Sports Sciences Commons^™

High Performance: Exploratory Study Into The High Performance Model And Qualitative Secondary Analysis Of Elite Sport Management In The United States, Jon Gregory Hill

Theses and Dissertations--Education Sciences

This dissertation examines the area of high performance in elite sport through high performance professionals’ perspectives in the United States Olympic and Paralympic National Governing Bodies. The study’s purpose was to establish a shared meaning of the high performance sport management model by its elements in the athletic arena. Interviews with 16 high performance directors and managers were conducted to establish definitions, backgrounds, and anatomy of high performance in sport: high performance, high performance sport, high performance management, high performance model.

A qualitative secondary analysis was conducted to examine the high performance model in the U.S. and explore the job …

Comparison Of The Times To Exhaustion, Physiological, Perceptual, And Neuromusuclar Responses During Constant Heart Rate, Constant Vo2, And Constant Power Exercise, Pasquale Jiovanni Succi

Theses and Dissertations--Kinesiology and Health Promotion

The purposes of this study were to: 1) Determine if there are differences in the sustainability of exercise when anchored at critical heart rate (CHR), the VO₂ associated with CHR (VO₂CHR), or the power output associated with CHR (PCHR); 2) examine the patterns of responses in power output, metabolic (heart rate [HR], VO₂, respiration rate [RR]), neuromuscular (electromyographic [EMG] amplitude [AMP], mean power frequency [MPF], mechanomyographic [MMG] AMP and MPF, perceptual (rating of perceived exertion [RPE]), and muscle oxygenation responses (%SmO₂) during exercise anchored by HR, VO₂, and power output; and …

Examination Of Sex- And Intensity-Specific Fatigue During Bilateral Leg Extension Exercise, Taylor Kayln Dinyer

Theses and Dissertations--Kinesiology and Health Promotion

The purposes of this study were to: 1) examine sex-related differences in the performance of repetitions to failure below (CL_-10%, CL_-20%) and above (50%, 60%, 70%, and 80% 1RM) the critical load (CL) to make inferences regarding the mechanisms responsible for variability in the performance of repetitions to failure at varying loads; 2) examine the time course of neuromuscular and muscle oxygen saturation responses during the performance of repetitions to failure below and above the CL; 3) to make inferences regarding motor unit activation strategies used to maintain force during the completion of repetitions below and …

Reliability And Validity Of A Clinical Assessment Tool For Measuring Scapular Motion In All 3 Anatomical Planes, Oliver A. Silverson, Nicole G. Cascia, Carolyn M. Hettrich, Nicholas R. Heebner, Timothy L. Uhl

Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition Faculty Publications

CONTEXT: A single clinical assessment device that objectively measures scapular motion in each anatomical plane is not currently available. The development of a novel electric goniometer affords the ability to quantify scapular motion in all three anatomical planes.

OBJECTIVE: Investigate the reliability and validity of an electric goniometer to measure scapular motion in each anatomical plane during arm elevation.

DESIGN: Cross-sectional.

SETTING: Laboratory setting.

PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Sixty participants (29 females, 31 males) were recruited from the general population.

INTERVENTION(S): An electric goniometer was used to record clinical measurements of scapular position at rest and total arc of motion …

Exercise For Weight Loss: Further Evaluating Energy Compensation With Exercise, Kyle D. Flack, Harry M. Hays, Jack Moreland, Douglas E. Long

Dietetics and Human Nutrition Faculty Publications

PURPOSE: This study assessed how individuals compensate for energy expended during a 12-wk aerobic exercise intervention, elucidating potential mechanisms and the role exercise dose plays in the compensatory response.

PARTICIPANTS AND DESIGN: Three-arm, randomized controlled trial among sedentary adults age 18 to 40 yr, body mass index of 25 to 35. Groups included six exercise sessions per week, two sessions per week, and sedentary control.

