Sports Sciences Commons^™

The Influence Of Lower Extremity Coronal Plane Movements On The Passive Regulation Of Instantaneous Loading Mechanics During Running, Jonathan Kenneth Sinclair, Paul John Taylor, Sarah Jane Hobbs

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The repetitive transmission of impact forces may contribute to the aetiology of overuse injuries. Therefore determining the mechanisms that regulate impact loading has potential clinical significance. This study aimed to determine the influence of lower extremity coronal plane kinematics on the regulation of impact loading during running. Material/Methods: Thirty-six participants ran at 4.0 m.s-1striking the centre of a piezoelectric force platform with their dominant limb. Coronal plane angular kinematics about the hip, knee and ankle joints were measured using an eight-camera motion analysis system operating at 250 Hz. Regression analyses with instantaneous loading rate magnitude as a criterion were …

Sports Arena Vs. Crowd Psychology – A Psychosocial Analysis Of Polish Football Fans’ Participation In Uefa Euro 2012, Leslaw Kulmatycki

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

With reference to the arena in the ancient Greek ritual theater, the Roman circus, or later the medieval arena as the venue of tournaments of knights, the author recalls the changeability of social functions of public spectacles. Together with the expansion of corporeality and the spirit of competition that started at the beginning of the 20th century, when a sports arena became a place of testing human physical possibilities, also the idea of a modern football stadium is born. The aim of this paper is to synthesize psychosocial aspects of Polish fans’ participation in UEFA EURO 2012. In his paper …

The Image Of A Football Fan As Depicted In Research Literature And The Present Study, Franciszek Makurat

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The issue of spectator behaviour at sporting events remains ever current and in need of a lot of interdisciplinary research which would take into account the needs of the contemporary society. The following paper is an attempt at this in the context of the author’s own research and EURO 2012. Material/Methods: The study made use of The Adjective Check List (ACL) by H.B. Gough and A.B. Heilbrun in two versions – Real Self and Ideal Self – as well as a self-designed survey. One hundred and twenty people took part in the study, 45 of them were supporters of …

Situational And Personal Determinants Of Corruption In Sport, Jacek Gracz

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Maximization of action, social acceptance, long-lasting training, competition, and motor activity are usually mentioned among situational dimensions. Taking into account that all human actions, inclusive of the corruptive ones, have their psycho-social aspect and, according to the paradigm of interactive psychology, belong at the same time to the social and psychological reality, it might be expected that the dimensions of a competitive sport situation may be significantly decisive to the manner of formulation and realization of sport goals. In conclusions of the research the author presents that the level of inclination to corruption is significantly differentiated among particular sports and …

Psychological Aspects Of The Polish National Team Performance At Euro 2012 Tournament In The Opinion Of Students From Sports- And Humanities-Oriented Universities, Daniel Krokosz, Magdalena Jochimek, Mariusz Lipowski

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The aim of this study was to explore the perception of psychological preparation of Polish football players by the spectators possessing direct involvement with psychology and sports. Moreover, we tried to determine who was assigned the blame for the defeat. Material/Methods: The study involved164 psychology students from University of Gdansk and 201 students from Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, aged between 19 and 32 years. The participants completed EURO 2012 survey in October 2012. Results: The students of the sports-oriented university were more interested in football on a daily basis and showed greater interest in the EURO …

Motivation For Undertaking Extracurricular Physical Activity In Adolescents, Izabela Droblinska, Agata Hejmowska, Natalia Mazurkiewicz

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: Motivation is what drives all aspects of human functioning – from the physiological needs to self-realization. It has, therefore, great impact upon undertaking physical activity and may be connected with various factors such as attitudes and role models taken from home, but also with social influences later in life e.g. peers’ opinion. Material/Methods: 400 students of the lower-secondary schools in Gdynia and Gdańsk took part in the research. Each of them received a questionnaire with questions regarding their and their parents’ / ’guardians’ physical activity. In statistical analysis Cross Tabulation (χ2 statistics) and Frequency Tabulation were used. Results: Undertaking …

Risk Factors For Disagreement Between Self And Proxy Reports On Physical Activity Of Children And Young Adolescents, Aleksander Galas, Marzena Florek

