Sports Sciences Commons^™

Maximal Number Of Repetitions At Percentages Of The One Repetition Maximum: A Meta-Regression And Moderator Analysis Of Sex, Age, Training Status, And Exercise, James L. Nuzzo, Matheus D. Pinto, Kazunori Nosaka, James Steele

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

The maximal number of repetitions that can be completed at various percentages of the one repetition maximum (1RM) [REPS ~ %1RM relationship] is foundational knowledge in resistance exercise programming. The current REPS ~ %1RM relationship is based on few studies and has not incorporated uncertainty into estimations or accounted for between-individuals variation. Therefore, we conducted a meta-regression to estimate the mean and between-individuals standard deviation of the number of repetitions that can be completed at various percentages of 1RM. We also explored if the REPS ~ %1RM relationship is moderated by sex, age, training status, and/or exercise. A total of …

Exercise Professional Education, Qualifications, And Certifications: A Content Analysis Of Job Postings In The United States, Rachele Pojednic, Devin P. O’Neill, Molly G. Flanagan, Alexis Bartlett, Byron L. G. Carter, Mary A. Kennedy

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Introduction: Growth in the field of clinical exercise science and the potential impacts on overall health and wellbeing have driven the need for qualified, clinically trained, exercise professionals. And yet, it is not well understood what specific credentials employers are seeking when hiring exercise professionals. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to examine the qualification requirements for professionals seeking employment in exercise science, exercise physiology, kinesiology or equivalent fields. Methods: Search platforms Indeed.com and USAJobs.gov were examined within a two week period in 2022. Search terms included “Exercise Physiology”, “Exercise Science”, “Exercise Professional”, “Exercise Prescription”, “Exercise Specialist”, and “Kinesiology”. …

The Cardiorespiratory Differences Between Physically Trained Vs Untrained Collegiate Competitive Riffle Athletes, Jakob Rankin

Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects

This research study will examine the differences in cardiorespiratory response of trained vs untrained physically active collegiate athletes participating in the sport of Competitive Rifle. The goal of this study is to determine how the heart and lungs respond from participation in Competitive Rifle with division one collegiate and intercollegiate club athletes. If successful, this study will help to determine a correlation of athletic performance in the sport of Competitive Rifle and structured physical training. We will also compare the results of males vs females within both division one and club athletes. The final output of this project is to …

Analyzing Sex Differences In Human Performance Through 3d Isotonic Resistance, Jacob M. Cunha

University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations

Appraisal of scientific literature and understanding continues to grow in the domain of human performance. The effects of sex on concentric resistance training and power output are not well understood. Recent advancements in technology permit more precise measurements of force output and the kinematic changes elicited by training stress. A unique device in capturing kinematic performance output is Proteus Motion. The machine produces an external magnetic load through a protruding apparatus connected to a gyrosphere, which in turn captures concentric movement through all three planes of movement (sagittal, coronal, transversal). The aim of this study is to investigate power output …

What Are The Most Effective Exercise, Physical Activity And Dietary Interventions To Improve Body Composition In Women Diagnosed With Or At High-Risk Of Breast Cancer? A Systematic Review And Network Meta-Analysis, Christine Kudiarasu, Pedro Lopez, Daniel A. Galvão, Robert U. Newton, Dennis R. Taaffe, Lorna Mansell, Brianna Fleay, Christobel Saunders, Caitlin Fox-Harding, Favil Singh

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Background: Obesity has been recognized as a risk factor in the development and recurrence of breast cancer and is also associated with poor prognostic outcomes. This systematic review and network meta-analysis aimed to identify the most effective exercise, physical activity, and dietary interventions to reduce fat mass, body fat percentage and body weight as well as potentially increase lean mass in women diagnosed with or at high risk of breast cancer. Methods: A systematic search of databases was performed up to May 2022. Eligible randomized controlled trials examined the effects of exercise, physical activity and/or dietary interventions on fat mass …