METHODS: Rate of exercise energy expenditure was calculated from a graded exercise test averaged across five heart rate zones. Energy compensation was calculated as the difference between expected weight loss (based on exercise energy expenditure) …

Sport-Specific Differences In Dynamic Visual Acuity And Gaze Stabilization In Division-I Collegiate Athletes, Carolina Quintana, Nicholas R. Heebner, Anne D. Olson, J. P. Abt, Matthew C. Hoch

Sports Medicine Research Institute Faculty Publications

BACKGROUND: The vestibular-ocular reflex (VOR) integrates the vestibular and ocular systems to maintain gaze during head motion. This reflex is often negatively affected following sport-related concussion. Objective measures of gaze stability, a function mediated by the VOR, such as the computerized dynamic visual acuity test (DVAT) and gaze stabilization test (GST), may have utility in concussion management. However, normative data specific to sport, sex, or concussion history have not been established in collegiate athletes.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to establish normative values for the DVAT and GST in collegiate athletes and explore the effect of sport, sex, …

Corticospinal Activity During A Single-Leg Stance In People With Chronic Ankle Instability, Masafumi Terada, Kyle B. Kosik, Ryan S. Mccann, Colin Drinkard, Phillip A. Gribble

Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition Faculty Publications

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to determine whether corticospinal excitability and inhibition of the tibialis anterior during single-leg standing differs among individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI), lateral ankle sprain copers, and healthy controls.

METHODS: Twenty-three participants with CAI, 23 lateral ankle sprain copers, and 24 healthy control participants volunteered. Active motor threshold (AMT), normalized motor-evoked potential (MEP), and cortical silent period (CSP) were evaluated by transcranial magnetic stimulation while participants performed a single-leg standing task.

RESULTS: Participants with CAI had significantly longer CSP at 100% of AMT and lower normalized MEP at 120% of AMT compared to …

Thrower's Exostosis Of The Shoulder: A Systematic Review With A Novel Classification, Michael T. Freehill, Sandeep Mannava, Laurence D. Higgins, Alexandre Lädermann, Austin V. Stone

Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine Faculty Publications

Background: A variety of thrower's exostoses are grouped under the term Bennett lesion, which makes understanding diagnosis and treatment difficult.

Purpose: To identify all types of reported thrower's and overhead athlete's exostoses and categorize them into a classification system to allow a morphology-based classification.

Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods: A systematic review of all articles pertaining to Bennett lesions and thrower's exostosis was performed. The classification and treatments were evaluated to describe the types, proposed causes, diagnosis, and treatment options.

Results: A total of 27 studies were included in the systematic review. The anatomic locations …

Optimizing The Double-Row Construct: An Untied Medial Row Demonstrates Equivalent Mean Contact Pressures In A Rotator Cuff Model, Austin V. Stone, T. David Luo, Aman Sharma, Kerry A. Danelson, Michael De Gregorio, Michael T. Freehill

Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine Faculty Publications

Background: The merits of a double-row rotator cuff repair (RCR) construct are well-established for restoration of the footprint and lateral-row security. The theoretical benefit of leaving the medial row untied is to prevent damage to the rotator cuff by tissue strangulation, and the benefit of suture tape is a more even distribution of force across the repair site. These benefits, to our knowledge, have not been evaluated in the laboratory.

Hypothesis: Leaving the medial row untied and using a suture bridge technique with suture tape will offer more even pressure distribution across the repair site without compromising total contact force. …

Methodological Considerations For The Determination Of The Critical Resistance For The Deadlift, Alexander C. Moss

Theses and Dissertations--Kinesiology and Health Promotion

This study determined if plate movement during conventional deadlifting affects critical resistance (CR) estimates derived from the linear work limit (W_lim) versus repetitions relationship. Eleven subjects completed 1-repetition maximum (1RM) deadlift testing followed by 8 visits, to determine the number of repetitions to failure at 50%, 60%, 70%, and 80% 1RM for both reset (RS) and touch-and-go (TG) methods, respectively. The CR was calculated as slope of the line of total work completed (repetitions × load [in kilograms]) versus total repetitions for each of four intensities (50-80% 1RM). The number of repetitions to failure were determined at CR …

Effects Of Relative Inertial Load On Performance Measures And Quadriceps Electromyography During Flywheel Resistance Training Squats, Jason Todd Brantley Jr.