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The study was conducted during the 2012 UEFA European Football Championships between 8 and 19 June. It aimed at longitudinal investigation into the dynamics of Polish fans’ emotions related to the performance of their national football team. Special focus was laid on investigating the evaluation of organizational preparedness to the tournament as a broader context for sport events, and relating it to fans’ emotions. Material/Methods: Over 700 individuals took part in 3 waves of the study which corresponded to Polish team’s games in the group stage of the tournament. Participants were contacted immediately after the final whistles, receiving e-mails …

Polish Fans’ Emotions During Euro 2012, Ina Wilczewska, Pawel Boski

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The study was conducted during the 2012 UEFA European Football Championships between 8 and 19 June. It aimed at longitudinal investigation into the dynamics of Polish fans’ emotions related to the performance of their national football team. Special focus was laid on investigating the evaluation of organizational preparedness to the tournament as a broader context for sport events, and relating it to fans’ emotions. Material/Methods: Over 700 individuals took part in 3 waves of the study which corresponded to Polish team’s games in the group stage of the tournament. Participants were contacted immediately after the final whistles, receiving e-mails …

Functional Conditions Of Three-Dimensional Correction Of Side Curvatures Of The Spine, Andrzej Suchanowski, Andrzej Stolarz

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: This paper sets out to present theoretical and methodological premises for the therapeutic mode of conduct which utilizes FED and PNF improvement methods complemented by introduction of correctional re-education basing on the biofeedback mechanism. Material/Methods: Authors develop and present an original mode of treatment of children with the SCS, which can be divided into the following stages and targets: 1. Elimination of biomechanical pathologies of the passive stabilizing. 2. Restoration of the structure and function of local muscles and balance among muscles from the first and second reference arrangement and structures around the spine, both on the concave and …

Correlations Between Individual Factors And Long-Term Nature Of Tourist Trips Amongst Urban Single People, Elzbieta Biernat, Adrian P. Lubowiecki-Vikuk

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The analysis of socio-demographic factors that determine the duration of tourist trips among urban single people. Material/Methods: The research included 598 randomly selected single people from Warsaw and Poznan. The study was conducted using the survey method. The relation between trips for ≥ 10 days and the variables characterizing the demographic structure of the respondents were assessed using log-linear analysis. The significance of the impact of the factors examined in the analysis was determined by chi-squared test. Results: Single people from Poznan with secondary and higher education are, respectively, more than 4-fold and 7-fold likely to go on longer …

Examining Body Image And Its Relationship To Exercise Motivation: An 18-Week Cardiovascular Program For Female Initiates With Overweight And Obesity, Erin S. Pearson, Craig R. Hall

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: A healthy body image is related to better psychological well-being and can also impact one’s likelihood to engage in health promoting behaviours such as exercise. To date, there has been a paucity of research investigating the relationship between body image and Self-Determination Theory’s motivational regulations as a function of exercise participation. The purpose of this study was to examine these constructs over the course of an 18-week cardiovascular-based program for female initiates aged 18-45 with overweight and obesity. Material/Methods: Participants (n = 37; mean weight = 83.8 kg; mean waist circumference = 38.3 inches) were provided with a personalized …

The Somatic Physique Versus The Sports Result Of Tennis Players Of The Pupils’ Sports Club “Return” Lomza, Poland, Kazimierz Kochanowicz, Tomasz Waldzinski

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: Individuals who take up professional sport must comply with requirements dependent on the character of the discipline. The requirements refer to motor skills, mental state and somatic physique. A lot of authors claim that somatic physique in tennis is a factor which helps to achieve the highest sports results. Superiority of arms range in the attacking zone makes a game easier for tall players who are more effective in offensive actions as well. The purpose of the research was to estimate the somatic physique of children and youth who play tennis in the Pupils’ Sports Club “Return” Lomza. Material/Methods: …

Physical Activity And The Impacts Of Built Environment On The Use Of Neighboring Sports Equipment By Elementary And High Schools: The Case Of The “Blue, White, Move” [Bleu, Blanc, Bouge] Skating Rink In Montreal-North, Romain Roult, Jean-Marc Adjizian, Sylvain Lefebvre, Lucie Lapierre