Sex Differences In Fatigability And Recovery Following A 5 Km Running Time Trial In Recreationally Active Adults, Maria Solleiro Pons, Sandra K. Hunter, Paul Ansdell

Exercise Science Faculty Research and Publications

Females demonstrate greater fatigue resistance compared to males in tasks ranging from single-limb contractions to whole-body exercise, including running. Many of the studies investigating sex differences in fatigability following running, however, occur after long duration, low-intensity tasks and it is unknown whether there is a sex difference in fatigability following high-intensity running. This study compared fatigability and recovery following a 5 km running time trial in young males and females. Sixteen recreationally active participants (8 males, 8 females, age: 23 ± 4 years) completed a familiarisation and experimental trial. Knee-extensor maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) were performed before and up to …

The Effectiveness Of Running Power As A Metric Of Exercise Intensity During Running Interval Training, Eric A. Lambert, Dustin W. Davis, Matahn Blank, Tashari A. Carballo, Elias M. Malek, Kathryn Lei A. Lavin, Thea Sweder, Nicole Argueta, Marcus M. Lawrence, James W. Navalta, Jeffrey Cowley

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Wearable power meters are increasingly popular among runners with Coros and Stryd offering running power as a real-time, trackable of a metric. PURPOSE: This study compared running power (RP) to physiological measures, heart rate (HR) and oxygen consumption (VO₂), across high and low intensity running intervals. METHODS: Thirteen adult participants (n = 6 male; height = 174.9 ± 6.9 cm; mass = 72.5 ± 12.0 kg) were equipped with a Stryd 27 RP meter, a Polar H10 HR monitor, and a Cosmed K5 portable metabolic unit. Participants’ self-selected RP was obtained during a 10-min run on …

Bicycle Handlebar Width Does Not Affect Spirometry, Ventilation, Or Gas Exchange, Matthew J. Fahey, Daniel T. Cannon

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Bicycle fit may affect comfort, aerodynamics, efficiency, ventilation, and power generation. Handlebars determine how the rider interacts with the bicycle. A wide range of handlebar widths are commercially available, but it is unclear if the resultant position affects lung function, ventilation, gas exchange, or efficiency. PURPOSE We aimed to measure the effects of handlebar widths on ventilation, gas exchange, spirometry, and comfort during moderate constant power exercise. METHODS Twenty-four recreationally active adults completed the study (32 ± 5 yrs., 175 ± 9 cm, 74 ± 12 kg, 8 women, 16 men). Participants completed three moderate constant power bouts of exercise …

Social Jetlag Inhibits Exercise-Induced Adaptations In The Heart And Alters Markers Of Mitochondrial Dynamics, Graham R. Mcginnis, Michael B. Dial, Elias M. Malek, Greco Neblina, Austin Cooper, Nikoleta Vasileva, Tanner Erwin

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Social jetlag (SJL), or the shifting of behavior and sleep times between weekdays and weekends, is a pervasive form of circadian rhythm disruption that affects nearly 70% of the population to some extent. The magnitude of SJL can be determined by the difference in the mid-sleep phase between weekends and weekdays. Higher levels of SJL have been associated with lower levels of cardiorespiratory fitness, and increased incidence of cardiometabolic disease, which may be due, in part, to mitochondrial dysfunction. However, no studies to date have evaluated the effects of long term SJL on cardiac mitochondrial dynamics. PURPOSE: To determine …

The Physical Activity Of Spanish Speleologists: Accomplishment Of Recommendations And Differences By Sociodemographic Variables, Miquel Pans, Laura Antón-González, Maite Pellicer-Chenoll

International Journal of Speleology

Outdoor adventure activities are becoming more popular due to their potential health benefits, although there is little scientific information on speleology as a physical activity (PA). The purpose of this study is to expand the scientific evidence in this field in two ways: (a) describe the PA performed by speleologists, taking into account the variables of interest such as gender, age, education, speleological level, participation in ‘Alpine’ explorations and body mass index (BMI) and (b) identify how far the World Health Organization’s (WHO) PA recommendations were accomplished (i.e.,150 min of moderate-intensity aerobic PA or 75 min of vigorous-intensity aerobic). A …

