populations. Beneficial insects, such as pollinators and predators, positively influence the forest ecosystem, but little research has examined the effects of herbicide application …
Tidal Modulation Of Nocturnal Vertical Migration From The Benthos: A High-Resolution Acoustic Analysis, Leslie E. Taylor
Tidal Modulation Of Nocturnal Vertical Migration From The Benthos: A High-Resolution Acoustic Analysis, Leslie E. Taylor
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Emergence-trap sampling has shown that several species living primarily on or in the sediment emerge nightly into the water column. This behavior was investigated using acoustic and traditional sampling methods. A TRACOR acoustic profiler, TAPS, was mounted on the sea bottom, looking upwards in approximately 10 m of water in the Damariscotta River estuary, Walpole, Maine. TAPS emits high-frequency (265-3000 kHz) sonar pulses and each minute measures backscatter from 12.5-cm range bins in the water column. TAPS data showed a distinct increase in backscatter in the water column most evenings, beginning around or after dusk and terminating before dawn. The …
Discovering Properties Of Complex Numbers By Starting With Known Properties Of Real Numbers, Esther D. Hatch
Discovering Properties Of Complex Numbers By Starting With Known Properties Of Real Numbers, Esther D. Hatch
Honors College
No abstract provided.
Science Management For The United States Component Of The International Trans-Antarctic Expedition, Paul Mayewski
Science Management For The United States Component Of The International Trans-Antarctic Expedition, Paul Mayewski
University of Maine Office of Research Administration: Grant Reports
US ITASE is effectively a polar research vessel. It offers the ground-based opportunities of traditional style traverse travel coupled with the modern technology of GPS, crevasse detecting radar, satellite communications and multi-disciplinary research. By operating as a ground-based transport system US ITASE offers scientists the opportunity to experience the dynamic environment they are studying. US ITASE also offers an important interactive venue for research (currently eleven integrated science projects) similar to that afforded by oceanographic research vessels and large polar field camps, without the cost of the former or the lack of mobility of the latter. More importantly the combination …
Proteins Of Oxygen-Binding And Energy Metabolism In Muscles Of Antarctic Fishes: Evolutionary Adjustments To Life At Cold Temperature, Bruce Sidell, Michael E. Vayda
Proteins Of Oxygen-Binding And Energy Metabolism In Muscles Of Antarctic Fishes: Evolutionary Adjustments To Life At Cold Temperature, Bruce Sidell, Michael E. Vayda
University of Maine Office of Research Administration: Grant Reports
The suborder Notothenoidei is the dominant fish group of the Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica, both in terms of number of species and biomass. For about fourteen million years, these highly successful fish evolved under stable thermal conditions that result in body temperatures of about zero degrees centigrade throughout their life histories. Evolution this cold environment has led to unusual physiological and biochemical characteristics. In some cases, the characteristics contribute to overcoming constraints of cold temperature on biological processes. In other instances, mutations that probably would have been lethal in warmer, less oxygen-rich environments than the Southern Ocean have been retained …
Control Of Denitrification In A Permanently Ice Covered Antarctic Lake: Potential For Regulation By Bioactive Metals, Mark Wells
University of Maine Office of Research Administration: Grant Reports
Lake Bonney is a permanently ice-covered lake in the Dry ValleyÆs region of Antarctica separated into two deep lobes by a shallow (12 m) sill. Denitrification occurs in the sub-oxic, saline waters of the west lobe but not in that of the east lobe for reasons unknown. Previous work has established this disparity cannot be attributed to temperature or salinity limitations, nor by the comparative availability of organic carbon substrates. Our research objective is to determine if trace metal limitation or toxicity may be responsible for this unusual feature. The broader objective is to assess the likelihood that denitrification in …
Studying Byrd Glacier As A Rock-Floored Ice Stream Ending As A Calving Ice Shelf: Phase I, Terence J. Huges, Roger Hooke, James Fastook
Studying Byrd Glacier As A Rock-Floored Ice Stream Ending As A Calving Ice Shelf: Phase I, Terence J. Huges, Roger Hooke, James Fastook
University of Maine Office of Research Administration: Grant Reports
This award supports a one-year study of the floating part of Byrd Glacier, from its grounding line located halfway up a fjord through the Transantarctic Mountains to the end of its lateral rift zone on the Ross Ice Shelf beyond the fjord. Over this l00 km distance, the side boundary changes from rigid between the fjord sidewalls, to nearly free in the lateral rift zone, to deforming when the rifts are healed and Bryd Glacier becomes fully coupled to the Ross Ice Shelf. The stress field for these changing conditions will be calculated a using a gridpoint finite-element model for …
