Veterinary Medicine Commons^™

Avian Influenza Vaccination: A Commentary Focusing On H5n1 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza, Karen Burns Grogan, David A. Halvorson, Richard D. Slemons

Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease: Publications

Avian influenza (AI) is a viral disease of poultry, caused by influenzavirus A, classified in the family Orthomyxoviridiae. The influenza A viruses maintained in birds are commonly referred to as avian influenza viruses (AIVs). The AIVs are antigenically, genetically, and biologically diverse, are found worldwide in birds, and infect a variety of avian species.

Department Of Veterinary And Biomedical Sciences 2007 Annual Report

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Information and History

The first class of twenty· five Nebraska students began their DVM degree program at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. The new program provides for students from Nebraska to complete their first two years of the professional school at UNL. The second two years of training will be completed at the College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University. Under the agreement, the students will pay Iowa State resident tuition rates all four years.

To prepare for the new program, an anatomy teaching laboratory, classroom and microbiology laboratory were develop by renovating space in the Animal Science Complex. New faculty members hired to …

Michigan Bovine Tuberculosis Eradication Project: 2007 Activities Report

Michigan Bovine Tuberculosis Bibliography and Database

Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that is close to being eradicated in the United States, but still poses a significant risk to domestic livestock, wildlife, companion animals, and humans throughout the world. The Michigan Bovine TB Eradication Project involves a multi-agency team of experts from the Michigan departments of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Community Health, Michigan State University, and the US Department of Agriculture.

Vitamin Status In Yearling Rams With Growth Failure, Handan Mert, Süleyman Kozat, Ni̇hat Mert, Yeter Değer

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

This study was performed to investigate the serum levels of vitamins in yearling rams with growth failure. A total of 70 yearling rams of Akkaraman breed, 50 of which were classified as growth-failure with an average body weight of 37.30 ± 1.1 kg (test) and the remaining 20 were classified as normal with an average body weight of 67.80 ± 2.2 kg (control), were included in the study. There were significant differences between the yearling rams with and without growth failure in terms of serum levels of vitamin C, \beta-carotene, and vitamins A and E (P < 0.001, P < 0.01, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001, respectively). The levels of all analyzed vitamins were lower compared to controls in yearling rams with growth failure.

Environmental And Genetic Effects On Birth Weight And Survival Rate In Holstein Calves, Serdar Koçak, Mustafa Tekerli̇, Ceyhan Özbeyaz, Banu Yüceer

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of certain factors on birth weight and survival rate, utilizing the records of 8399 Holstein calves maintained at the Ceylanpınar State Farm in southeastern Anatolia. The data were collected from the calf barn sheets, including birth weight, pedigree details, and calf fate. The survival rate was scored as 1 (alive) or 0 (died) in accordance with the records. Analysis of variance indicated that the effects of year, season, parity, and calf sex on birth weight were significant (P < 0.01). Only calf sex had a significant (P < 0.01) influence on survival rate. The least squares means of birth weight for all calves averaged 38.79 ± 0.171 kg. The survival rates were 0.95 ± 0.004, 0.94 ± 0.004, and 0.92 ± 0.005 at 3, 6, and 12 months of life, respectively. Heritabilities were 0.115 ± 0.0023 for birth weight and 0.020 ± 0.009, 0.011 ± 0.008, and 0.011 ± 0.008 for 3-month, 6-month, and 12-month survival rates. Genetic correlations between birth weight and every rate of survival were estimated as -0.113, -0.012, and 0.106. The corresponding phenotypic correlations were 0.022, 0.014, and -0.013. It was concluded that the birth weight and survival rates of Holstein calves reared at Ceylanpınar State Farm were acceptable. However, further improvements can be accomplished by more effective feeding and management based on the low heritabilities.

