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Articles 11521 - 11550 of 11637

Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Web Information Retrieval And Monitoring Using Adaptive Agent, Yuen Beng Chong Feb 2001

Web Information Retrieval And Monitoring Using Adaptive Agent, Yuen Beng Chong

Student Works (2000-2009)

Internet is the information house. There are million of pages posted in the Internet, and still growing in exponential. Locate a web page, without a search engines, is like a blind explorer. There are many search engines in the existence world, but more new search engines is under construction. Each search engine has its advantage and disadvantage, depend on the need of the searchers. The projects aims to develop an agent, with some advanced features, to allow the searchers obtain the information from the Internet easily. The advanced features included, table of contents preview, chart of relevant, session review and …


Sistem Jadual Waktu Elektronik (Sjwe), Mohd Noh Mohd Nizam Jan 2001

Sistem Jadual Waktu Elektronik (Sjwe), Mohd Noh Mohd Nizam

Student Works (2000-2009)

Projek llmiah Tahap Akhir IT (WXES3182) ini merupakan salah satu keperluan kursus yang perlu diambil sebelum seseorang pelajar Ijazah Srujana Muda Sains Komputer itu bergelar graduan unversiti. Bagi tujuan itu saya telah membuat keputusan membina suatu sistem pentadbiran jadual waktu untuk FakuJti Sains Komputer & Teknologi Maklumat dan sistem ini saya namakan sebagai Sistem Jadual Waktu Elektronik (SJWE). SJWE ini dibangunkan oleh dua orang dan setiap orang membuat domain yang berlainan. Rakan saya Mohd. Sirhan Shabrani Bin Mt. Salleh membuat bahagian pentadbiran jadual waktu (Administration) di mana bahagian ini meliputi kerja-kerja yang perlu mempertimbangkan proses-proses yang perlu dijalankan sebelum suatu …


Online Counseling Assistant Ii (Oca Ii), Abdul Satar Roliana Jan 2001

Online Counseling Assistant Ii (Oca Ii), Abdul Satar Roliana

Student Works (2000-2009)

Laporan projek latihan ilmiah tahap akhir ini mencadangkan tentang pembangunan sebuah sistem yang mampu membantu pelajar di dalam proses pembelajaran. Sistem yang akan dibangunkan ialah Online Counseling Assistant II (OCA II) di mana ia tertumpu kepada 3 bahagian paling utama iaitu temujanji, perbincangan dan pengumuman dalam talian. Sasaran utama pengguna sistem OCA II ini adalah terdiri daripada pelajar-pelajar di mana ia dapat mermbantu mereka meningkatkan kualiti dan prestasi pembelajaran. Pembangunan sistem ini adalah berdasarkan kepada matlamat untuk mengeksploitasikan teknologi maklumat di dalam pendidikan serta memberi kemudahan elektronik kepada masyarakat. Beberapa kajian dan penyelidikan telah dibuat menghasilkan satu analisis dan rekabentuk …


Knowledge Management Portal (Ai Department), Rahmat Nazariah Jan 2001

Knowledge Management Portal (Ai Department), Rahmat Nazariah

Student Works (2000-2009)

Portal pengurusan maklumat adalah satu sistem yang mana berfungsi sebagai tempat untuk mengumpul dan mencapai maklumat. Maklumat yang terdapat di dalam portal ini adalah maklumat yang terperinci tentang Jabatan Kepintaran Buatan, FSKTM, Universiti Malaya. Semua maklumat ini akan di olah kembali untuk mendapatkan sesuatu output yang berguna kepada pengguna sistem ini. Sistem portal pengurusan maklumat ini mengandungi dua modul utama iaitu Modul Pengguna Awam dan Modul Pentadbir. Modul pengguna awam membenarkan pengguna mencari informasi dan mencapai maklumat yang dipaparkan di dalam portal ini. Akan tetapi, capaian sebagai pengguna awam adalah agak terhad. Modul pihak pentadbir pula terdiri daripada 4 peringkat …


To Explore Agent Technology In E-Commerce Mighty House Agent, Thirumalai Phiyadharshini Jan 2001

To Explore Agent Technology In E-Commerce Mighty House Agent, Thirumalai Phiyadharshini

Student Works (2000-2009)