Theses and Dissertations--Kinesiology and Health Promotion

Flywheel resistance training (FRT) has become an increasingly popular modality for exercising due to its unique application of providing external resistance. Little is known about how changes in relative inertial loads affects performance and electromyography (EMG) activity. The purpose of this study was to examine how performance metrics and quadriceps EMG activity are affected by relative inertial load during FRT-based squats. Fifteen resistance trained individuals completed five sets of five repetitions of squats with varying relative inertial loads in random order. Peak Eccentric Power (PEP), Peak Concentric Power (PCP), average force, total work, and repetition time were measured. Surface level …

Application Of High Performance Training Strategies To Enhance Occupational Readiness In Law Enforcement Cadets, Gabriel Jose Martinez

Theses and Dissertations--Kinesiology and Health Promotion

Law enforcement requires cadets to achieve a requisite level of physical fitness to prepare for occupational demands. However, there is limited research on the effectiveness of academy exercise programs to optimize physical fitness and occupational physical ability through high performance training strategies more typically utilized in elite athletic populations. Furthermore, there is a paucity of research identifying physical fitness correlates of occupational performance. Collectively, this information will provide academies and practitioners with critical information to develop evidence-based training programs. Therefore, the purposes of this study were to: Aim 1) Examine the effectiveness of integrating autoregulatory progressive resistance exercise (APRE) and …

Effects Of Load Carriage On Shoulder Neuromuscular Functions And Recovery, Muataz R. Almaddah

Theses and Dissertations--Rehabilitation Sciences

Load carriage is a primary source for injury occurrence among military personnel and recreational hikers affecting all body areas. The shoulder ranks as the second or third most common site of injuries among military personnel. Many studies report that elevations in self-reported fatigue, soreness, and discomfort in the shoulders accompany the load carriage. Almost 50% of military personnel experienced a load carriage injury during the first episode of training, and 75% of those injured suffered a second injury during their career. The goal of this research project is to investigate the components associated with load carriage shoulder symptoms to determine …

Influences Of Functional And Psychological Factors On Biomechanics Following An Anterior Cruciate Ligament (Acl) Reconstruction, Chelsey Roe

Theses and Dissertations--Rehabilitation Sciences

Objective: The aims of this research were to identify gaps in the literature related to return to sport (RTS) test batteries following primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) (Aim 1) and define recovery in athletes from 4-9 months after ACLR across three domains: 1) psychological recovery and biomechanics (Aim 2), 2) rehabilitation quantity and biomechanics (Aim 3), and 3) functional performance and biomechanics (Aim 4). Ultimately, the results of this research would quantify recovery following ACLR in athletes with a desire to RTS and identify objective criteria throughout rehabilitation prior to RTS.

Participants: Twenty-two post-ACLR athletes 17 females, 8 males, …

Performance Of The Promis In Patients Undergoing 3 Common Elbow Procedures, Edward O. Rojas, Natalie Glass, Jessell Owens, Chris A. Anthony, Matthew Bollier, Brian R. Wolf, Carolyn Hettrich

Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine Faculty Publications

Background: Ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) reconstruction, distal biceps tendon repair, and elbow arthroscopic surgery are common elbow procedures performed in active patients.

Hypothesis: We hypothesized (1) good to excellent correlation between Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) instruments and traditional orthopaedic upper extremity patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures; (2) that PROMIS instruments would demonstrate ceiling effects; and (3) that the PROMIS physical function computer adaptive test (PF CAT) would demonstrate a low question burden compared with other PRO instruments.

Study Design: Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2.

