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Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Effect Of Nitrogen Fertilizer Applied As Urea To Dryland Tropical Grass Pastures On Presentation Yield And Chemical Composition, G K. Reason, T M. Bowdler, K F. Lowe, J Chaseling Aug 2024

Effect Of Nitrogen Fertilizer Applied As Urea To Dryland Tropical Grass Pastures On Presentation Yield And Chemical Composition, G K. Reason, T M. Bowdler, K F. Lowe, J Chaseling

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Pasture yields responded to applied nitrogen (urea) at either 200, 400 or 600 kg/ha/year of N under generally adverse seasonal conditions. Dry (DM) matter production differences were measured in each year, and in all seasons except spring for the 200 v. 400 kg N comparison. Autumn DM production increased by 25% with the increase from 200 - 400 kg N, and an additional 200 kg N resulted in a further 10.4% increase in dry matter yield. Botanical composition changes were consistent with expectations that Nitrogen would favour the more valuable pasture species. The expected improvement in feed quality as a …


Advances In Pasture Research And Education In Cuba, F Funes Aug 2024

Advances In Pasture Research And Education In Cuba, F Funes

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Although some pasture research has been carried out since the beginning of the century, during the last 30 years important advances in pasture research and education have been attained in Cuba, In 1962 the first experimental s1ation specializing in pastures was created; at present there are 3 national centers and 15 research stations in different provinces of Cuba, with more than 200 scientists, 400 1echnicians and approximately 500 workers. Moreover, further research at the universities and technological schools are carried out. Every 5 years national research programs co-ordinated by the Academy of Sciences in search of solutions to the main …


Land Use Transition In The Grazing Areas Of Narok District, Kenya, W N. Wamicha, V P. D'Costa Aug 2024

Land Use Transition In The Grazing Areas Of Narok District, Kenya, W N. Wamicha, V P. D'Costa

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

This work underscores the need for land use transitions in the Kilgoris and Lolgorien divisions of the Narok district, Because of the competition for grass between livestock and wildlife in addition to low technology used by the farmers, concentration of livestock in the area is very low (I SU/3 ha). Although the area is in agroclimatic zones (1-111), with high to medium potential for agricultural production, less than 40% is under cultivation. The main objective of this study was therefore to analyse the environmental and economic aspects of the potential agricultural production in the area. Animal production has 􀀼en found …


Effects Of Mulch Types On Early Growth Of The Browse Plant Gmelina Arborea Roxb. In Nigeria, L C. Nwaigbo, O A. Opara-Nadi, F N. Madubuike Aug 2024

Effects Of Mulch Types On Early Growth Of The Browse Plant Gmelina Arborea Roxb. In Nigeria, L C. Nwaigbo, O A. Opara-Nadi, F N. Madubuike

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Early growth or Gmelina arborea under 3 different mulch treatments and an unmulched control was investigated. Plants were grown in drained polythene bags measuring 36 cm flat width and 40 cm deep. The mulch treatments were plastic and 6 t/ha and 12 t/ha fresh Panicum maximum. The experiment was rain-Ced and was a completely randomised design with 5 replications. Three weeks after germination 2 seedlings were transplanted into each polythene bag. Plant height and leaf area measurements at weekly intervals started at the 7th week after transplanting (WAT). Shoot biomass and root biomass were determined at the 18th WAT. …


Productivity And Nutritive Value Of The New Perennial Protein Fodder Crop Galega Orientalis Lam. Cv. Gale, B Radenovic Aug 2024

Productivity And Nutritive Value Of The New Perennial Protein Fodder Crop Galega Orientalis Lam. Cv. Gale, B Radenovic

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Galega orienalis Lam. cv. Gale was first sown in Yugoslavia in 1991, in the north Backa region. The yields of green mass and hay, and crude protein, crude fat, ash and dry matter (DM) contents, obtained from 2 swaths in the year of sowing were much higher than those obtained from lucerne as the control crop.