Agent technology is becoming more popular among system designers who want their system to be more personalized, continuously running and semi-autonomous. These properties make agents useful for a wide variety of information and process management tasks. It should come as no surprise that these same qualities are particularly useful for the information-rich and process-rich environment of electronic commerce. As such agent technology in electronic commerce (e-commerce) would be essential to improve on-line shopping which is becoming more and more popular these days. It is in these roles that agent system designers have the challenge to accurately identify and the opportunity …


Hopfield Model For Shortest Path Computation And Routing In Atm Network, Chee Weng Lee Jan 2001

Hopfield Model For Shortest Path Computation And Routing In Atm Network, Chee Weng Lee

Student Works (2000-2009)

This research focuses on the application of Hopfield neural network and Boltmann machine in solving the shortest path routing problem in the ATM network environment. Hopfield neural network and Boltzmann machine are two types of neural network which are commonly used for solving optimization problem such as the shortest path routing problem. The objectives of this research are to construct a Hopfield neural network and a Boltzmann machine for solving the shortest path routing problem in the ATM network. Both of these two types of neural network are built based on a chosen example of an A TM network. The …


Fingerprint Recognition Using Neural Networks, Eng Hoe Kennie Yeoh Jan 2001

Fingerprint Recognition Using Neural Networks, Eng Hoe Kennie Yeoh

Student Works (2000-2009)

Traditional methods of fingerprint verification uses either complicated feature detection algorithms that are not specific to each fingerprint, or compare two fingerprint images directly using image processing toots. The former involves very complicated calculations and tedious algorithms, and the latter tend to work poorly. In this paper it is described a new method which takes the middle ground. This paper studies the implementation of the Fast Fourier Transform and Artificial Neural Networks into the recognition of fingerprints. With tests conducted on the implementation of the Fourier Transform as a method of fingerprint feature extraction, the use of the Fourier Transform …


Sistem Pembelajaran Cerdas Dan Pengatucaraan C (Spc), Ahmad Norzam Yusri Jan 2001

Sistem Pembelajaran Cerdas Dan Pengatucaraan C (Spc), Ahmad Norzam Yusri

Student Works (2000-2009)

Sistem pembelajaran cerdas dan pengatucaraan C (SPC) adalah Intelligent Tutoring system (ITS) yang dibangunkan untuk pelajar-pelajar univsersiti yang mengambil kursus Sains Komputer dan Teknologi Maklumat serta pelajar fakulti kejuruteraan di mana subjek Bahasa Pengatucaraan C merupakan suatu subjek yang wajib. SPC merupakan satu alat perisian untuk memerhatikan serta mengawal pembelajaraan pelajar dan menyelesaikan masalah-masalah subjek yang khusus. Sistem pembelajaran cerdas adalah pakej arahan berasaskan komputer yang menggunakan teknik-teknik yang ditemui dalam penyelidikan-penyelidikan Kepintaran Buatan untuk membantu dalam pengajaran sesuatu subjek atau kepakaran. Tidak seperti sistem konvensional lain, rekabentuk SPC menggunakan pendekatan Cognitivisim dan ia mempunyai tiga bahagian iaitu Model Pelajar, …


Intelligent Agent For Electronic Commerce Using Neural Network Approach \, Hui Sun Yap Jan 2001

Intelligent Agent For Electronic Commerce Using Neural Network Approach \, Hui Sun Yap

Student Works (2000-2009)

This project is aims to developing a tool that able to collect relevant information from the World Wide Web and a tool that can be used to assists users in decision-making in the activities of e-commerce. It i been built by using the neural network of artificial intelligence approach. In more specific, the back propagation network was been used. This report contains seven chapters that uncovered the details of the project from the beginning through the end of the system evaluation and a conclusion chapter. These chapters and its contain are been arranged as the following: Chapter I - lntroduction, …


Intelligent Agent For Electronic Commerce, Siew Cheng Lai Jan 2001

Intelligent Agent For Electronic Commerce, Siew Cheng Lai

Student Works (2000-2009)

The objective of this project is to develop a system that can assists a user to make decision in online transactions for residential houses. In order to achieve this objective, an intelligent agent will be built where it will help the user to find relevant information of the houses based on they requirement. Furthermore, a prediction tool will also be developed to predict the price of the required house on the market. Artificial neural network will be used here, where the LVQ network is used to build the system. The neural network will be implemented in the filtering module and …