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: Evaluate how neighboring sports equipment is used by elementary and high schools to reinforce physical activity among youth. Analyze the impacts of built environments on the forms of use of this type of equipment and attempt to distinguish the positive and negative effects of its installation. Material/Methods: 22 semi-led interviews were undertaken among elementary and high school participants and managers of the skating rink. 33 phases of observation were made with the SOPLAY grid. Data from the interviews was analyzed with Atlas software in order to categorize the information. The information from the observations was processed with SPSS software …

Physical Fitness And Selected Parameters Of The Respiratory System And Other Somatic Components Among 12-Year-Old Children, Marcin Pasek, Janusz Jerzemowski

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The purpose of the study was to present components of fitness and body composition and to determine the correlation between parameters of biological development in a group of schoolchildren. Material/Methods: Analysis of somatic features of 12-year-old children, of both sexes, from the Pomeranian province in Poland (99 boys and 96 girls) included basic parameters of the respiratory system, body fat, height and body weight. Functional indicators, i.e. components of motor abilities, have been tested. Results: Boys had significantly better results of endurance and jumping ability, and girls dominated in flexibility and somatic components like height, weight and skinfold thickness …

Physical Activity And Bmi In Students Beginning Their Studies At The Gdansk University Of Physical Education And Sport In The Academic Year 1999/2000 And 2009/2010, Alicja Nowak-Zaleska, Ryszard Zaleski, Barbara Wilk, Anna Walentukiewicz

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The aim of the study was to assess physical activity undertaken by the students of Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport in Gdansk, Poland (AWFiS) in their free time in the academic year 1999/2000 and 2009/2010 and the direction of changes in this scope. Material/Methods: Students at the Faculty of Physical Education at AWFiS were subject to research in the academic years 1999/2000 and 2009/2010. 639 students were examined (42% women, 58% men). The research was based on a diagnostic survey with an author’s own questionnaire containing questions from the scope of physical activity and participation in its …

Development Of Model Mesocycles Of One - Year Training Of Young Judokas In The First Training Year At The Stage Of Primary Training, Timur Gayratovich Shatursunov

Eurasian Journal of Sport Science

Purpose: Experimental substantiation of the methodology for training young judokas of the first year training at the primary stage by introducing the developed 12 model mesocycles of one-year training.

Methods: Analysis and generalization of scientific and methodological literature, questioning, pedagogical observations, pedagogical testing, pedagogical experiment, methods of mathematical statistics (arithmetic mean, arithmetic mean error, Student's t-test).

Results: Analysis of the increase in the results of young judokas of the experimental group during a one-year training in the first year of training at the stage of primary training showed positive significant differences at a significance level of p

Conclusion: The developed …

Investigation Of Athletes' Health Disorders Risk Models, Fikrat Azizovich Kerimov, Davronbek Zikrullaevich Narzullaev, Alisher Tulkunovich Tursunov, Gaffor Bobosharipovich Yomgirov, Bekzod Boyqobilovich Karimov

Eurasian Journal of Sport Science

Purpose: Development and theoretical-experimental substantiation of the risk model for the health impairment of athletes in order to further automation of the process of training highly qualified athletes, as well as optimizing the construction of the training process based on the use of innovative technologies that increase its efficiency with optimal expenditure of time and energy of athletes.

Methods: Retrospective analysis of applied automation and modeling methods, questionnaires of athletes and coaches, sports testing, applied pedagogical experiment, methods of mathematical statistics.

Results: Students of physical culture universities (athletes) are more likely to encounter syndromes that characterize a violation of the …

Gender Inequalities In Polish And International Sports Organisations, Zbigniew Dziubinski, Natalia Organista

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The aim of this article is to check whether gender inequalities occur in Polish sports organisations and what the scale of those inequalities is in comparison to international organisations. Other aims relate to verification whether there exists a policy to align these inequalities: provisions prohibiting discrimination due to gender, rules and regulations providing women with a specified number of seats in the crucial positions of the organisation and activity of women’s sports committees. Material/Methods: The study used methods characteristic of sociology, especially methods of examining official documents: on the one hand, information generated by other empirical data from official …

Methods To Encourage Healthy Eating In Children: Review Of Current Findings, Reda Moceviciene, Apolinaras Zaborskis