Ponded Pasture Systems For Beef Production In Seasonally Dry Zones Of Northern Australia, J H. Wildin Aug 2024

Ponded Pasture Systems For Beef Production In Seasonally Dry Zones Of Northern Australia, J H. Wildin

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

In northern Australia's monsoonal zone the dry season nutritional stress is a major constraint to beef production. Between May and November the quality of dry native pastures is extremely low, particularly in digestibility, nitrogen and mineral content, and cattle lose weight. To overcome this serious constraint many innovative technologies in cattle husbandry, supplementary feeding and improved pastures have been developed, Growing water-loving grasses for green forage in the dry season using wet season water in artificial ponds is a permanent forage system being adopted commercially in central Queensland and other regions of northern Australia. Para grass (Bracltiaria mutica) …


Development And Adoption Of Sustainable Pasture Improvement Technologies In Smallholder And Plantation Farming Systems In Vanuatu, D C. Mcfarlane, B F. Mullen, T R. Evans Aug 2024

Development And Adoption Of Sustainable Pasture Improvement Technologies In Smallholder And Plantation Farming Systems In Vanuatu, D C. Mcfarlane, B F. Mullen, T R. Evans

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Vanuatu is the only small Pacific island state exporting beef as well as being domestically self-sufficient. The implementation of an integrated livestock development programme including a pasture improvement project with applied research and demonstration, extension and training responsibilities has contributed to a 24.3% improvement in abattoir throughput and a 7% improvement in beef as an export commodity. Approximately 1600 smallholders (15%) and 60 plantations (30%) are actively adopt.ing proven, on-farm demonstrated technologies, promoted by government and non­government extension networks, involving under-utilised native legumes, adapted introduced legumes and grasses, zero-tilling, disc strip and new manual pasture establishment techniques and weed management …


Improving Seedling Establishment In Panicum Colaratum L., B A. Young, C R. Tischler, P W. Voigt Aug 2024

Improving Seedling Establishment In Panicum Colaratum L., B A. Young, C R. Tischler, P W. Voigt

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Kleingrass (Panicun coloratum L.) populations from 2 germplasm sources previously subjected to 3 cycles (C3) of recurrent selection for increased seedling shoot fresh weight were compared with the base (Co') populations for shoot growth, root growth, seed weight and seed starch. content, Shoot weight (fresh and dry) was significantly greater in c3: than in C0 when evaluated in the environment In which selection was: practised (growth chamber). Large significant differences in fresh and· dry weight between C0 and C3 populations were also observed in I field. experiment; with smaller, non-significant differences in a second field· experiment. Seed weight was …


Performance Of White Clover Types In Uruguay, J A. Garcia Aug 2024

Performance Of White Clover Types In Uruguay, J A. Garcia

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is a short-lived legume in Uruguay, usually not lasting more than 3 or 4 years. The cultivar type currently being used is medium leaved and profusely flowering. Analysis of a series of variety trials over a period of 1 S years revealed that large leaved types were the best in terms of herbage yields and vegetative persistency. Frequent moisture deficit and high summer temperatures are the most important environmental factors affecting growth of white clover in Uruguay. The good performance of large-leaved types could be due to theit deeper and tap-rooted root systems.


A Search For Persistent Perennial Legumes For Temperate Australia, M J. Hill, C Mulcahy, G Rapp Aug 2024

A Search For Persistent Perennial Legumes For Temperate Australia, M J. Hill, C Mulcahy, G Rapp

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Problems with persistence of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) in extensive pastures of the high rainfall zone in eastern Australia necessitate the use of a wider range of perennial legumes. A range of species have been evaluated in nurseries and in regional on-farm trials on the northern Tablelands of New South Wales. Caucasian clover and I.oms spp. have proven most successful so far. Caucasian clover has been more productive than white clover at 2 sites in spring 1991 and autumn 1992, Hexaploid Caucasian clover has been subjected to the first of 3 cycles of recurrent selection for seedling vigour. …