Methods: A total of 76 patients undergoing UCL repair/reconstruction, distal biceps tendon repair, …

Inducing Incentive Sensitization Of Exercise Reinforcement Among Adults Who Do Not Regularly Exercise—A Randomized Controlled Trial, Kyle D. Flack, Kelsey Elise Ufholz, Luann Johnson, James N. Roemmich

Dietetics and Human Nutrition Faculty Publications

Background

Increasing exercise reinforcement, or decreasing sedentary reinforcement, may reduce sedentary activity and promote habitual exercise. Repeated exposures to a reinforcer may increase its reinforcing value (i.e., incentive sensitization). It is not yet known whether incentive sensitization occurs for exercise or factors associated with incentive sensitization for exercise reinforcement. The purpose was to determine whether exercise exposures increase exercise reinforcement relative to a sedentary alternative and whether this sensitization of exercise reinforcement would alter physical or sedentary behavior. This work also determined whether exercise dose, intensity, and preference and tolerance for exercise intensity were associated with incentive sensitization of exercise. …

Performance Of The Promis After Operative Interventions For Shoulder Instability, Christina J. Hajewski, Natalie A. Glass, Robert W. Westermann, Matthew Bollier, Brian R. Wolf, Carolyn Hettrich

Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine Faculty Publications

Background: The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) was developed to capture patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in an efficient manner. Few studies have assessed this instrument postoperatively.

Purpose: To compare the PROMIS Physical Function computer adaptive test (PROMIS PF CAT) and Upper Extremity (PROMIS UE) item bank to other previously validated PRO instruments and to evaluate ceiling and floor effects and construct validity responsiveness in patients who underwent operative interventions for shoulder instability.

Study Design: Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2.

Methods: A total of 72 patients who underwent operative interventions for shoulder instability completed the American Shoulder and Elbow …

Elastic Resistance Effectiveness On Increasing Strength Of Shoulders And Hips, Kelsey J. Picha, Muataz R. Almaddah, Jordan Barker, Tavis Ciochetty, W. Scott Black, Timothy L. Uhl

Physical Therapy Faculty Publications

Elastic resistance is a common training method used to gain strength. Currently, progression with elastic resistance is based on the perceived exertion of the exercise or completion of targeted repetitions; exact resistance is typically unknown. This study's objective is to determine if knowledge of load during elastic resistance exercise will increase strength gains during exercises. Participants were randomized into two strength training groups, elastic resistance only and elastic resistance using a load cell (LC) that displays force during exercise. The LC group used a Smart Handle (Patterson Medical Supply, Chicago, IL) to complete all exercises. Each participant completed the same …

Extremely Low Testosterone Due To Relative Energy Deficiency In Sport: A Case Report, Ana Narla, Kimberly Kaiser, Lisa R. Tannock

Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine Faculty Publications

Objective: Recognize extremely low testosterone due to hypothalamic dysfunction from overtraining syndrome in a male athlete with relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S).

Methods: Clinical and laboratory information are described.

Results: A 20-year-old male division I collegiate swimmer was found to have strikingly low total, free, and bioavailable testosterone levels with normal sex hormone–binding globulin and inappropriately normal follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. Lab testing ruled out hyperprolactinemia and hypothyroidism as etiologies, and pituitary imaging was normal. A diagnosis of RED-S was made, and the patient worked with the sports medicine team to increase nutrition and modify physical activity. His …

Results Of A Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial (Rct) Of The Toolkit For Optimal Recovery (Tor): A Live Video Program To Prevent Chronic Pain In At-Risk Adults With Orthopedic Injuries, Ana-Maria Vranceanu, Cale A. Jacobs, Ann Lin, Jonathan Greenberg, Christopher J. Funes, Mitchel B. Harris, Marilyn M. Heng, Eric A. Macklin, David Ring

Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine Faculty Publications

Background: Orthopedic injuries are the leading cause of hospital admissions in the USA, and many of these patients transition into chronic pain. Currently, there are no evidence-based interventions targeting prevention of chronic pain in patients with orthopedic injuries. We iteratively developed a four-session intervention “The Toolkit for Optimal Recovery” (TOR) which we plan to subsequently test for efficacy in a phase III hybrid efficacy-effectiveness multi-site clinical trial. In order to prevent methodological weaknesses in the subsequent trial, we conducted a feasibility pilot to evaluate the TOR delivered via secure live video versus usual care (UC) in patients with orthopedic injuries …

Volleyball Overhead Swing Volume And Injury Frequency Over The Course Of A Season, Heather Wolfe, Katherine Poole, Alejandro G. Villasante Tezanos, Robert A. English, Timothy L. Uhl

Statistics Faculty Publications

Background: Overuse injuries are common in volleyball; however, few studies exist that quantify the workload of a volleyball athlete in a season. The relationship between workload and shoulder injury has not been extensively studied in women's collegiate volleyball athletes.