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: Healthy eating, especially fruit and vegetable consumption, is a major contributor to the prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases. The multiple benefits of healthy food and nutrition in childhood and adolescence reinforce the need for studies encouraging young people to healthy nutrition. The present review increases understanding of what methods (interventions) should be performed to encourage healthy eating in children and adolescents. Material/Methods: A scientific literature review of Medline (Pubmed) database was performed, a total of 615 publications were found. Of these, only 15 papers were selected for the analysis. Results: The multi-component interventions (encouraging of fruit and vegetable consumption …

Acute Effects Of Light Exercise On Subjectively Experienced Well-Being: Benefits In Only Three Minutes, Attila Szabo, Zoltan Gaspar, Julia Abraham

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: In the context of sedentary lifestyle as a major contemporary health issue, this study examined how an ultra brief exercise bout affects perceived subjective well-being. Material/Methods: Two studies were conducted. In the first study, young participants performed light exercises for 3-minutes. The second study replicated the first, but a sitting-quietly control group was also included to account for possible habituation or order effects. On a single item 10-point Likert scale, conceptualized as core affect, participants rated their well-being immediately before and after the exercise bouts and rest, respectively. Results: In both studies the exercise triggered statistically significant (p < .001) improvement in the perceived well-being (effect sizes (d) = .62 in Study I, and d = .75 in Study II), while no statistically significant change was noted in the control group. Conclusions: These findings are the first ever in the scholastic literature to demonstrate that only 3 minutes of light exercises could trigger subjective experience of improved well-being. The practical implication of these findings is that an instant boost in subjective feeling states can be achieved through very short, light, and undemanding exercises that could be repeated several times a day in different life settings.

Factors Affecting Recreational Activity Of Young People From Secondary Schools, Agnieszka Wartecka-Wazynska

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The paper discusses factors which determine young people’s recreational activity in their leisure time. Learning about the factors of recreational activity will support efficient promotion of active lifestyles, improvement in health condition and education of young people, and participation in different forms of recreation. Material/Methods: In order to conclude on the statistical significance of the relationships and the strength of correlation between the variables, the author used Pearson's chi-square test for independence and Cramer's V coefficient. The research hypothesis was tested at two levels: α = 0.01 (denoted in the paper as **) and α = 0.05 (denoted in …

Characteristics Of Technical-Tactical Preparation Of Russian Men’S Judo Representation During The Olympic Games In London In 2012, Marek Adam, Beata Wolska, Piotr Klimowicz, Miroslaw Smaruj

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The aim of the study was to determine the value of indices of tactical and technical preparation (PTT) of Russian judo athletes during the Olympic Games in London. The values of these indices may designate the direction of activity in the process of special preparation and in the search for factors to optimize training before the main competitions. Material/Methods: During the Olympic Games in London in 2012, Russian judo representatives fought 31 fights. A multiple analysis of video footage and graphic registration allowed marking 423 technical attacks (including 24 efficient attacks) of the representatives of Russia and 384 attacks …

Plantar Pressure Distribution In Ice Skates While Gliding And Standing Compared To Barefoot And Trainer Conditions, Andrew Greenhalgh, Faye Chatterly, Cheryl Blewitt, Jonathan Sinclair, Nachiappan Chockalingam

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The aim of this study was to identify whether there are differences between plantar pressure distributions experienced whilst wearing ice skates during ice-gliding, compared to standing whilst barefoot, wearing trainers and wearing ice skates. The results of this study aim to provide a greater understanding of the distribution of the pressure through the ice skate to the human musculoskeletal system. Material/Methods: Nine female participants were recruited for this study (age 36.6 years ± 15.3, mass 63.7kg ± 7.4 height 1.63m ± 4.1). Pressure applied to the plantar surface of the feet was recorded at 50Hz using an F-Scan sensor. …

Blood K+ Concentration Balance After Prolonged Submaximal Exercise – The Role Of Both Uptake And Excretion Processes, Anna Szczesna-Kaczmarek

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: A contracting muscle is a source of the plasma K+ concentration increase during physical exercise. The flux of K+ from contracting skeletal muscle to blood is related to the frequency of cells action potential. The elevated blood [K+] may result in the heart rate irregularities and interferes with the way nerves send signals. But plasma increased [K+] recovers rapidly to normal if a regulating mechanism takes action. The aim of this study was to evaluate the participation of processes restoring the balance in blood [K+] after prolonged submaximal exercise. Material/Methods: Nineteen healthy, young, physically active men performed the 120-min …

