Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Comparison Of Results From Pasture Divided Into A Small Number Of Paddocks And From Pasture With Free Grazing, Jan Sinkovic

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The fertilization of pastures and their division into paddocks are one major possibility of intensifying and rationalizing agricultural pro­duction in the mountain regions of Czechoslo­vakia. This follows from the results obtained from grazing young cattle (heifers) and sheep. The division of a pasture into three paddocks does not fully meet the demands of plant growth, but it has obvious advantages when compared with the freely grazed one-paddock pasture without mineral fertilization. The dry matter yield of the divided pasture with rota­tional grazing of heifers and sheep amounted to 5.92 and 5.76 t/ha, respectively. On the unfertilized strip with free grazing …

Continuous Supply Of Forage From Grclissland In Upper Regions Of A Low-Altitude Mountain Range To A Specialized Cattle-Rearing Farm, E Krannich, M Muller

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The climatic and soil conditions prevailing in the Thuringian Forest are quite suitable for forage production. The large share ofslopy land calls for pasture farming. Specialized heifer rearing is derived from that. Permanent grass­land would not offer good conditions for forage production along industrial lines. The operation of whole sets of big machines becomes possible and efficient only on long-rotation ley. Long­rotation ley farming secures good yield stability and largely continuous forage supply, and renders possible the efficient utilization of breeding progress on grassland as well. On the transformation of permanent grassland into long-rotation ley, two-stage renewal has proved to …

Development Of Sward, Yield Dynamics, And Productive Life Of Seeded Grassland On Low-Bog Sites, Ulrich Bauer

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The transformation of old permanent grassland into seeded grassland is an important method for the intensification of forage production along industrial lines. Newly seeded grassland produces high yields during the first years of use, followed by yield decline in subsequent years. Therefore the grassland has to be renewed periodically. On low-bog sites the sward has to be renewed after 4 years for mixtures of Festuca pratensis + Phleum pratense + Poa pratensis. Pure stands have to be renewed after 5 years for Dactylis glomerata, after 3 years for Lolium perenne, after 10 years for Phalaris arundinacea, and …

Persistence Of Forage Plants In Seeded Grassland On Liman Meadows In Kazakhstan, P A. Salyukov

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Procedures have been worked out for establish­ing persistent meadows by seeding in liman areas with saline soils and so far low productivity. On several seeded grassland plots, forage plants, . particularly Lotus corniculatus L., were found to undergo self-seeding generative renewal parallel with vegetative regeneration. The effect of that generative renewal of plants on liman meadows proved to be one of the major factors contributive to productive persistence of seeded grassland. Extraordinary effectiveness was ob-. tained from seeding Lotus corniculatus into experimental plots.

Efficiency Of Seeded Grassland And Permanent Grassland At High Intensity Of Management On Low-Bog Sites, W Kreil, H Kading, E Wallbaum, W V.D Waydbrink

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The utilization of grassland sites by seeded grassland instead of permanent grassland has become an objective necessity. From the point of view of crop husbandry and technology, the limits to the efficiency of permanent grassland are quite obvious. A farm-scale experiment conducted on several hundred hectares of land over a number of years, numerous other trials, and practical experience have proved seeded grassland on low-bog sites to exceed intensively managed permanent grassland by 15 % with regard to the energy yield obtained.

Methods For Establishing Highly Productive Pastures In Mountain Regions Of The Northern Caucasus, Aleksandr Zotov

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In the subalpine belt it is possible on seeded pastures with a mixture of grasses and legumes as well as on pastures with natural swards to produce 5.5-6.5 t DM/ha, if 90-120 kg N and 60 kg Pare applied per hectare and year. The methods of tillage (ploughing, discing), seeding methods (with and without cover crop), and seeding dates (spring, summer) produced different effects on the yield and quality of forage from seeded pastures only in the first three years after seeding. Seeded pastures are more responsive to mineral fertilization than are the natural ones. On seeded pastures, the crop …

Yields Of Permanent Grassland And Temporary Grassland In The Alpine Region, Giselher Schechtner

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In the lower altitudes of the Alpine region, per­manent meadows heavily fertilized with nitro­gen give yields of l 0 (-11) t DM/ha. The more intensive the fertilization, the greater will be the superiority of temporary meadows in grass­stressed crop rotations or in the case of periodi­cal grassland regeneration without inclusion of arable crops, and the sooner one has to choose temporary grassland farming, because the per­manent meadows often degenerate under the influence of intensive nitrogen fertilization. Under intensive nitrogen fertilization and inten­sive use, temporary meadows produce about 13 t DM (7,500,000 starch units) per hectare and year. Good stands of …

Influence Of Forage Quality On The Possibility Of Substituting Feeds, Peter Tillack

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The energy concentration of roughages, which is an important quality feature from a farm management point of view, decisively influences the performance that can be attained with ruminants. The effects of quality changes in the roughage on feed amounts and cost can be determined by way of quantification. A set of priorities for the available feeds, which helps to cut feed cost at the planning stage, can be derived at the same time by comparing energy con-cent.ration and the price o( feeds.