Localized Pain And Fatigue During Recovery From Submaximal Resistance Exercise In People With Fibromyalgia, Giovanni Berardi, Christine Eble, Sandra K. Hunter, Marie K. Hoeger Bement

Exercise Science Faculty Research and Publications

Objective

Exercise is recommended as a main treatment in fibromyalgia. However, many people have limited exercise tolerance and report exacerbated pain and fatigue during and following a bout of exercise. This study examined the local and systemic changes in perceived pain and fatigue during exercise and through the 3-day recovery following isometric and concentric exercises in people with and without fibromyalgia.

Methods

Forty-seven participants with a physician diagnosis of fibromyalgia (44 women; mean age [SD] = 51.3 [12.3] years; mean body mass index [SD] = 30.2 [6.9]) and 47 controls (44 women; mean age [SD] = 52.5 [14.7] years; mean …

Physical Activity In Managing Stress Among Managers During The Covid-19 Pandemic – A Systematic Review, Anna Hryniewicz, Anna Gmiąt, Magdalena Jaroch-Lidzbarska, Mariusz Lipowski

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic managers experienced additional stress connected with taking responsibility for workers at the time of a worldwide crisis. Maintaining a high level of physical activity in this specific group possibly could have contributed to keeping both management skills and health condition at a high required standard. The purpose of this review is to verify the range of scientific interest on the subject of physical activity among managers as a stress coping strategy during the pandemic. Materials and Methods: For this systematic review six studies were chosen (two of them are qualitative descriptive, three are cross-sectional, one …

Exploration Of Salivary-Omics Analyses For Stress Biomarker Monitoring, Ashanthi Snell

Honors Scholar Theses

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: To support long-term study into the salivary -omics responses to stress that may be used in biomonitoring during exercise and environmental stress, we pursued a focused study to establish optimized protocols and demonstrate that stress-specific markers are expressed to sufficient detectable limits and responsive to rest, exercise-heat stress, and to multi-day acclimation. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles, >150 nm in diameter secreted by multiple cell types and contain potentially stress-, disease-, or cell-damage-specific proteins, mRNAs, and miRNAs. Exosomes can be fractionated by their solubility and density from a variety of biofluids and probed for vesicular biomarkers (vs. freely circulating or …

Moderate To Vigorous-Intensity Continuous Training Versus High-Intensity Interval Training For Improving Vo2max In Women: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Robert Lindner, Isaac Selva Raj, Angela W. H. Yang, Shadman Zaman, Brianna Larsen, Joshua Denham

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Traditional continuous training and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) can increase maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). However, there is conflicting evidence regarding which form of training demonstrates the greatest improvements to VO2max, and data in women is sparse. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analyses to assess whether moderate to vigorous-intensity continuous training (MVICT) or HIIT was superior at improving VO2max in women. Randomised controlled and parallel studies examined the influence of MVICT and/or HIIT on VO2max in women. There was no statistical difference in VO2max improvements after training between women in the MVICT and HIIT cohorts (mean difference [MD]: −0.42, 95%CI: …

Health Consequences Of Low Energy Availability In Females And Their Underlying Physiological Mechanisms, Grace Parry

Senior Honors Theses

Low energy availability (LEA) is a state in which energy intake is insufficient to support energy expenditure while maintaining energy balance, which has been shown to result in gastrointestinal distress, immunosuppression, reduced metabolic rate, menstrual dysfunction, diminished bone health, and impaired cardiovascular function in females. Alterations to the microbiome and mucosal lining may propagate gastrointestinal complaints and compromised immune function associated with LEA. The pathophysiology of LEA is otherwise largely driven by hormonal adaptations. Diminished production of thyroid hormones is known to contribute to reduced metabolic rate. Decreases in leptin and insulin and increases in ghrelin disrupt reproductive function through …