Presence Of A Very Virulent Genotype Of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus In Vaccinated Layer Hens In Turkey, Ali̇ Osman Çeri̇başi, Hakan Bulut, İrem Gülaçti, Yesari̇ Eröksüz, Yusuf Bolat

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Despite vaccinations against very virulent (vv) strains of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) or Gumboro, Gumboro outbreaks in vaccinated hens in Turkey are still reported. These outbreaks suggested that new vv strains might have emerged and the present vaccines might not be able to provide protection against infections with these strains. The objective of this study was to characterize the viruses isolated from vaccinated layer hens. For this purpose, the hypervariable region of the VP2 gene of the viruses was amplified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and the amplification products were sequenced. These results showed that the field isolates …

Coagulase Gene Polymorphism Of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated From Subclinical Bovine Mastitis, Özkan Aslantaş, Cemi̇l Demi̇r, Hülya Türütoğlu, Zafer Canteki̇n, Yaşar Ergün, Gökhan Doğruer

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

This study was conducted to investigate the coagulase gene polymorphism of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from subclinical bovine mastitic milk samples from 3 different Turkish cities (Hatay, Gaziantep, and Burdur). Amplification of the coagulase gene from 80 S. aureus isolates produced 5 different polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products; 79 isolates showed only 1 amplicon, and 1 isolate showed 2 amplicons. The isolates were grouped into 9 genotypes by analysing the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the gene; the 2 most common genotypes accounted for 73.8% of the isolates. The results indicated that many coagulase gene genotypes are present in the …

The Prevalence Of Eimeria Species In Goats In Iğdır, Abdurrahman Gül

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

This study was conducted to identify Eimeria species in goats in 5 districts of Iğdır province in Turkey. Faecal specimens (approximately 3-5 g) were obtained from the rectums of 212 goats. In the laboratory examination of faecal samples, 10 different Eimeria species were identified in 82.55% of the specimens: E. arloingi (47.43%), E. christenseni (45.14%), E. ninakohlyakimovae (36.00%), E. alijevi (26.85%), E. hirci (23.42%), E. caprina (18.28%), E. caprovina (16.57%), E. pallida (13.14%), E. jolchijevi (10.28%), and E. apsheronica (3.42%). E. caprina and E. caprovina are reported for the first time in the Iğdır province of Turkey.

Assessment Of Biosecurity Procedures To Prevent Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Cross Contamination, Rebecca Aden

The Journal of Undergraduate Research

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a common virus among cattle, and there are many different strains of the virus. BVDV can cause mucosal disease in infected cattle. There are lab strains of BVDV used for testing, but there are also wild-type viruses that may develop within a herd or population. These wild-type strains can be dangerous due to cross contamination between herds. This project compares serum samples from two different herds on the basis of the antibody response to a wild-type virus isolated from a persistent infected animal in one of the herds. We tested for a possible cross …

Evaluation Of The Treatment Of Repeat Breeder Dairy Cows With Uterine Lavage Plus Pgf_{2\Alpha }, With And Without Cephapirin, Mohammad Rahim Ahmadi, S. A. Dehghan

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Repeat breeder syndrome is a major source of economic waste in dairy herds. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of uterine lavage plus PGF_{2\alpha}, with and without antibiotic treatment, on the conception rate in repeat breeder dairy cows. The study included 33 repeat breeder cows free of any significant detectable pathologic disorders associated with the reproductive tract. The cows were divided into 2 groups. Group A (n = 10), the treatment group, was lavaged with normal saline, and was administered 2 doses of prostaglandin F_{2\alpha } (PGF_{2\alpha }) (13 days apart) and an intrauterine infusion of …

Detection Of The Eaea Gene In Escherichia Coli From Chickens By Polymerase Chain Reaction, Ayşe Kiliç, Hasan Basri̇ Ertaş, Adi̇le Muz, Gökben Özbey, Hakan Kalender

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The aim of this study was to isolate Escherichia coli from chickens and to determine the presence of the eaeA gene, a virulence factor detected in E. coli, in the isolates by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Different chicken organs were inoculated onto blood agar and biochemical tests were performed on the suspicious isolates. E. coli was isolated from 48% (48/100) of the samples. DNA was extracted from these isolates and was amplified by PCR, using a pair of primers derived from the eaeA (virulence) gene. In the agarose gel examination of PCR products, 48% (48/100) of the isolates were determined …