Astred- A Stoloniferous Red Clover, R S. Smith, D J. Bishop Aug 2024

Astred- A Stoloniferous Red Clover, R S. Smith, D J. Bishop

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Astred is a stoloniferous red clover (Trifolium pratense L.}, selected from parent material collected in Portugal. This clover can reproduce both by seed and vegetatively through stolons and daughter plants. II has persisted in pas:ture trials for 16 years, retaining a ground cov


Impact Of White Clover Cultivars On Nitrogen Fixation And Livestock Production In New Zealand Hill Pasture, D F. Chapman, A D. Mackay, B P. Devantier, N Dymock Aug 2024

Impact Of White Clover Cultivars On Nitrogen Fixation And Livestock Production In New Zealand Hill Pasture, D F. Chapman, A D. Mackay, B P. Devantier, N Dymock

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Growth, nitrogen fixation and animal production of pastures based on the white clover (Trifolium repens L.) cultivars Grasslands Tabora or Grasslands Huia, and of unamended pastures containing the "resident" clover ecotype, were compared In a self-contained systems experiment on moderate to steep, low-fertility hill country. Put-and­take stocking of hoggets was used to assess animal production, with stocking rate determined by a feed budget model. Tabora- and Huia­based pastures had higher white clover contents than resident pastures over the first 3 years of measurement, and Tabora-based pastures fixed 4591, more N than resident pastures over 1 full year. Benefits in …


Significance Of Seed Size And Level Of Hard Seededness On Survival Of Medic Seeds Ingested By Sheep, F Squella, E D. Carter Aug 2024

Significance Of Seed Size And Level Of Hard Seededness On Survival Of Medic Seeds Ingested By Sheep, F Squella, E D. Carter

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

One experiment tested the effects of 2 seed sizes (from small and large pods) and 2 levels of hnrdseededness (low and high) on survival of Medicago truncatula Oaerln. cv. Paraggio seeds in whole pods fed to sheep. A maximum survival of 6.6% was obtained for the viable seed output/total seed input when the small pod size (small seeds) with the highest level of hard seed was fed to the sheep. Dy contrast, there was only n 1.1 % survival when the large pod size (larger seeds) with the lowest level of hard seed was fed to sheep. A second experiment …


Development Of Tetraploid Annual Ryegrass Varieties For Short-Season Use, U Feuerstein, Chr Paul Aug 2024

Development Of Tetraploid Annual Ryegrass Varieties For Short-Season Use, U Feuerstein, Chr Paul

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

A new strategic concept for breeding tetraploids of Lolium has been developed and successfully implemented for the first time. Based on a set of genetically diverse diploids a high number of tetraploids were induced with colchicine. The expression of a quantitative trait in the tetraploids behaved predictably in being dependent Upon the expression of the trait in the diploid ancestor and its heritability. The practical implementation of this rule resulted in new tetraploid strains with increases ln dry matter yield of about 1S% when diploid ancestors with high dry matter contents were used for polyploidisation.


Evaluation Of Grazing-Tolerant Alfalfa Cultivars, J H. Bouton, S R. Smith Jr, C S. Hoveland, M A. Mccann Aug 2024

Evaluation Of Grazing-Tolerant Alfalfa Cultivars, J H. Bouton, S R. Smith Jr, C S. Hoveland, M A. Mccann

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.) does not persist under continuous stocking with grazing animals. The creeping-rooted cultivars developed in the past were low yielding and varied in grazing persistence. The method and results of a breeding effort to develop and test high yielding, grazing-tolerant alfalfa cultivars are reported here. Replicated small plots within grazing paddocks subjected to intensive,continuous stocking with beef cattle (Bos indicus) over 2 years were used for selection and testing. This procedure was successful in producing the Alfagraze cultivar; and when used to test for grazing persistence among available cultivars, Alfagraze was consistently the most …


