Rehabilitation and Therapy Commons^™

Preventing Depression In Grandparents Raising Grandchildren: An Educational Video Series, Sabrina Casares

Student Capstone Papers

This paper presents a doctoral capstone project that created and implemented a self-help occupation-based educational video series to prevent and manage depression among grandparent caregivers. It consists of a literature review regarding the impact of depression on grandparent caregivers, the population’s barriers and statistics relating to the correlation of developing depression as a grandparent caregiver. It includes the process to create the video series including review of the literature and the development process. Texas Grandparents Raising Grandchildren (TXGRG) is a non-profit organization dedicated to providing resources and support to empower and advocate for grandparent caregivers. Problem: There is a lack …

Process Evaluation Of A Randomised Controlled Trial Intervention Designed To Improve Rehabilitation Services For Aboriginal Australians After Brain Injury: The Healing Right Way Trial, Judith M. Katzenellenbogen, Jane White, Melanie Robinson, Sandra C. Thompson, Amy Epstein, Mandy Stanley, Jane Klobas, Emma Haynes, Elizabeth A. Armstrong, Juli Coffin, Rachel Skoss

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Background: Healing Right Way (HRW) aimed to improve health outcomes for Aboriginal Australians with stroke or traumatic brain injury by facilitating system-level access to culturally secure rehabilitation services. Using a stepped-wedge randomised controlled trial (RCT) design (ACTRN12618000139279, 30/01/2018), a two-pronged intervention was introduced in four rural and four urban hospitals, comprising 1.Cultural security training (CST) for staff and 2.Training/employment of Aboriginal Brain Injury Coordinators (ABIC) to support Aboriginal patients for 6-months post-injury. Three-quarters of recruited patients lived rurally. The main outcome measure was quality-of-life, with secondary outcomes including functional measures, minimum processes of care (MPC); number rehabilitation occasions of service …

The Reverse Lunge: A Descriptive Electromyographic Study, Barbara J. Hoogenboom, Madison Ferguson, Zac Krauss, Stephanie Tran

Open Access Publishing Support Funded Articles

Limited studies exist examining the reverse lunge. The purpose of this study was to describe the activation of the rectus femoris (RF), biceps femoris (BF), gluteus medius (GMed), and gluteus maximus (GMax) of both limbs during a bodyweight reverse lunge movement. A secondary purpose was to describe the phases of the stationary (non-moving) and lead (moving) limbs during the reverse lunge. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to record the activity of the target muscles in 20 healthy adults (10 male, 10 female; aged 22–25). Root mean squared values for mean maximum and average percent activation normalized to maximum voluntary isometric …

Relative Muscular Effort In The Older Adults During The Sit-To-Stand Task: Monitoring Neuromuscular Reserve And Movement Limitations, Nayun Ahn, Michael H. Haischer, Cara L. Lewis, Kristof Kipp

Exercise Science Faculty Research and Publications

Background

Due to lower maximum strength, older adults purportedly need to exert greater muscular effort to stand up from a chair. This study investigated joint-specific muscular effort during a sit-to-stand by calculating relative-muscular-effort and investigating differences between healthy older and young adults.

Methods

Fifteen older (age: 69.9 ± 3.5 years) and 15 young (age: 22.2 ± 2.6 years) adults performed five self-paced sit-to-stand trials. Kinematic and kinetic data were collected and used to calculate inverse dynamics net joint moment. Peak isometric knee and hip extensor torques were measured and used as inputs to regression models that predicted angle- and velocity-dependent …

Immediate Effect Of Local Vibration On Motor Unit Firing Behavior And Muscle Strength In Healthy Young Adult Males, Yuichi Nishikawa, Aleš Holobar, Kohei Watanabe, Toshihiko Komatsuzaki, Takanori Chihara, Jiro Sakamoto, Takashi Kawagoe, Hidetaka Nagayasu, Kyoko Mori, Kenji Kawano, Noriaki Maeda, Shinobu Tanaka, Allison S. Hyngstrom

Physical Therapy Faculty Research and Publications

Purpose

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of vibration on motor unit (MU) firing behavior and physical performance of antagonist muscles in healthy young adult males.

Methods

Fourteen males (age = 24.3 ± 3.6 years) were included in this study. There were two conditions, one in which participants received 80 Hz vibration in the distal tendon of the hamstring for 30 s and the control condition (no vibration). High-density surface electromyography (HD-SEMG) signals and maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of knee extensor muscles were evaluated before and after the respective conditions and recorded from the vastus lateralis …

Advocating For The Role Of An Occupational Therapy Assistant In The Mental Health Field, Aleah Snell

Honors Theses

As a student in the WMU OTA Bachelor's of Science program, I completed a baccalaureate project. I chose to advocate for the role of occupational therapy in traditional mental health settings. I chose this topic as I have had several close loved ones struggle with mental health, and I wanted to push my learning of occupational therapy's role in this setting further. Upon choosing my topic, I learned although occupational therapy initially started in mental health aiding veterans returning from war, only 2-3% of OT practitioners work in a mental health setting today. I wanted to understand this decline, and …

Using The Intercultural Development Inventory To Measure Intercultural Development For A High-Impact Global Community Engagement Program, Jennifer Crystle, Megan W. Moran, Diana G. Venskus