Can We Calculate Mean Arterial Pressure In Humans?, Matthew M. Howrey, Tiffany L. Brazile, Bryce N. Balmain, Andrew R. Tomlinson, James P. Macnamara, Tony G. Babb, Benjamin D. Levine, Satyam Sarma, Christopher M. Hearon Jr, Denis J. Wakeham

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is either measured with an oscillometric cuff and then systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures are estimated from an unknown algorithm; or SBP and DBP are measured via auscultation and MAP calculated using measures of systolic pressure (SBP), diastolic pressure (DBP), and a form-factor (FF; equation: [(SBP-DBP)*FF]+DBP). The typical FF used is 0.33 though others (0.4) have been proposed. Recent work indicates that estimation of aortic MAP via a FF leads to inaccurate values and should therefore be interpreted with caution, whether this is the case for local MAP is unknown. While the implications for …

The Effects Of Resistance Deception On Upper Body Muscular Strength, Muscular Endurance, And Perceived Exertion, Ashley Mcmasters

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Resistance deception during training is lightly researched and is seen as a modification that can potentially act on central control during exercise. Studies that have observed the effects of deception while training has yielded mixed results and the effects of deception on strength, muscular endurance, and perceived exertion are still unclear. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of resistance deception on upper-body maximal muscular strength, muscular endurance, and perceived exertion in a strength-trained population. METHODS: Eight males (n = 5) and females (n = 3) between the ages of 18 and 26 that had at …

Thirst Sensation Does Not Effect Reaction Time But Decreses Mood In Men, Alan Ky, Hui-Ying Luk, Jarrod Blinch, Yasuki Sekiguchi

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Exercise in hot environments results in dehydration accompanied by thirst sensation, a vital signal for fluid homeostasis. While cognitive performance and mood have been studied with exercise in hot environments and in dehydration states, no studies have investigated the effect of inducing thirst on cognitive performance and mood. PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of inducing thirst on cognitive performance and mood. METHODS: Twelve recreationally active men (mean±SE age: 29±3.6 years; body mass: 74.7±2.3 kg; height, 179.4±2.0 cm; maximal oxygen consumption [VO_2max]: 49.8±1.9 ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) performed 90 mins of cycling at 55% VO_{2max …}

Effects Of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation On Energy Expenditure And Oxygen Consumption, Victoria M. Rocha, Jehu Apaflo, Gabriel Narvaez, Ali Mossayebi, Joshua Labadah, Sudip Bajpeyi

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Exercise is beneficial to improve metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Physical activity results in an increase in energy expenditure (EE) and oxygen consumption due to increased energy demand. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is an alternative strategy to induce muscle contraction. Our previous work have shown that NMES induced muscle contraction can improve metabolic health in an overweight and obese population. However, it is not known whether NMES induced muscle contraction leads to greater energy expenditure. PUPROSE: To determine the effect of NMES induced muscle contraction on energy expenditure and oxygen consumption. METHODS: Eighteen sedentary overweight/obese men …

The Relationship Between Motivational Music And Endurance Performance Of College-Aged Individuals, Sara Tan, Dy Say Der

Applied Health Sciences Student Works

Introduction: Music has shown beneficial ergogenic effects to exercise performance by increasing endorphins and catecholamines levels in the blood. However, the relationship between motivational lyrical music and endurance performance is still unclear. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between motivational music and endurance performance using the Sports-specific Endurance Plank Test.
Methods: 10 males and 26 females (age 21± 3 years) college-aged students were recruited to complete the study at Bethel University. All participants performed the Sports-specific Endurance Plank which assesses the trunk flexors and lumbar extensors in the same manner observed in sports performance movements. Participants …

Prehabilitative Versus Rehabilitative Exercise In Prostate Cancer Patients Undergoing Prostatectomy, Favil Singh, Robert U. Newton, Dennis R. Taaffe, Pedro Lopez, Jeff Thavaseelan, Matthew Brown, Elayne Ooi, Kazunori Nosaka, Dickon Hayne, Daniel A. Galvão