Improvement Of Reseeding In Annual Clovers, G R. Smith Aug 2024

Improvement Of Reseeding In Annual Clovers, G R. Smith

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Labor ator y simulations of summer soil temper atu res were used to evaluate rose (Trifolium hirum All .), berseem (T. alexandrium L.) and subterranean (T. subterramenumL.} clovers for rate or hard seed softening. The hard seed level of subterranean clover at harvest is determined mainly by environmental factors but rate of hard seed so fte ning is under genetic control. In a 3- year study at Overton , Texas, su subterranean clover cv, Mt. Barker produced 58% hard seed at harvest which softened at the rate of 8 . 6% per month, In comparison, SK43 subterranean clover …


Breeding White Clover For Increased Persistence And Winter Growth, C K. Lee, K.F M. Reed, P J. Cunningham, J G. Rowe Aug 2024

Breeding White Clover For Increased Persistence And Winter Growth, C K. Lee, K.F M. Reed, P J. Cunningham, J G. Rowe

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

A programme to breed white clover (Trifolium repens L.) for increased persistence, yield and winter growth in the Australian environment is discussed. A collection of Australian ecotypes ls being used as the population base, Two projects are discussed: selection within the population of ecotypes and hybridisation of the Australian cv. Irrigation with the winter-active cv. Tamar. Plants from the ecotype population with superior yield and stolon density were identified, Controlled pollination among these selected plants produced half-sib families and their performance in 3 contrasting environments is discussed.


Comparison Of Polycross And Topcross Progeny Testing In Alfalfa, Real Michaud, D R. Viands, B R. Christine Aug 2024

Comparison Of Polycross And Topcross Progeny Testing In Alfalfa, Real Michaud, D R. Viands, B R. Christine

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Several methods of population improvement in alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.) are available, but more information is needed to enable breeders to make the best choice among them. This study was conducted to compare selection based on topcross (TX) progeny performance with selection based on polycross (PX) progeny performance. X and TX families were generated from 100 genotypes, Progenies were tested for annual green matter yield in 2 locations for 2 successive years. The PX families outyielded the TX families by about 20%. The TX had similar or broader yield range among its families than the PX. The genotypic variance …


Effects Of Water Deficit On Osmotic Adjustment And Photosynthesis Of Miscanthus Spp. Collected From Different Rainfall Regions, J Weng Aug 2024

Effects Of Water Deficit On Osmotic Adjustment And Photosynthesis Of Miscanthus Spp. Collected From Different Rainfall Regions, J Weng

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Four entries of Miscanthus spp., collected from different rainfall regions, were transplanted in pots. They were subjected to S drying cycles; each cycle lasted 6-7 days. Leaf photosynthesis (Pn) began to decline when leaf water potential (L) declined to •l.3 to -1.S MPa; the L values at SO% Pn (½Pn) were -1.6 to -2.6 MPa, The L (1hPn) values were lower in plants collected from northern Taiwan (highly frequent rainfall) than those collected from southern Taiwan (distinct wet and dry season). Further, the L (½Pn) value became lower in all the entries when drying cycle was advanced, with northern Taiwan …


Bromus Stamineus- A Potential New Species For Pastures In Dry Regions Of New Zealand, A V. Stewart Aug 2024

Bromus Stamineus- A Potential New Species For Pastures In Dry Regions Of New Zealand, A V. Stewart

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Bromus stamineus Desvaux is a fine-leaved perennial species closely related to prairie grass (B. willdenowil Kunth). It differs primarily by having a greater number of smaller tillers and excellent tolerance to close grazing. Such characteristics provide it with considerable potential in drier east coast districts of New Zealand. The release of the first cultivar of this species, Grasslands Gala grazing brome, is enabling this potential to be developed. Further research is required to determine the precise role of this species.