Hypothesis/Purpose: This study aims to quantify shoulder workloads by counting overhead swings during practice and matches. The purpose of the current study is to provide a complete depiction of typical overhead swings, serves, and hits, which occur in both practices and matches. The primary hypothesis was that significantly more swings will occur in practices compared to matches. The secondary hypothesis was …

The Relationship Between Pitching Volume And Arm Soreness In Collegiate Baseball Pitchers, Angel L. Lazu, Shawn D. Love, Timothy A. Butterfield, Robert A. English, Timothy L. Uhl

Physical Therapy Faculty Publications

Background: Excessive baseball pitch volume has been associated with increased risk of injury in adolescents. However, many collegiate athletes report non-time loss injuries over the course of the season. It is unknown how pitch volume throughout a collegiate baseball season affects arm soreness.

Purpose: The primary purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between pitch volume and self-reported arm soreness. A secondary purpose was to determine the relationship between change in pitch volume and change in arm soreness over the course of the season for collegiate baseball pitchers.

Study Design: Prospective Cohort.

Methods: Seven collegiate baseball …

Oral Contraceptive Pills Are Not A Risk Factor For Deep Vein Thrombosis Or Pulmonary Embolism After Arthroscopic Shoulder Surgery, Austin V. Stone, Avinesh Agarwalla, Anirudh K. Gowd, Cale A. Jacobs, Jeffrey A Macalena, Bryson P. Lesniak, Nikhil N. Verma, Anthony A. Romeo, Brian Forsythe

Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine Faculty Publications

Background: Worldwide, more than 100 million women between the ages of 15 and 49 years take oral contraceptive pills (OCPs). OCP use increases the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) through its primary drug, ethinylestradiol, which slows liver metabolism, promotes tissue retention, and ultimately favors fibrinolysis inhibition and thrombosis.

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of OCP use on VTE after arthroscopic shoulder surgery.

Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods: A large national payer database (PearlDiver) was queried for patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery. The incidence of VTE was evaluated in female patients taking OCPs and those not taking …

Effects Of Curcumin And Fenugreek Soluble Fiber Supplements On Submaximal And Maximal Aerobic Performance Indices In Untrained College-Aged Subjects, Jensen Goh Zhong Sheng

Theses and Dissertations--Kinesiology and Health Promotion

Submaximal exercise performance is, in part, limited by the accumulation of metabolic byproducts and energy system capacities. Curcumin and the combination of curcumin and fenugreek soluble fiber (CurQfen^®) have been shown to increase endogenous antioxidants and metabolic byproduct clearance as well as reduce inflammation and lipid peroxidation, and therefore, may enhance submaximal aerobic thresholds. In addition, there is evidence that the galactomannan component of fenugreek, used to enhance bioavailability of curcumin, may also have potential physiological effects related to the up regulation of free fatty acid oxidation Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects …

Susceptibility To Ankle Sprain Injury Between Dominant And Non-Dominant Leg During Jump Landings, Riley Pashak

Theses and Dissertations--Kinesiology and Health Promotion

Ankle sprains are one of the most common injuries within athletics in the United States with approximately one-million student athletes experiencing ankle sprains each year. Studies argue excessive or rapid ankle inversion occurring from jump landings may cause ankle sprains. Also, the effect of limb dominance on risk of ankle sprain is not well documented.

The aim of this study was to determine if there is an affect of leg dominance on landing mechanism of the ankle joint that predisposes either ankle joint to greater risk of ankle sprain.