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Purpose: The study compared the efficacy of commencing supervised exercise in men with prostate cancer before and after prostatectomy on objective and patient-reported outcomes, hospital length of stay, and urinary incontinence. Methods: Forty-one men were randomised to a 6-week prehabilitation or rehabilitation exercise programme. Prehabilitation involved resistance and aerobic exercise thrice weekly pre-surgery, while rehabilitation comprised the same commencing 6-weeks post-surgery. Assessments included strength, function (chair rise, stair climb, 400-m, 6-m usual, fast, and backwards walk), body composition, fatigue and quality of life, undertaken at pre-surgery, early post-surgery and late post-surgery phase, with urinary incontinence (24-h pad test) assessed at …

Exercise Builds The Scaffold Of Life: Muscle Extracellular Matrix Biomarker Responses To Physical Activity, Inactivity, And Aging, Georgios Mavropalias, Marni Boppart, Kayley M. Usher, Miranda D. Grounds, Kazunori Nosaka, Anthony J. Blazevich

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Skeletal muscle extracellular matrix (ECM) is critical for muscle force production and the regulation of important physiological processes during growth, regeneration, and remodelling. ECM remodelling is a tightly orchestrated process, sensitive to multi-directional tensile and compressive stresses and damaging stimuli, and its assessment can convey important information on rehabilitation effectiveness, injury, and disease. Despite its profound importance, ECM biomarkers are underused in studies examining the effects of exercise, disuse, or aging on muscle function, growth, and structure. This review examines patterns of short- and long-term changes in the synthesis and concentrations of ECM markers in biofluids and tissues, which may …

Men And Women Differ In Their Interest And Willingness To Participate In Exercise And Sports Science Research, James L. Nuzzo, Robert O. Deaner

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Unequal proportions of male and female participants in exercise research might be attributed, in part, to differences in interest and willingness to participate. We tested if men and women are equally interested and willing to undergo exercise research procedures and if they consider different factors when deciding to participate. Two samples completed an online survey. Sample 1 (129 men, 227 women) responded to advertisements on social media and survey-sharing websites. Sample 2 (155 men, 504 women) was comprised of undergraduate psychology students. In both samples, men were significantly more interested to learn their muscle mass amount, running speed, jump height, …

The Accuracy Of Recreational Athletes In Self Detecting Ventilation Threshold During A Maximal Exercise Test, Andrew Biegner

Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects

INTRODUCTION: Ventilatory threshold (VT) is where minute ventilation (VE) increases nonlinearly with increasing exercise intensity. Prior studies have shown that subjects can recognize VT by changes in breathing during exercise. Teaching recreational athletes to use VT as a training method could result in better quality training. PURPOSE: Determine if recreational athletes can accurately perceive changes in ventilation associated with VT during maximal exercise testing. METHODS: Subjects were recruited (n=20, age= 20.5 ± 1.7 yrs.) to participate in the study. Subjects performed a modified maximal treadmill protocol with gas analysis. Subjects indicated when they noticed a considerable change …

Age-Related Changes In Skeletal Muscle Oxygen Utilization: A Review, Maxwell T. Aiken, Sabrina S. Salvatore, Kyle N. Zelenski, Ryan K. Perkins

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The cardiovascular and skeletal muscle systems are intrinsically interconnected, sharing the goal of delivering oxygen to metabolically active tissue. Deficiencies within those systems that affect oxygen delivery to working tissues are a hallmark of advancing age. Oxygen delivery and utilization are reflected as muscle oxygen saturation (SmO₂) and may be assessed using near-infrared resonance spectroscopy (NIRS). PURPOSE: This review is intended to provide an update on the current state of literature regarding age-related effects on SmO₂. Furthermore, we attempt to bridge the gap between SmO₂ and associated underlying mechanisms affected by aging. FINDINGS: SmO …