Sistem Cerdas Pembelajaran Pembezaan Fungsi Matematik (Pfits), Sulaiman Zainab Jan 2001

Sistem Cerdas Pembelajaran Pembezaan Fungsi Matematik (Pfits), Sulaiman Zainab

Student Works (2000-2009)

Pembelajaran melalui komputer menjadi semakin popular dan pelbagai kajian dilakukan untuk menghasilkan sistem pembelajaran yang lebih baik dan efektif untuk menarik minat para pelajar dan meningkatkan fahaman dan kebolehan pelajar. Projek ini secara khususnya memberi penumpuan terhadap pembangunan Sistem Cerdas Pembelajaran (Intelligent Tutoring System - ITS) bagi Pembezaan Fungsi (PFITS). Pembezaan merupakan satu topik kalkulus yang melibatkan fahaman beberapa langkah penyelesaian dengan menggunakan petua-petua matematik seperti petua tambah dan petua rantai. Ia berbeza berbanding algebra yang lebih melibatkan kepada penggunaan rumus dan aplikasi rumus yang tidak melibatkan banyak langkah penyelesaian. PFITS ini juga dapat membantu pengajar untuk pembelajaan yang lebih …


Designing An Intelligent System For Genetic Biology Learning, Seenivasagam S.Gangatharan Jan 2001

Designing An Intelligent System For Genetic Biology Learning, Seenivasagam S.Gangatharan

Student Works (2000-2009)

With the changing education scenario, an issue which has come strongly on how to create intelligent tutoring system to educate learners in a more intelligent way. So a need has emerged for the development of an intelligent tutoring system. This part or thesis describes the design of a collection of intelligent systems under the name GENETIC BIOLOGY for basic genetic biology tutoring. GENETIC BIOLOGY consist of three intelligent systems which arc designed for cell, DNA and gene learning. GENETIC BIOLOGY systems employ natural language processing and various techniques normally used in the construction of intelligent systems. Production rules and frames …


Oces Sistem Pakar Kanser Ovari, Abd. Rahim Noreen Jan 2001

Oces Sistem Pakar Kanser Ovari, Abd. Rahim Noreen

Student Works (2000-2009)

Sistem Pakar Kanser Ovari atau OCES merupakan projek tahun akhir bagi memenuhi keperluan dalam penganugerahan ljazah Sarjana Muda Sains Komputer. OCES merupakan sistem pakar yang cuba bertindak untuk menggantikan pakar pada bila-bila masa yang diperlukan dengan melakukan diagnosis ke atas pesakit kanser ovari berdasarkan gejala-gejala yang ada pada pesakit. Dalam menjalankan proses diagnosis, satu sesi soal jawab dikendalikan oleh OCES akan dijalankan dan daripada sesi ini, OCES akan mengenalpasti samada pesakit tersebut berpotensi mendapat kanser ovari dan seterusnya membcrikan cadangan tentang kaedah rawatan yang mungkin diperlukan oleh pesakit disamping mampu memberi sedikit sebanyak maklumat mengenai kanser ovari. Dengan wujudnya sistem …


Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation Using Neural-Fuzzy In Atm Network, Yan Sing Chua Jan 2001

Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation Using Neural-Fuzzy In Atm Network, Yan Sing Chua

Student Works (2000-2009)

Dynamic bandwidth allocation is becoming one of the crucial issues in the design and research in the computer network. This is due to the continuous increasing demand of intensive applications that require more bandwidth while retaining higher quality. Dynamic bandwidth allocation utilises the current network state information to optimise the bandwidth distribution. The state information can be gathered through prediction using past data and measurement on current state. Agility and flexibility of dynamic bandwidth allocation using Neural-Fuzzy has the advantage that it can adapt to the state changes of the network. ATM network carries heterogeneous traffic and this causes the …


Collaborative Model And Algorithms For Supporting Real-Time Distribution Logistics Systems, Hoong Chuin Lau, Qi Zhang Liu Dec 2000

Collaborative Model And Algorithms For Supporting Real-Time Distribution Logistics Systems, Hoong Chuin Lau, Qi Zhang Liu