Factors Affecting Green Forage Intake By The Milking Goat, Lionel Huguet, Michel De Simiane, Claude Bernard Broqua

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

For the past fifteen years in France goat rearing has developed thanks to a favourable economic background. The specialization of farmers has given rise to new needs in breed­ing techniques and particularly in green forage feeding systems. From 1972 to 1975, trials were carried out to specify the utilization of green forage by milking goats in order to simplify and rationalize their diet. Three factors were studied to estimate their effect on forage intake: removal of hay from the ration, the quantities of green forage offered, and the quantities of concentrates distributed. When the green forage has a good feeding …

Grain Supplements For Breeding Ewes In Continuous Grazing Systems, William G. Allden

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Two suppleme.ntary feeding systems were com­pared. When breeding flocks were provided with purchased barley grain during the prelambing and post-lambing periods each year there were significant increases in ewe body weights, lamb weights, lamb production/unit area, and the amount of pasture present. However, when the grain had to be provided from the grazing area there was no suggestion of any advantage in substituting a barley crop for an area of pasture. These contrasting results indicate that the assessment of animal production systems based on the integration of pasture grazing and grain supplementation should take into account the source of grain …

Forage-Animal Systems For Economic Calf Production, R E. Blaser, R C. Hammes Jr, J P. Fontenot, H T. Bryant

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Nine forage-cow-calf systems with constant ,stocking but variable grazing pressures to pro­vide for changing nutritional needs of beef cows, and continuous high calf nutrition with creep grazing gave similar high weaning weights of autumn and winter calves for all-year grazing vs. hay feeding and for 2 stocking rates. The all-fescue systems lowered calf weights. Nine forage-cow-calf systems with constant ,stocking but variable grazing pressures to pro­vide for changing nutritional needs of beef cows, and continuous high calf nutrition with creep grazing gave similar high weaning weights of autumn and winter calves for all-year grazing vs. hay feeding and for 2 …

Energy And Nitrogen Metabolisms Of Steers Fed With Coast Cross No. L Bermuda Gniss (Cynodon Dactylon) Or Pangola Grass (Digitaria Decumbens Stent.) Forages, C M. Geerken, A Diaz, R Gonzalez

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Two groups of 5 crossbred Holstein calves with 80􀂰 120 kg live weight were used to study the effect of feeding with Coast Cross bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) or pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens Stent.) on the energy and nitrogen balance of the animals during the dry and rainy seasons. Bermuda grass had nearly twice the crude protein content of pangola grass in both seasons (8.3 vs. 5.0% DM basis). Balance data obtained for bermuda and pan­gola grasses during the dry season were: intake of DM 3.28 and 3.00 kg/day, metabolizable energy 7.44 and 5.30 Meal ME/day, nitrogen 43.8 and 22.3 …

Effect Of Different Levels Of Protein Supplementation To Steers Grazing Pangola Grass (Digitaria Decumbens Stent.) In The Dry Season, A Delgado, A Elias, J L. Veitia, R Dieguez

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Ninety crossbred steers(¼ Holstein x ¼ Zebu) of approximately 100 kg live weight were used in a randomized block design with 3 replica­tions to study the effect of protein supplemen­tation to pastures. The levels were: 0, 200, 300, 400, 500, and 600 g ofN x 6.25/animal/day. The experiment was carried out during two succes­sive dry periods. Stocking rates of 5 animals/ha were maintained for each treatment, and each area was divided in 4 paddocks for rotation. The protein supplement had a PN: NPN ratio of60:40. During the first dry period the animals in the control treatment gained 100 g/day and …

Comparison Between Coast Cross No. 1 Bermuda ( Cynodon Dactylon L.) And Pangola (Digitaria Decumbens Stent.) Grasses For Milk Production, Irma Jerez, D Herrera

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Twelve crossbred cows in their 2nd and 3rd lactations, 120 days after calving, were used in a switch􀃈back design to compare Coast Cross No. l bermuda (Cynodon dactylon L.) and pangola (Digitaria decumbens Stent.) grasses as sole feed for milk production. Pasture avail­ability was determined b

Herbs On Permanent Grassland From The Point Of View Of The Phytopharmacist, Gerd Seifert

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

An outline is given of the enormous impor­tance of herbs on natural grasslands, i.e. on meadows and pastures. Special attention is drawn to the valuable ingredients in some herbs. The progressive agriculture, especially the agricultural scientists, should give more consideration to the herbs on permanent grass­land.