Mitochondrial Integrity Distinguishes Exercise-Induced Vs. Pathogenic Cardiac Hypertrophy, Nicole Lee Yang

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Cardiac hypertrophy is a consequence of exercise training, as well as certain cardiomyopathies. However, the key genetic drivers of cardiomyocellular remodeling in a healthy vs diseased heart are inadequately understood. PURPOSE: Determine the genetic architecture of exercise training-induced cardiomyocellular remodeling and hypertrophy. METHODS: The exercise hybrid mouse diversity panel (ExcHMDP) is comprised of 100 strains of Exc trained (TRN) and sedentary (SED) animals (n=4-8/strain per group). After 30d of exercise, running wheels were locked, and 24-hours post-exercise, 6h-fasted animals were euthanized and tissues harvested (~20 tissues/mouse). To interrogate pathogenic cardiac hypertrophy, isoproterenol (ISO, 30mg/kg/day for 21d) was administered to …

The Relationship Between Catecholamines And Lactate Concentration In Response To Exercise In Adolescents With Obesity, Vincent Vuong, Daniela Rubin

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Epinephrine is a catabolic hormone that increases metabolism through glycolysis and glycogenolysis. During exercise, accelerated glycogen and glucose breakdown is associated with increased lactate production. Previous studies show obesity (OB) decreases the epinephrine response during exercise potentially affecting glucose metabolism and lactate production. PURPOSE: To compare the epinephrine and lactate responses in adolescents with OB and adolescents with normal weight (NW) and to determine if changes in epinephrine and lactate concentrations are associated. METHODS: 12 adolescents with OB (9.2 ± 1.2 y, 39.9 ± 6.8% body fat) and 12 adolescents with NW (17.5 ± 4.6% body fat) completed …

Different Resistance Training Protocols During The Crunch Exercise Affect Muscle Thickness, Echo-Intensity, Load Lifted, And Perception Of Effort In Recreationally-Trained Participants., Keanna J. Sullivan, Paulo H. Marchetti

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The correct choice of the acute variables is another important component of a resistance training (RT) session. The combination of intensity and volume is fundamental to determine the dose-response in a RT session and can induce specific metabolic and mechanical stress in the muscle. PURPOSE: The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate acute dose-response of different volume x intensity RT protocols with equated total volume (40 repetitions) during the crunch exercise on muscle thickness, echo-intensity, load lifted, and rating of perceived exertion in recreationally-trained participants. METHODS: Fifteen resistance-trained participants (23±3years, 76.4±6.5kg, 173.3±6.5cm) performed the abdominal crunch exercise …

Effects Of Acute Aerobic Exercise On Circulating Stlr And Srage Profiles In Normoglycemic And Insulin-Resistant Individuals, Ryan K. Perkins

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Impaired blood glucose regulation as a consequence of insulin resistance is linked to development of many clinical conditions, including cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer’s, and skeletal muscle wasting via inflammatory processes. Recent evidence suggests circulating solubilized Toll-Like Receptor (sTLR) and Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts (sRAGE) originate from skeletal muscle and are related to glucose management and inflammation. PURPOSE: The purpose of this investigation was to explore 1) relationships among sTLR and sRAGE profiles and indices of metabolic health and 2) sTLR and sRAGE responses to an acute bout of aerobic exercise (AE) in normoglycemic (NG) and insulin-resistant (IR) individuals. We hypothesized …

The Relationship Between Physical Activity And Quality Of Sleep In College Students, Jaidyn N. Olson, Sarah Dunn

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

In addition to the rigors of academic life post pandemic, students are often faced with balancing a healthy mindset, extracurricular activities, family time, and employment, all while pursuing their future professional career. Each of these endeavors takes time and effort on the part of the individual. When stressed with little time to spare, health behaviors in a college student are typically last on the list of priorities and often physical activity and sleep get the least amount of attention. While both sleep and physical activity have been shown to benefit college student success, they are more often than not, forgotten. …