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

We study a complex optimization problem that arises due to an emerging trend in distribution logistics. The problem involves the integration of an inventory management problem and the vehicle routing problem with time windows, both of which are known to be NP-hard. We describe a collaborative approach to solve this problem in real-time. The novelty of our approach lies in the tight algorithmic integration between two sub-problems, and suggests an elegant scheme to deal with other integrated optimization problems of the same nature. For first sub-problem, we will present two algorithms: a complete mathematical model integrating integer programming with constraint …


Side Collision Warning System For Transit Buses, Sue Mcneil, David Duggins, Christoph Mertz, Arne Suppe, Chuck Thorpe Oct 2000

Side Collision Warning System For Transit Buses, Sue Mcneil, David Duggins, Christoph Mertz, Arne Suppe, Chuck Thorpe

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Transit buses are involved in many more accidents than other vehicles. Collision warning systems (CWS) are therefore placed most efficiently on these buses. In our project, we investigate their operating environment and available technologies to develop performance specifications for such CWS. The paper discusses our findings of transit buses driving through very cluttered surroundings and being involved in many different types of accidents where currently available CWS no not work effectively. One of the focuses of our work is pedestrians around the bus and their detection.


Baldur's Gate Ii - Maps & Benchmark Problems, Nathan R. Sturtevant, Bioware Corp Sep 2000

Baldur's Gate Ii - Maps & Benchmark Problems, Nathan R. Sturtevant, Bioware Corp

Moving AI Lab: 2D Maps and Benchmark Problems

Maps extracted by Yngvi Björnsson from Baldur's Gate II with explicit permission from BioWare Corp. for use and distribution as benchmark problems.

Contains 75 maps and benchmark problem sets scaled to 512 x 512 and 120 original scale maps.


The Application And Performance Of A Generic Task Routine Decision Making Algorithm To Recipe Selection In Meal Planning, Michelle M. Cox Aug 2000

The Application And Performance Of A Generic Task Routine Decision Making Algorithm To Recipe Selection In Meal Planning, Michelle M. Cox

Theses and Dissertations - UTB/UTPA

A nutritional meal planning system was implemented to test the effectiveness of a previously developed routine decision making algorithm. The combinatorics involved in ordering recipes in all possible combinations to produce variability in a meal plan and provide sufficient nutrition is conceptually intensive. Meal planning involves selection of food to eat to fulfill a person's nutritional and personal preferences. This thesis demonstrates meal planning as a decision making problem and demonstrates the utility of the routine decision making algorithm by solving this problem. Generic Tasks, identified through artificial intelligence research, provides the basis for this algorithm. It uses user preferences …


Design Of Adaptive Sliding Mode Fuzzy Control For Robot Manipulator Based On Extended Kalman Filter, Abdelrahman Aledhaibi Jul 2000

Design Of Adaptive Sliding Mode Fuzzy Control For Robot Manipulator Based On Extended Kalman Filter, Abdelrahman Aledhaibi

Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Theses & Dissertations

In this work, a new adaptive motion control scheme for robust performance control of robot manipulators is presented. The proposed scheme is designed by combining the fuzzy logic control with the sliding mode control based on extended Kalman filter. Fuzzy logic controllers have been used successfully in many applications and were shown to be superior to the classical controllers for some nonlinear systems. Sliding mode control is a powerful approach for controlling nonlinear and uncertain systems. It is a robust control method and can be applied in the presence of model uncertainties and parameter disturbances, provided that the bounds of …


Cataloging Expert Systems: Optimism And Frustrated Reality, William Olmstadt Feb 2000

Cataloging Expert Systems: Optimism And Frustrated Reality, William Olmstadt

E-JASL: Electronic Journal of Academic and Special Librarianship (1999-2009, Volumes 1-10)

There is little question that computers have profoundly changed how information professionals work. The process of cataloging and classifying library materials was one of the first activities transformed by information technology. The introduction of the MARC format in the 1960s and the creation of national bibliographic utilities in the 1970s had a lasting impact on cataloging. In the 1980s, the affordability of microcomputers made the computer accessible for cataloging, even to small libraries. This trend toward automating library processes with computers parallels a broader societal interest in the use of computers to organize and store information. Following World War II, …


Applications Of Fuzzy Logic To Software Model, Yahaya Yuhanim Hani Feb 2000

Applications Of Fuzzy Logic To Software Model, Yahaya Yuhanim Hani

Student Works (2000-2009)