Meadow Red Clover (Trifolium Pratense Spontaneum), An Indicator Plant For Herbage Quality From Permanent Grass­ Land As Shown By The Microelements Manganese, Zinc, Copper, And Molybdenum, Manfred Anke

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Meadow red clover (Trifolium pratense sponta­neum) was found to be suitable for testing the site-specific Mn, Zn, Cu, and Mo status of soils under permanent grassland, which depends on the geological origin of the parent rock. The Mn, Zn, Cu, and Mo levels of meadow red clover proved to be correlated with the level of these microelements in field red clover and in the black hair of cows grazed on the same sites. By means of this indicator method, Mn and Cu deficiency and Mo excess areas were detected.

Solubility Degree Of Some Calcium Compounds In Grasses, Marian Falkowski, Irena Kukulka

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The trial to establish calcium compound quanti­ties in grasses, on the basis of their solubility degree in water, acetic acid, and hydrochloric acid, proved - in our opinion - to be interest­ing and may be of practical importance. There occur conspicuous differences in quantitative ratios of those three calcium groups, both in grass species and in their varieties. It was found that those ratios varied during the ve­getation period and depended also upon nitro­gen fertilization levels.

Predicting Forage Intake By Laboratory Methods, D J. Minson

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

It was shown that large varietal differences in voluntary intake occur even when there were no differences in dry matter digestibility and level of pepsin soluble dry matter. To overcome this problem when comparing different methods of predicting intake the use of multiple regres­sions was proposed in which dry matter digesti­bility was always one of the two independent variables. Using this method leaf% was shown to be the best predictor of intake (r = 0.87) closely followed by physical attributes of the feed. It was concluded that more time should be spent studying the physical factors in pas­tures that control …

Effect Of Fermentation Level On The Utilization Of Silage Protein, Liisa Syrjala

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The utilization of silage nitrogenous compounds by ruminants depends to a great degree on the fermentation level of silage. When the fermenta­tion level is high, the crude protein fraction contains high amounts of soluble nitrogenous compounds and the sugar content is low, the utilization of nitrogenous compounds decreases. The soluble carbohydrate supplements, es­pecially sugar, fed together with silage, can in this case improve their utilization. When the fermentation level of silage is low, the benefi­cial effect of sugar on the utilization of silage protein is less.

Estimating The Feeding Value Of Grass And Leguminous Crops By Means Of Easily Determinable Parameters, P Zwierz, B Hoffmann

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Numerous studies involving different types of green forage material have shown that the lig­nin content is a suitable parameter for predicting the energetic feed value. Regression analyses for pasture grass and alfalfa included correlation coefficients of 0.984 and 0.959, respectively. Although for green 'rorage ma­terials the lignin content proved to provide reliable results when used as the sole parameter for calculation, further studies have shown that for other types of feed the content of easily soluble and hydrolizable carbohydrates should be incorporated into the calculation in addition to the crude protein content. The validity of in vitro methods for determining …

Evaluation Of Quality Factors In Warm Season Forages, Warren G. Monson, Glenn W. Burton, Wayne W. Hanna

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Improved forage quality is a feasible objective. Coastcross-1 bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., selected for high dry matter digesti­bility, has consistently enhanced the perform­ance of the animals consuming it. Variation in quality factors of other species, particularly Paspalum notatum var. Saurae Parodi and Pennisetum americanum (L.) K. Schum., makes it possible to improve digestibility. Pearl millet varieties with improved animal­production potential have been developed and released for farmer use. The varieties have

been selected for higher digestibility and short stature, with reduced stem fractions. The assessment of the digestion of fresh forage permits evaluation of the effects of other factors, …

Investigations Of Quality Factors In Cocksfoot (Dactylis Glomerata), Gosta Julen, Per Martensson, Jan Sjdoin

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The investigations reported show a clear and constant difference in digestibility of organic matter (DOM) between the crosses 14 x 18 and 16 x 20. This difference cannot be explained by the differences obtained in the relationship between leaves and stems, through the differ­ences in content of crude protein, fiber, or ash; nor can it be explained by the differences in the fiber composition. Sometimes it is proposed that the differences in DOM might be explained by differences in silica content, which is high in cocksfoot and is expressed by a high in­soluble ash content. However, since the leaves have …

Estimating The Digestibility Of Herbage By Means Of An In Vitro Technique Based On Cellulase, Kurt Nehring

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A rapid method based on cellulase was devised to estimate the digestibility of feeds. The method is easily applicable and readily reproducible; the standard error of the values is small. The digestibility coefficients established by means of cellulase (DCceBJ were found to be somewhat lower than the in vivo values; the differences go up as the vegetation advances. As the lagging behind of the DC reveals a marked dependence on the crude fibre content, it should be possible to translate to the animal the results obtained by means of the cellulase method. On account of its rapidity and sensibility this …