The Value Of Adapted, Annual Ryegrasses For Subtropical Dairy Production, K F. Lowe, T M. Bowdler, G K. Reason, R J. Moss Aug 2024

The Value Of Adapted, Annual Ryegrasses For Subtropical Dairy Production, K F. Lowe, T M. Bowdler, G K. Reason, R J. Moss

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Cutting and grazing experiments were conducted in a subtropical environment to determine whether a relationship existed between differences measured in ryegrass cultivars from cutting experiments and milk production differences under grazing. Differences in dry mauer (OM) production under cutting between the standard annual ryegrass for the subtropics (Grasslands Tama) and a cultivar selected for superior performance under subtropical conditions (Midmar) averaged 31 %, differences in feed on offer under grazing averaged 21 %, while milk production differences averaged 10% in a 2-year study. The results indicate that increases in OM yield measured in cutting experiments will be consistent wlth differences …


Screening Lespedeza Cuneata Accessions For Hypocotyl Elongation, J Qiu, J A. Mosjidis Aug 2024

Screening Lespedeza Cuneata Accessions For Hypocotyl Elongation, J Qiu, J A. Mosjidis

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Poor seedling emergence is one of the major limitations in establishing sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata (Dumont de Courset) CJ. Don.). The objectives of this study were to screen 2S accessions obtained from the National Plant Germplasm System, USA, for maximum hypocotyl elongation (HE) and to determine the relationship between HE and percentage emergence. Maximum HE of each accession was determined on dark-grown seedlings 9 days after emergence in a growth chamber. Seeds of each accession were planted in the field at depths of 1 and 3 cm in 1990 and 1991. Emergence of 9 accessions (3 with long HE, …


Fertilization Of Unreduced Female Gametes: A Technique For Genetic Enhancement Within The Cenchrus-Pennisteum Agamic Complex, M A. Hussey, E C. Bashaw, K W. Hignight, J Wipff, S L. Hatch Aug 2024

Fertilization Of Unreduced Female Gametes: A Technique For Genetic Enhancement Within The Cenchrus-Pennisteum Agamic Complex, M A. Hussey, E C. Bashaw, K W. Hignight, J Wipff, S L. Hatch

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Genetic enhancement programmes In apomictic species require either the identification of obligate sexual genotypes or facultative apomicts with high levels of sexuality.- Fertilisation of unreduced eggs (2n+n hybridisation) which occurs frequently within agamic complexes has received little attention as a method for breeding apomictic species. This paper describes attempts to obtain 2n+n hybrids within the Cenchrus-Penniseltim agamic complex. Both inter- and intraspecific n+n and 2n+n hybrids have been obtained using facultative accessions of C. ciliaris or P. flaccld11m as female parents. Interspecific 2n+n hybrids, which have been recovered at frequencies approaching 3%, are typically more fertile than interspeclfic n+n hybrids. …


Evaluation Of Dwarf Napiergrass, W W. Hanna, W G. Monson, G M. Hill Aug 2024

Evaluation Of Dwarf Napiergrass, W W. Hanna, W G. Monson, G M. Hill

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.), a robust perennial bunchgrass with high yield potential, rapidly loses quality and palatability without proper management as it matures. In 1985 and 1986, 2 dwarf napiergrass cultivars (Mott and Tift Nl29) and 2 tall cultivars (Merkeron and Tift N68) were evaluated for yield, quality and agronomic characteristics. Dwarf cultivars yielded about 1/3 as much as tall cultivars. Percentage leaf was 60-76 for dwarf cultivors and 43-46 for tall cultivars. Average In vitro dry matter digestibility (lVDMD) of whole plants was similar among cultivars except for Tift N68 which tended to be lower (605, 594, 610 …


Hybridization Among Atylosia Species, S N. Tripathi Aug 2024

Hybridization Among Atylosia Species, S N. Tripathi

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Hybridisations among Atyloslaalbicans (twining shrub),A.scarabaeoides species (herbaceous creeper) and A. cajanlfolia (erect shrub) were carried out. The interspecific cross A. albicans x A. scarabaeoides and trispecific cross (F1 of A. albicans x A. Scarabaeoides) x A. Cajanifolia manifest forage potentially through their various morphogenetic types, erect with profuse branching and high leafiness, semi-erect coupled with profuse branching, semi-erect bushy, and spreading with broadleaves. These hybrids possess desirable gene combinations for tolerance, persistence, vigour and productivity which constitute important attributes for their adaptive fitness in tropical grasslands. Although the 3 Atylosia species were morphogenetically divergent from one another, …