Comparison Of Spermatological Characteristics And Biochemical Seminal Plasma Parameters Of Normozoospermic And Oligoasthenozoospermic Bulls Of Two Breeds, Mesut Çevi̇k, Pürhan Barbaros Tuncer, Umut Taşdemi̇r, Taner Özgürtaş

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in spermatological and seminal plasma biochemical characteristics between normozoospermic and oligoasthenozoospermic bulls. A total of 8 bulls were used and they were divided into 4 groups: Holstein normozoospermic (HN) and oligoasthenozoospermic (HO), and Brown Swiss normozoospermic (BSN) and oligoasthenozoospermic (BSO). Spermatological parameters investigated included semen volume, color, concentration, motility, and percentage of abnormal sperm. Biochemical parameters measured in seminal plasma included pH, glucose, urea, creatinine, uric acid, cholesterol (CH), triglyceride, Mg, inorganic P (P_i), Ca, Na, K, and Cl ion concentrations. Colorimetric and ion selective electrode methods were used for …

Morphological Studies On Ovarian Mast Cells In The Cow, Asuman Özen, Levent Ergün, Emel Ergün, Nejdet Şi̇mşek

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

This study was conducted on cows in the estrual and luteal phases of the cycle to determine the staining properties, light and electron microscopic appearance and numerical distribution of mast cells from various areas of the ovary. The material for the study comprised ovarian specimen taken from 14 cows, 7 in the luteal phase and 7 in the estrual phase of the sexual cycle. Specimens were taken from 3 different areas of the ovaries, including those surrounding the corpus luteum, the graafian follicle and the medulla. From all 3 areas, mast cells were demonstrated as metachromatic staining after treatment of …

Research Strategies To Reduce Bovine Tuberculosis Transmission From Wildlife To Cattle, Are R. Brentensen, Mike R. Dunbar, Robert G. Mclean

Michigan Bovine Tuberculosis Bibliography and Database

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a zoonotic disease caused by Mycobaterium bovis, and is transmissible to humans, wildlife and domestic livestock. In the northern Lower Peninsula of Michigan, white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus) serve as a reservoir for the disease and pose a significant threat to domestic cattle and captive cervids. Scientists at USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center have designed a variety of laboratory and field studies aimed at reducing or eliminating bTB infection in cattle by interrupting the transmission of the disease from wildlife reservoirs. These strategies include reducing bTB in deer by delivery of …

Research Strategies Of The National Wildlife Research Center To Control Bovine Tuberculosis In Wildlife In Michigan, Usa, A. R. Berentsen, M. R. Dunbary, R. G. Mclean

Michigan Bovine Tuberculosis Bibliography and Database

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a zoonotic disease caused by Mycobaterium bovis and is transmissible to humans, wildlife, and domestic livestock. In the United Kingdom, the suspected wildlife reservoir of bTB is the badger (Meles meles) (HUTCHINGS and HARRIS, 1997), and in New Zealand, the culprit is the brush-tailed possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) (MORRIS et al., 1994). In northern Michigan, USA, bovine tuberculosis is endemic in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). In 1975 a hunter-killed white-tailed deer in Alpena County, Michigan, USA, was tested positive for bTB. Subsequent surveillance by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) …

Risk Factors Associated With The Prevalence Of Tuberculosis-Like Lesions In Fenced Wild Boar And Red Deer In South Central Spain, Joaquin Vicente, Ursula Hofle, Joseba M. Garrido, Isabel G. Fernandez-De-Mera, Pelayo Acevedo, Ramon Juste, Marta Barral, Christian Gortazar