Biodiversity And Ecosystem Informatics: Event And Process Tagging For Information Integration For The International Gulf Of Main Watershed, Mary-Kate Beard-Tisdale, Neal Pettigrew, Jeffrey Kahl, Malcolm L. Hunter Jr., Marilyn Lutz
Biodiversity And Ecosystem Informatics: Event And Process Tagging For Information Integration For The International Gulf Of Main Watershed, Mary-Kate Beard-Tisdale, Neal Pettigrew, Jeffrey Kahl, Malcolm L. Hunter Jr., Marilyn Lutz
University of Maine Office of Research Administration: Grant Reports
This incubation proposal addresses the issue of integrating large, diverse, and autonomous collections of scientific data within a complex institutional setting. The goal is to convert these autonomous collections into a shareable repository that supports synthesis of data through new metadata structures based on events and processes. The institutional setting is the data and data-gathering activities of over 80 agencies, NGOS, and academic and research institutions operating within the Gulf of Maine watershed. The metadata development will be coordinated by library and spatial information scientists working jointly with domain scientists. An essential task of this incubation effort will be the …
Buckling Rate And Overhang Development At A Calving Face, Brian Hanson, Roger Hooke
Buckling Rate And Overhang Development At A Calving Face, Brian Hanson, Roger Hooke
Earth Science Faculty Scholarship
Using the finite-element we have modeled the stress field near the calving face of an idealized tidewater glacier under a variety of assumptions about submarine calving-face height, subaerial calving-face height, and ice rheology These simulations all suggest that a speed maximum should be present at the calving face near the waterline. In experiments without crevassing, the decrease in horizontal velocity above this maximum culminates in a zone of longitudinal compression at the surface somewhat Up-glacier from the face. This zone of compression appears to be a consequence of the non-linear rheology of ice. It disappears when a linear rheology is …
Thickness Changes On Whillans Ice Stream And Ice Stream C, West Antarctica, Derived From Laser Altimeter Measurements, Vandy Blue Spikes, Beáta M. Csathó, Gordon S. Hamilton, Ian M. Whillans
Thickness Changes On Whillans Ice Stream And Ice Stream C, West Antarctica, Derived From Laser Altimeter Measurements, Vandy Blue Spikes, Beáta M. Csathó, Gordon S. Hamilton, Ian M. Whillans
Earth Science Faculty Scholarship
Repeat airborne laser altimeter measurements are used to derive surface elevation changes on parts of Whillans Ice Stream and Ice Stream C, West Antarctica. Elevation changes are converted to estimates of ice equivalent thickness change using local accumulation rates, surface snow densities and vertical bedrock motions. The surveyed portions of two major tributaries of Whillans Ice Stream are found to be thinning almost uniformly at an average rate of similar to 1 m a(-1). Ice Stream C has a complicated elevation-change pattern, but is generally thickening. These results are used to estimate the contribution of each surveyed region to the …
Relating Crevassing To Non-Linear Strain In The Floating Part Of Jakobshavn Isbrae, West Greenland, Paul R. Prescott, James P. Kenneally, Terence J. Hughes
Relating Crevassing To Non-Linear Strain In The Floating Part Of Jakobshavn Isbrae, West Greenland, Paul R. Prescott, James P. Kenneally, Terence J. Hughes
Earth Science Faculty Scholarship
Jakobshavn Isbrae is a major ice stream that drains the west-central Greenland ice sheet and becomes afloat in Jakobshavn Isfiord (69degreesN, 49degreesW), where it has maintained the world's fastest-known sustained velocity and calving rate (7 km a(-1)) for at least four decades. The floating portion is approximately 12 km long and 6 km wide. Surface elevations and motion vectors were determined photogrammetrically for about 500 crevasses on the floating ice, and adjacent grounded ice, using aerial photographs obtained 2 weeks apart in July 1985. Surface strain rates were computed from a mesh of 399 quadrilateral elements having velocity measurements at …
Deductive Mathematics: An Introduction To Proof And Discovery For Mathematics Education, Andrew Wohlgemuth
Deductive Mathematics: An Introduction To Proof And Discovery For Mathematics Education, Andrew Wohlgemuth
Mathematics and Statistics Faculty Scholarship
Mathematics has two fundamental aspects: (1) discovery/logical deduction and (2) description/ computation. Discovery/deductive mathematics asks the questions:
1. What is true about this thing being studied?
2. How do we know it is true?
On the other hand, descriptive/computational mathematics asks questions of the type:
3. What is the particular number, function, and so on, that satisfies ... ?
4. How can we find the number, function, and so on?
In descriptive/computational mathematics, some pictorial, physical, or business situation is described mathematically, and then computational techniques are applied to the mathematical description, in order to find values of interest. The …