On The Estimation Of Digestibility And Net Energy In Green Forage And Roughage By Means Of A Cellulase Method, R J. Kellner, M Kirchgessner

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In vitro methods using rumen liquor for the determination of the digestibility of forages have the disadvantage of difficult use and restricted reproducibility. Therefore, the cel­lulolytic properties of the rumen inoculum were replaced by a commercial cellulase in order to get a simpler and more reproducible procedure. The values of in vivo digestibilities are reached if the cellulase digestion of feed samples is pretreated with dlilute hydrochloric acid and is followed by pepsin digestion. This cellulase digestibility alone or in combination with the contents of several crude nutrients can serve as parameter to estimate the energy value of feeds. The …

Forage And Feedstuff Analysis With Infrared Reflectance Spectro/Computer System1, J S. Shenk, K H. Norris, R F. Barnes, G W. Fissel

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

An infrared reflectance spectro/computer sys­tem (IRSCS) has been established at The Pennsylvania State University to evaluate the nutritional quality of forage and feedstuffs. Studies with alfalfa forage clearly show that the reflectance spectral curve of the forage is a composite curve consisting of various chemical constituents in the forage such as water, protein and cellulose. Chemical constituents are not measured directly by IRSCS but calibration prediction equations are developed from sam­ples with known chemical constituents and animal response data. After this is completed, forage samples can be analyzed for multiple chemical constituents and animal responses in less than 2 minutes. …

Quantitative Recording Of Roughages, Ingrid Marx

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

As site-adapted concentration and specializa­tion of production proceed and certain farms gradually specialize in forage production, roughages must be looked upon as commodi­ties. In accordance with the character of com­modity production, roughages must therefore be planned and accounted also in terms of quan­tity, quality, costs, and returns. In the paper, several methods of quantitative recording are described for the following rough­age groups: pasture grass, green forage, silages, hay, and dried green crop. They allow an exact control over roughage production in the crop production enterprises.

The Application Of The Gdr Feed Evaluation System In The Velgast Inter-Farm Cooperative Crop Production Divi­Sion (Kap), Wolfgang Weidlich, Fritz Luddecke, Manfred Beyer, Werner Jentsch

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Experience is reported regarding the applica­tion of the GDR Feed Evaluation System in managing and planning the forage production along industrial lines in the Velgast KAP. The following priorities of application are dis­cussed:

(1) Determining the feed supply and balancing it against the feed requirements of the ani­mals to be fed, for the purpose of planning the forage production and analyzing the performance reached in forage production;

(2) Utilization of the results of energy and nu­trient yield assessment over several years, and of feed planning in order to derive op­timum cropping patterns;

(3) Implementation of exact assessment of feed quantity …

Planning And Balancing Of Feed Requirements And Feed Production According To Standards Of The Energy And Protein Requirements Specified In The Gdr Feed Evalua­Tion System, Arthur Chudy

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

"Feed planning and balancing according to standards of the energy and protein require­ments" has been elaborated as an integral part of the GDR Feed Evaluation System to ensure that feed supply can be planned according to actual requirements, and has, by using com­puter techniques, been introduced in the GDR for planning activities at enterprise level as well as for national planning at territorial levels. The standards characterize the feed require­ments encountered under average production conditions for large livestock populations and longer spans of time. They have been derived for all animal species and production objectives from the requirement standards for …

Roughage Quality Estimation In The Gdr Feed Evaluation System, Bernd Hoffmann

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The quality of a feed is defined as the sum of the properties characterizing the feed in terms of its employment for animal production pur­poses. It unites parameters for the energy con­centration, contents of specific nutrients, die­tary characteristics, and properties· affecting feed intake. To facilitate roughage quality esti­mation, feed testing and attestation documents have been elaborated in connection with the introduction of the GDR Feed Evaluation Sys­tem. These documents include attestation tables for determining major feed value parameters (energy concentration, protein concentration, energy digestibility), the classification frames for assessing the roughage according to its content of specific nutrients, dietary chara1:­teristics …

How A Drying Plant Influences Intensification In The Development Of Forage Production Along Industrial Lines, Josef Pohl, Manfred Fechner

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Since the opening of the Selbelang drying plant, essential changes have occurred in the roughage patterns of the socialist farms in this territory. This development has been charac­terized by a strong decline in hay production, the latter depending strongly on weather con­ditions and involving heavy losses, in favour of the processing and use of dried green crop. Drying of whole plants and straw pelleting have been introduced. Furthermore, the quality of dried roughage has been essentially improved and winter-feeding rations have been stabilized through the use of high-quality dry feeds. Losses from preservation declined. Applying these measures of intensification it …