Michigan Bovine Tuberculosis Bibliography and Database

In recent decades the management of large game mammals has become increasingly intensive in south central Spain (SCS), resulting in complex epidemiological scenarios for disease maintenance, and has probably impeded schemes to eradicate tuberculosis (TB) in domestic livestock. We conducted an analysis of risk factors which investigated associations between the pattern of tuberculosis-like lesions (TBL) in wild boar (Sus scrofa) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) across 19 hunting estates from SCS and an extensive set of variables related to game management, land use and habitat structure. The aggregation of wild boar at artificial watering sites was …

Vaccination Of White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus Virginianus) With Mycobacterium Bovis Bacillus Calmette Guerin, M. V. Palmer, T. C. Thacker, W. R. Waters

Michigan Bovine Tuberculosis Bibliography and Database

Wildlife reservoirs of Mycobacterium bovis represent serious obstacles to the eradication of tuberculosis in domestic livestock. In Michigan, USA tuberculous white-tailed deer transmit M. bovis to cattle. One approach in dealing with this wildlife reservoir is to vaccinate deer in order to interrupt the cycle of deer to deer and deer to cattle transmission. Thirty-one white-tailed deer were assigned to one of three groups; 2 SC doses of 10⁷ CFU of M. bovis BCG (n = 11); 1 SC dose of 10⁷ CFU of M. bovis BCG (n = 10); or unvaccinated deer (n = 10). …

Haemato-Biochemical Aspects Of Parturient Haemoglobinuria In Buffalo, Muhammad Zubair Akhtar, Ahrar Khan, Muhammad Zargham Khan, Ghulam Muhammad

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

This study aimed to determine the haematological and biochemical changes that occur in buffaloes with parturient haemoglobinuria (PHU). For this purpose, serum samples from 60 PHU-affected and 60 apparently healthy buffaloes were collected and analysed. Mean erythrocyte count (3.6 ± 1.0 10^{12}/l), haemoglobin concentration (5.8 ± 1.4 g/dl), and haematocrit (16.9 ± 2.8 %) of the PHU-affected buffaloes were lower (P < 0.001), while their erythrocyte sedimentation rate (104.1 ± 36.2 mm/h) was higher (P < 0.001) in comparison to the healthy buffaloes. Neutrophils (43.0 ± 4.5%), urea (49.7 ± 7.8 mg/dl) and creatinine (2.1 ± 0.4 mg/dl) concentrations were significantly higher in the PHU-affected buffaloes, while lymphocytes (48.7 ± 2.9%) and erythrocytic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) (92.3 ± 13.2 mU/10^9 TECs) were lower than in the healthy buffaloes. Serum phosphorus (1.9 ± 0.6 mg/dl) and copper (65.4 ± 6.0 \mu g/dl) were lower (P < 0.001), while molybdenum (171.5 ± 56.7 \mu g/dl) was higher in the PHU-affected buffaloes as compared to those values in the healthy buffaloes. It was concluded that PHU-affected buffaloes usually suffer from severe anaemia and hypophosphataemia, and erythrocytes with significantly reduced G6PD are prone to haemolysis, leading to haemoglobinuria in buffaloes.

Immunohistochemical Diagnosis Of Aspergillosis In Adult Turkeys, Enver Beytut

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The aim of the present study was to apply immunohistochemistry, using a commercially available monoclonal antibody, for the diagnosis of aspergillosis in adult turkeys. Eight adult turkeys were studied. The lungs revealed grossly a few yellowish-white granulomas. Histopathologically, the granulomas were distributed in the pulmonary parenchyma or occasionally located around the airways. A few fungal hyphae were detected within the necrotic debris of the granulomas in the lungs using routine fungal stains. Immunohistochemical staining performed on lung sections from all of the turkeys disclosed fungal hyphae and their fragments clearly within the necrotic debris and within the cytoplasm of macrophages …

Influence Of Bovine Somatotropin And Replacement Of Corn Dextrose With Concentrate On The Performance Of Mid-Lactating Buffaloes Fed Urea-Treated Wheat Straw, Muhammad Sarwar, Muhammad Asif Shahzad, Mahr-Un Nisa, Aboubakar Sufyan