Questionnaire Of Sports Ethics – A Tool For Assessing Moral Behaviour In Sport, Artur Ziolkowski, Anna Strzalkowska, Wojciech Saklak, Barbara Zaranska, Iwona Bonislawska

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The concept of ethical codes describes and explains morality of modern sportspersons. Authors of the article constructed a tool for assessing methods of moral behaviour in sport on the basis of the concept of ethical codes. The aim of this work is to present a tool for assessing a profile of moral behaviour of people involved in sport (both competitors, coaches and sports activists). Material/Methods: The Questionnaire of Sports Ethics consists of 52 statements which are classified into 5 scales that correspond to specific ethical codes. Respondents assess to what extent a form of behaviour described in the questionnaire …

Mass Media And Professional Sport, Zbigniew Dziubinski, Krzysztof W. Jankowski, Michal Lenartowicz, Julia Murrmann, Piotr Rymarczyk

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

The goal of this paper is to show the relationship between the mass media and professional sport, with special focus on both the positive and negative impact the mass media might have on the development of sport, complete with changes which the mass media trigger in sport as such. In order to do so, the paper employs a range of theories, including the structural-functional theory, symbolic interactionism and, to a certain extent, the theory of social conflict. Several research methods have been used as well, including the inductive and deductive methods, the idiographic and nomothetic methods and an analysis of …

The Assessment Of The Quality Of Health Related Websites By Students Of Physical Education And Physiotherapy Using The Discern Instrument, Ida Laudanska-Krzeminska

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The purpose of the article is to characterise the assessment of the Internet sites by physical education and physiotherapy students using the DISCERN questionnaire. An attempt has also been made to indicate the determinants of the overall final assessment of individual health-related Internet sites from 2005 to 2009. Material/Methods: The survey was carried out in 2005 and 2009 among 376 physical education and physiotherapy students at the University School of Physical Education in Poznan. The students assessed five Polish health-related websites. They used the DISCERN questionnaire to rate the quality of health information and filled in the ME & …

Proposal Of An Observation Sheet For Basketball Players’ Performance Assessment, Andrzej Szwarc, Izabela Lekner

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The aim of this study was to develop a research tool used for an assessment of basketball players’ performance. Material/Methods: First, research of the subject literature was made and a preliminary outline of an assessment sheet for basketball players was developed. Next, after causing test observation, the final model of the observation sheet was prepared, and its reliability was evaluated. To measure the inter-observer agreement three experts independently viewed the same game, where they had to assess different components of game performance using the newly developed instrument. The inter- and intra-observer agreement was calculated by means of the kappa-values. …

Directions And Ways Of Executing Judo Throws During Judo Contests As A Control Criterion Of An Individual’S Training Versatility, Marek Adam, Radoslaw Laskowski, Miroslaw Smaruj

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: Symmetry of movement actions in sport is considered as an element of versatility which enlarges an individual’s technical and tactical capacity. Asymmetry usually limits this capacity and may also lead to overstrains of one side of the body and cause an injury. The research is done on health aspects and practical improvement in sport contest. Up-to-date research on judo contest effectiveness has been aimed at the ability of throwing into various directions. There is no material and data as compared to the directions of throwing and effective directions of the opponent’s attack. The purpose of this research was to …

Aerobic And Anaerobic Endurance Of Disabled Swimmers In Special Preparation Sub-Period, Rafal Szafraniec, Wojciech Seidel, Dawid Kruszyna, Anna Zurowska

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The purpose of the study was to investigate whether, in addition to an expected increase in anaerobic endurance, aerobic endurance of disabled swimmers would also improve in a special preparation sub-period. Furthermore, decision was made to examine whether the applied tests prove sufficiently sensitive for swimmers with disabilities as well. Material/Methods: The study included 12 disabled swimmers from a section of the Polish Sports Association for the Disabled “START” Wroclaw. Two standardized tests were used. The T-30 test was used to evaluate aerobic endurance and the 6x50 m test was applied to estimate anaerobic endurance. For all analyzed parameters …