Twelve recreationally active subjects were recruited and completed four maximal vertical …

Longitudinal Descriptive Profile Of Collegiate Pitchers Participating In A Summer Baseball League, Isabelle Leslie Gillis

Theses and Dissertations--Kinesiology and Health Promotion

The purpose of this study was to provide a longitudinal profile of pitching performance in a cohort of pitchers over two collegiate seasons and a summer league. Thus, this study utilized a longitudinal design to evaluate the impact of summer league participation on subsequent collegiate regular season pitching performance. Specifically, the performance of a cohort of Division 1 collegiate baseball pitchers during the 2018 Spring collegiate season, 2018 Summer League season, and the 2019 Spring collegiate season was evaluated and stratified by pitcher designation, arm dominance, and academic status. Analyses of variance were used to identify main and interaction effects …

Injury-Related Fear In Patients After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction, Shelby Elyse Baez

Theses and Dissertations--Rehabilitation Sciences

Approximately 200,000 anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries occur each year with about 100,000 of these injuries undergoing reconstruction (ACLR). The impetus of ACLR is to allow previously high functioning, physically active individuals to return to desired levels of sports participation and to engage in recommended levels of physical activity. However, 1 out of 3 patients after ACLR fail to return to competitive levels of sport and meet recommended levels of physical activity. Injury-related fear has been cited as the primary barrier for failure to return to sport. However, the research has been primarily qualitative in nature and limited research has …

Connecting The Pieces: How Low Back Pain Alters Lower Extremity Biomechanics And Shock Attenuation In Active Individuals, Alexa Johnson

Theses and Dissertations--Rehabilitation Sciences

Low back pain in collegiate athletes has been reported at a rate of 37% from a wide array of sports including soccer, volleyball, football, swimming, and baseball. Whereas, in a military population the prevalence of low back pain is 70% higher than the general population. Compensatory movement strategies are often used as an attempt to reduce pain. Though compensatory movement strategies may effectively reduce pain, they are often associated with altered lower extremity loading patterns. Those who suffer from chronic low back pain tend to walk and run slower and with less trunk and pelvis coordination and variability. Individuals with …

Femoroacetabular Impingement As A Complication Of Acetabular Fracture Fixation, David A. Zuelzer, Christopher B. Hayes, Raymond D. Wright, Stephen T. Duncan

Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine Faculty Publications

Case

We present the case of a thirteen-year-old female who sustained a posterior wall acetabular fracture dislocation. She underwent urgent closed reduction and subsequent uncomplicated open reduction and internal fixation. Post reduction computed tomography demonstrated a concentrically reduced hip joint with no evidence of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). She subsequently healed her fracture and returned to running activities; however, one year later presented with aching pain in her thigh. Radiographs demonstrated the development of a large osseous prominence on her anterolateral femoral neck consistent with femoroacetabular impingement. Based on these findings she was evaluated by a hip preservation specialist. She subsequently …

National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Evaluation, Management, And Outcomes Of And Return-To-Play Criteria For Overhead Athletes With Superior Labral Anterior-Posterior Injuries, Lori A. Michener, Jeffrey S. Abrams, Kellie C. Huxel Bliven, Sue Falsone, Kevin G. Laudner, Edward G. Mcfarland, James E. Tibone, Charles A. Thigpen, Timothy L. Uhl

Physical Therapy Faculty Publications

Objective: To present recommendations for the diagnosis, management, outcomes, and return to play of athletes with superior labral anterior-posterior (SLAP) injuries.

Background: In overhead athletes, SLAP tears are common as either acute or chronic injuries. The clinical guidelines presented here were developed based on a systematic review of the current evidence and the consensus of the writing panel. Clinicians can use these guidelines to inform decision making regarding the diagnosis, acute and long-term conservative and surgical treatment, and expected outcomes of and return-to-play guidelines for athletes with SLAP injuries.

Recommendations: Physical examination tests may aid diagnosis; 6 tests are recommended …