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The study examined the effect of bovine somatotropin (bST) in mid-lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes (n = 18) given varying levels of Enzose (corn dextrose) in a urea-treated wheat straw (UTWS) based ration on nutrient intake, digestibility, nitrogen (N) utilisation, milk yield, and its composition in a completely randomised design with a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement. The control ration contained 60% UTWS and 40% concentrate. The other 2 rations were formulated to replace 50% or 100% concentrate portions of the ration with Enzose of equivalent energy. Enzose is a liquid derived from the enzymatic conversion of corn starch to dextrose, and …

Modelling The Protein And Amino Acid Requirements Of The Greater Rhea (Rhea Americana), James Sales

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Protein and amino acid requirements of the Greater rhea (Rhea americana) have been estimated from growth data available for this species, and assumptions derived with other closely related species. Differences in body weight and growth pattern caused considerable higher protein and amino acid requirements for males compared to females after 3 months of age. Whereas the absolute protein requirement is comparable between males (148 g/day) and females (144.5 g/day) at 50 days of age, 21.8 g/day protein is needed by males at 500 days of age compared to 12.2 g/day for females. Limitations include the lack of knowledge on feed …

Characterization Of A Virulence Related Hypothetical Protein In Edwardsiella Ictaluri, Ildiko Katalin Polyak

LSU Master's Theses

Although the biochemical characterization of E. ictaluri, the subsequent disease progression of enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC), and the associated pathologic lesions are well characterized, the mechanism of invasion of E. ictaluri into a susceptible host is poorly understood. Identification and confirmation of virulence factors and associated genes of E. ictaluri is crucial to elucidating the pathogenesis of this important disease. A signature tagged mutagenesis (STM) study conducted by Thune et al. (2006) identified 50 E. ictaluri clones with transposon insertions in genes potentially involved in pathogenesis. A specific STM mutant, 233PR, carrying a transposon insertion in a gene encoding …

Evaluation Of Selected Immune Response To Haemonchus Contortus In Gulf Coast Native Compared To Suffolk Lambs, Krishna P. Shakya

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Haemonchus contortus is one of the major nematode parasites causing substantial economic losses in small ruminant farming worldwide. Recently, effect of anthelmintic treatment has decreased due to an increasing problem of nematode populations that have developed resistance to anthelmintics. There are certain breeds of sheep that are identified as being relatively resistant to the parasite including Gulf Coast Native (Native) sheep. Understanding the mode of immune response that helps these breeds of sheep control infection could help design vaccines and enhance control programs. This experiment was designed to evaluate the immunological responses of Native, compared with susceptible Suffolk sheep that …

Depletion Of 32-Kbp Circular Plasmids From Borrelia Burgdorferi, Amanda Paige Derouen Polito

LSU Master's Theses

The Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi has a very unusual genome composed of one linear chromosome and up to 21 linear and circular plasmids. Several plasmids are known to be important either for mammalian infection or tick colonization. A single spirochete harbors up to 7 different cp32 plasmids; however, nothing is known about their role in mammalian infection. The plasmids in this family are well maintained during in vitro cultivation, making it difficult to study their functions. To effectively deplete the plasmids, an 8kbp fragment containing essential elements for replication and partitioning in B. burgdorferi was amplified from one of …

Carprofen Compromises The Integrity And Barrier Function Of The Colonic Mucosa Of The Dog, Catherine Alix Briere

LSU Master's Theses

Effects of carprofen on colon of dog have not been investigated. Objectives 1) Measure conductance and permeability to mannitol of transverse, proximal descending and distal descending colonic mucosa of dog. 2) Measure conductance and permeability to mannitol of colonic mucosa of dog in presence of carprofen. Design In vitro experimental - nested, randomized block design Animals Colonic mucosa from 6 (objective 1) and 7 (objective 2) mature mixed-breed dogs. Methods Objective 1) Control - Three sections of mucosa from each region of colon were mounted in Ussing chamber units. Conductance was calculated every 15 min for 240 min. Flux of …