Genetic Improvement And Nutritive Value Of Lucerne: Crude Protein Content, P Rotili, G Gnocchi, C Scotti Aug 2024

Genetic Improvement And Nutritive Value Of Lucerne: Crude Protein Content, P Rotili, G Gnocchi, C Scotti

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Stratigraphical analysis of a lucerne (Medicago saliva L.) stand was made to show the effect of leaf age and health, and of leaf-stem ratio, on crude protein content, These data show that when the analysis was made on stems of the same age and on leaves of the same age, health and physiological state, the variability of this trait is negligible, which makes it very difficult to breed for crude protein content. Nevertheless ii is possible to improve the protein content by selection for physiological trails such as leaf persistence and tolerance of early culling.


Selfing And Competition Applied To Lucerne Breeding And To Variety Constitution, P Rotili Aug 2024

Selfing And Competition Applied To Lucerne Breeding And To Variety Constitution, P Rotili

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

The variety constitution process of the forage Crops Institute of Lodi is characterised by: 1) the exploitation of interference effects (competition): 2) the utilisation of a selfing phase; 3) a synthetic variety formula based on parental clones derived by several parental populations, The phenotypic choice of mother plants and the progeny tests are made in dense swards. The research on competition has allowed the formulation of an ideal model of the lucerne (Medicago saliva L.) stand and of the plant ideotype, The ideal model of the lucerne stand is characterised by the synchrony of the individual plants for the physiological …


Progress In White Clover Agronomic Performance Through Breeding, J R. Caradus Aug 2024

Progress In White Clover Agronomic Performance Through Breeding, J R. Caradus

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

White clover (Trifolium repens L.) domestication began in the 16th century in Europe. However, it was not until the early 1920s that broad • agronomic groups were recognised, and not until the early 1930s that selections for improved agronomic performance were made within major ecotypes. Since then more than ·230 cullivars and commercial ecotypes have been developed. Data from 4 trials, 2 from Czechoslovakia, l from New Zealand and I from South Africa, were used io determine whether breeding since the 1930s had significantly improved in white clover performance. Cultivars were coded by decade in which they were developed …


Effect Of Method And Intensity Of Selection For Yield In White Clover, J R. Caradus, W M. Williams Aug 2024

Effect Of Method And Intensity Of Selection For Yield In White Clover, J R. Caradus, W M. Williams

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

The effectiveness of various strategies of selection for yield was tested using high performing white clover (Trifolium repens L.) lines derived from crosses between elite Grasslands Huia genotypes and elite genotypes from introduced germpiasm. There appeared to be no clear advantage of selecting genotypes, at the same intensity of selection, in the top 12.5% of families compared with the top 50% of families, There was a weak trend towards higher yielding progeny with increasing selection intensity. It was more effective to use individual selection within families based on performance rather than family selection, However, this effect was specific to …


Gene Action And Enhanced Progressive Heterosis In Autotetraploid Alfalfa, D R. Woodfield, E T. Bingham Aug 2024

Gene Action And Enhanced Progressive Heterosis In Autotetraploid Alfalfa, D R. Woodfield, E T. Bingham

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Two-allele populations (TAPs) of autotelraploid alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) were used to evaluate whether progressive heterosis can be enhanced through accumulation of favourable- alleles._ Comparisons involved 4 TAPs per se, and single- and double-crosses produced by hybridising the TAPs, at both the original (OG) and advanced generation (AG) levels. When the different progenies were compared as a percentage of the "Vernal" check, AG crosses exhibited consistent improvements in breeding value over their OG counterparts and also show enhanced progressive heterosis. These improvements occurred despite higher inbreeding levels (decreased heterozygosity) in the AG progenies and indicate that heterosis can be …