This thesis investigates the use of fuzzy logic approach in software metrics application. Software metrics defines a standard way of measuring the properties of software products, development processes and resources. The most common application of software metrics is the software cost estimation where it predicts the effort required for completing certain stages of a software development life cycle. The ability to obtain an accurate effort prediction is essential for the cost estimation process, as it helps a project manager to specify the efforts needed for project development. In relation to this, cost estimation models such as COCOMO (Constructive Cost Model), …


Bottom-Up Design Of Artificial Neural Network For Single-Lead Electrocardiogram Beat And Rhythm Classification, Srikanth Thiagarajan Jan 2000

Bottom-Up Design Of Artificial Neural Network For Single-Lead Electrocardiogram Beat And Rhythm Classification, Srikanth Thiagarajan

Doctoral Dissertations

Performance improvement in computerized Electrocardiogram (ECG) classification is vital to improve reliability in this life-saving technology. The non-linearly overlapping nature of the ECG classification task prevents the statistical and the syntactic procedures from reaching the maximum performance. A new approach, a neural network-based classification scheme, has been implemented in clinical ECG problems with much success. The focus, however, has been on narrow clinical problem domains and the implementations lacked engineering precision. An optimal utilization of frequency information was missing. This dissertation attempts to improve the accuracy of neural network-based single-lead (lead-II) ECG beat and rhythm classification. A bottom-up approach defined …


Application Of Ai In Medicine, Tarmizi Amirul Hisyam Jan 2000

Application Of Ai In Medicine, Tarmizi Amirul Hisyam

Student Works (2000-2009)

From the beginning of human civilization, mankind have been trying to fins solution on how to make life easier. They create, modify and adapt, as they would please their need. From the smallest things in our life to the biggest part of all technologies, has improved our life tremendously. Computer technology nowadays has an important role in education, communication, medicine, and many more. In the field of medicine, we have seen many support systems had been developed and use to help human in their daily lives. Application of AI in medicine was proposed in this reason in mind, as a …


Analisa Perkataan: Rumi Dan Jawi, Mohamad Emilinda Jan 2000

Analisa Perkataan: Rumi Dan Jawi, Mohamad Emilinda

Student Works (2000-2009)

Rumi dan Jawi adalah suatu projek yang cuba dibangunkan bagi memenuhi keperluan suatu perisian bantu yang dapat menukarkan perkataan bertulisan Jawi kepada Rumi dan sebaliknya. Selain daripada berfungsi sebagai alat penukaran perkataan, sistem ini juga bertindak sebagai alat yang akan mendedahkan kepada pengguna mengenai morfologi bahasa. Di mana dalam kajian morfologi ini, akan dititikberatkan kepada bahagian imbuhan sahaja. Pengguna akan dapat memasukkan sebarang perkataan yang berimbuhan samada dalam bahasa Jawi atau Rumi dan kemudian proses penukaran perkataan akan dilakukan. Projek ini dilihat sebagai suatu keperluan kerana sebelum ini telah ada usaha pembangunan alat penukaran Rumi-Jawi dan alat penukaran Jawi-Rumi sebagai …


Tools For Jawi Character Recognition, Hassan Nur Hassinah Jan 2000

Tools For Jawi Character Recognition, Hassan Nur Hassinah

Student Works (2000-2009)

Huruf jawi terdiri daripada 36 huruf. Ia merupakan huruf-huruf yang kebanyakannya lahir daripada huruf arab.Tulisannya adalah unik kerana mempunyai aksara yang bersambung dalam sesuatu perkataan. lni menyebabkan pengecaman terhadap tulisan jawi tangan menjadi lebih kompleks apabila aksara perlu dipecahkan. Selain itu, perwakilan bagi sesuatu aksara jawi mempunyai bentuk yang berlainan bergantung kepada kedudukannya dalam perkataan. Perisian alatan teknikal iaitu MATLAB digunakan untuk membina atatan yang terdiri daripada pemprosesan imej, pensegmenan, dan pengecaman aksara jawi. Input adatah satu perkataan jawi yang diimbas. lmej dalam bentuk digitaJ akan melalui pemprosesan imej untuk tujuan pengurangan kebisingan dan peningkatan kualiti. lmej seterusnya dipecabkan kepada …