Evaluating The Effect Of Two Commercial Antimicrobial Products On Salmonella Spp. In The Aquatic Habitat Of The Red-Eared Slider Turtle (Trachemys Scripta Elegans), Trevor Theadore Zachariah

LSU Master's Theses

Turtle-associated salmonellosis was recognized as a public health concern in the 1960’s, particularly due to an increase in the incidence of disease among children. In response to the public health threat, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) implemented regulations in 1975 restricting the sale of turtle eggs and turtles with a carapace length less than 10.2 cm. Since that time, attempts to eliminate Salmonella from turtles using antibiotics have been unsuccessful and lead to antibiotic resistant strains of Salmonella on turtle farms. Recent work has focused on identifying non-antibiotic products to suppress or eliminate Salmonella and reverse the …

Influence Of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha And Minocycline On Microglia And Macrophage Activation During Polytropic Retrovirus Infection, Meryll E. Corbin

LSU Master's Theses

Microglia/macrophage activation has been associated with the pathogenesis of various neurological diseases including human immunodeficiency virus encephalitis, transmissible spongiform encephalitis, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). In vitro studies have indicated a role for TNFα in activating these cells which leads to their migration, proliferation, and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines that may potentially damage brain tissue. In the current study, we analyzed the phenotype of microglia and macrophages enriched from wild type and TNFα deficient mice infected with a neurovirulent murine retrovirus. Although TNF receptors CD120a and CD120b were expressed on both microglia and macrophage population, unaltered by either retrovirus …

The Role Of Toll-Like Receptor 7 In The Neuropathogenesis Of Retrovirus Infection In Neonates, Stephanie Diane Lewis

LSU Master's Theses

Viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS) in infants are rare; however, they are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. These virus infections often induce strong innate immune responses in the brain including: the production of cytokines and chemokines, the activation of astrocytes and microglia and the recruitment of macrophages. Innate immune responses are often initiated by toll-like receptors (TLR). Several studies have demonstrated that toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) can be stimulated by single-stranded RNA from multiple viruses. In the current study, we examined the mechanism by which TLR7 contributes to neuroinflammation in the neonatal brain using a …

Preparation Of Neuraminidase-Specific Antiserum From The H9n2 Subtype Of Avian Influenza Virus, Ali Nazari Shirvan, Mehran Moradi, Mehdi Aminian, Rasool Madani

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Avian influenza virus stocks (A/chicken/Iran/259/1998/(H9N2)) were propagated in the allantoic cavities of 10-day-old embryonated chicken eggs. The harvested suspension was concentrated by polyethylene glycol 6000. Concentrated samples were layered onto sucrose gradient (30%-60%). Both hemagglutinin and neuraminidase were solubilized from purified viruses with Triton X-100 across 30% sucrose gradient. NA was isolated from HA and other viral proteins by affinity chromatography on N-(p-aminophenyl)oxamic acid. Fractions that had high NA activity and did not show HA activity were pooled and analyzed by neuraminidase inhibition and SDS-PAGE. No viral protein bands were detected, except for a single band in the position of …

Verotoxin Production In Strains Of Escherichia Coli Isolated From Cattle And Sheep, And Their Resistance To Antibiotics, Altan Aksoy, Murat Yildirim, Bi̇rgül Kaçmaz, Teoman Zafer Apan, J. Sedef Göçmen

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

In this study, 130 Escherichia coli strains isolated from 306 cattle and sheep fecal samples were studied for their resistance to 10 antibiotics, verotoxin production, and hemolyzation. The antibiotic resistance rates of the E. coli strains were as follows: tetracycline, 51.6%; streptomycin, 24.2%; ampicillin, 13.1%; amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, 5.2%; gentamycin, 4.6%; ciprofloxacin, 4.6%; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 4.3%; cefotaxime, 0.7%. None of the strains were resistant to cefepime or ceftazidime. Of all the antibiotics tested, only resistance to streptomycin was higher in the strains isolated from cattle than in the sheep strains (P = 0.043). The evaluation of the cattle strains, based on gender …