System Login Authentication Using Voice Recognition And Other Ai Methods, Azizul Hasan Zati Hakim Jan 2000

System Login Authentication Using Voice Recognition And Other Ai Methods, Azizul Hasan Zati Hakim

Student Works (2000-2009)

As computer becomes a commodity in work places and households appliances used by all - be it male or female young or old - the issue of security and privacy are increasing from day to day. Today, every user wishes for a better way to protect sensitive data. For all the talk about beefing up system security, the most effective way to breach a user's personal files and applications is to guess his or her password. That's because in the interest of easy recall, familiar terms are most preferred by users in general when it come too remembering a password. …


Sistem Pakar Bermultimedia Untuk Pengenalpastian Serangga, Osman Aizul Hussin Jan 2000

Sistem Pakar Bermultimedia Untuk Pengenalpastian Serangga, Osman Aizul Hussin

Student Works (2000-2009)

Sistem Pakar Bermultimedia untuk domain pengenalpastian serangga ,Insect Identification Expert System,(IIES ) merupakan sistem pakar untuk membantu proses pengenalpastian pangkat serangga dalam Hierarki Linnean. Sistem ini menggunakan pendekatan berorientasikan objek di mana konsep kelas dan objek akan digunakan untuk merekodkan pengetahuan ke bentuk yang akan difahami oleh sistem pakar. Strategi inferens yang digunakan ialah teknik rantaian ke hadapan di mana sistem pakar akan menghasilkan konklusi berdasarkan data-data yang diberi. Sistem pakar mempunyai ciri-ciri multimedia untuk membantu memberi panduan bagi pengguna untuk mengenal pasti ciri-ciri kunci serangga dan memberi penjelasan tentang domain di samping memberi pendekatan yang berlainan dari sistem pakar …


Intelligent Agent For E-Commerce Using Genetic Algorithm, Sun Sun Kok Jan 2000

Intelligent Agent For E-Commerce Using Genetic Algorithm, Sun Sun Kok

Student Works (2000-2009)

This project report outlines the introduction, literature study and methodology, system analysis and design, system implementation, system testing and summary of the whole project. The major objective of this system is to develop an intelligent agent that can gather. analyze and categorize information from the Web on the printers that complying the parameters specified /identified by the web users, and to provide recommendations for online purchases for all types of printers. The recommended web sites are restricted to web pages that provide online purchase facilities and deliveries in Malaysia. The system is able to update the information from the database …


Sistem Diagnosis Penyakit Tanaman Padi (Pakar Padi), Jin Gee Tee Jan 2000

Sistem Diagnosis Penyakit Tanaman Padi (Pakar Padi), Jin Gee Tee

Student Works (2000-2009)

Beras adalah makanan utama rakyat Malaysia. Banyak kajian dan penyelidikan dibuat untuk meningkatkan hasil tanaman padi. Di antaranya termasuklah mengkaji cara-cara kawalan serangga perosak dan kerja-kerja diagnosis penyakit tanaman padi. Maklumat-maklumat daripada hasil kajian harus disimpan dengan baik supaya kerja diagnosis dapat dijalankan dengan lebih lancar. Memandangkan keperluan ini, satu sistem berkomputeran yang menyimpan data data mengenai tanaman padi adalah penting dan dijangka akan memberi bantuan dalam pengurusan dan kerja-kerja diagnosis. Ini telah membawa kepada idea untuk membangunkan satu sistem diagnosis penyakit bagi tanaman padi. Sistem Diagnosis Penyakit Tanaman Padi, diberikan nama Pakar Padi adalah satu sistem berpangkalan komputer yang …


Homepage For Medical Image Processing, Nawot Nomansia Jan 2000

Homepage For Medical Image Processing, Nawot Nomansia

Student Works (2000-2009)

Homepage for Medical image Processing is a web site development project done to fulfills the requirement of Bachelor of Information Technology course. This homepage is about the current research in medical image processing area done by the research group in Neural Network Lab at Faculty of Computer Science and Intonation Technology University of Malaya. The architecture of this homepage based on client-server architecture model. Nowadays, many researchers use the Internet to storing, retrieving, and displaying information in a networked environment. Those who offer information through the Web must establish a homepage, a text and graphical screen display that usually welcomes …