Journal of Global Education and Research

High-impact practices (HIPs) in higher education, such as global community engagement programs, enhance student learning and lead to increased levels of civic involvement among graduates. However, it is unknown if participation in a global community engagement/service-learning program affects the development of cultural competence. The purpose of this study was to determine if student and faculty participation in a two-week community engagement/service-learning program in Guatemala would result in intercultural development measured using the Intercultural Development Inventory (IDI) tool. Participants were recruited from a graduate physical therapy education program in the U.S. and completed a pre- and post-trip IDI. Data analysis revealed …

Fournier's Gangrene Severity Index And Charlson Comorbidity Index Predict Mortality, Intensive Care Unit Admission, And Length Of Hospital Stay In Patients With Fournier's Gangrene: An Analysis Of 264 Consecutive Patients, Nicholas Hauser, Chenlin Huang, Girija Vaidya, Timothy Chrusciel, Krithika Narayana Kumarasan, John Culhane, Sameer Siddiqui

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Introduction

Fournier’s gangrene (FG) is a rapidly progressing necrotizing fasciitis. The Fournier's Gangrene Severity Index (FGSI), in conjunction with the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), has been used as a mortality predictor during hospitalization. Patients with diabetes have also been shown to be at an increased risk for the development of FG. This study explores the potential of using FGSI, CCI, and patient diabetes status in predicting more extensive patient outcomes, including intensive care unit (ICU) admission and length of hospital stay.

Methods

From 2013 to 2023, inpatient admissions with the diagnosis of FG were selected from the EPIC Clarity database …

Oh, My Quad: A Clinical Commentary And Evidence-Based Framework For The Rehabilitation Of Quadriceps Size And Strength After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction, Braidy Solie, Mitchell Carlson, Christopher Doney, Michael Kiely, Robert Laprade

Physical Therapy Faculty Research and Publications

Quadriceps weakness after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is a well-known phenomenon, with more persistent quadriceps weakness observed after ACLR with a bone-patellar tendon-bone or quadriceps tendon autograft than with a hamstring tendon autograft. Longstanding quadriceps weakness after ACLR has been associated with suboptimal postoperative outcomes and the progression of radiographic knee osteoarthritis, making the recovery of quadriceps size and strength a key component of ACLR rehabilitation. However, few articles have been written for the specific purpose of optimizing quadriceps size and strength after ACLR. Therefore, the purpose of this review article is to integrate the existing quadriceps muscle basic …

The Dual Timescales Of Gait Adaptation: Initial Stability Adjustments Followed By Subsequent Energetic Cost Adjustments, Sasha A. Brinkerhoff, Natalia Sánchez, Meral N. Culver, William M. Murrah, Austin T. Robinson, J. Danielle Mccullough, Matthew W. Miller, Jaimie A. Roper

Physical Therapy Faculty Articles and Research

Gait adaptation during bipedal walking allows people to adjust their walking patterns to maintain balance, avoid obstacles and avoid injury. Adaptation involves complex processes that function to maintain stability and reduce energy expenditure. However, the processes that influence walking patterns during different points in the adaptation period remain to be investigated. We assessed split-belt adaptation in 17 young adults aged 19–35. We also assessed individual aerobic capacity to understand how aerobic capacity influences adaptation. We analyzed step lengths, step length asymmetry (SLA), mediolateral margins of stability, positive, negative and net mechanical work rates, as well as metabolic rate during adaptation. …

Discordance Between Balance Ability And Perception Is Associated With Falls In Parkinson’S Disease: A Coordinated Analysis, Jason K. Longhurst, Andrew Hooyman, Merrill R. Landers, Martina Mancini, Erika Franzén, Breiffni Leavy, Hanna Johansson, Daniel Peterson

Physical Therapy Faculty Articles and Research

Background: The congruence or discordance between actual and perceived balance ability has been proposed to be linked to functional outcomes such as falls. However, gaps remain in our ability to quantify discordance, and its relationship to relevant outcomes.

Objective: To investigate a novel quantification of concordance/discordance between balance performance and perception and determine the relationship to falls among people with Parkinson’s disease (PwPD).

Methods: Data from 244 PwPD were aggregated from 5 previously conducted studies. Variables extracted included age, sex, Activities-Specific Balance Confidence scale (ABC; perceived balance), Timed Up and Go (TUG; balance performance), Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson Disease …

Advance Care Planning In Rehabilitation: Training Nurses And Social Workers To Facilitate Discussions, Celeste Christiansen

Student Scholarly Projects

Practice Problem: Patients and healthcare workers fail to hold advance care planning (ACP) discussions. Social workers perceive a lack of time and feel unprepared to hold ACP conversations.

PICOT: The PICOT question that guided this project was: Do patients in acute inpatient rehabilitation (P) who receive education and resources about ACP from trained nurses and social workers (I) accept and participate in ACP (O) compared to prior standards of care (C) while on the rehabilitation unit (T)?

Evidence: The public and healthcare workers have limited knowledge of ACPs and their role in these discussions. People are more likely to hold …

Evaluating The Superiority Of Multimodal Analgesia Over Opioid-Based Analgesia In Postoperative Pain Management For Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Comprehensive Integrative Review, Janna Smith, Mahdi Mofazali, Nya-Qien Smith

Master's Projects

With total knee arthroplasty (TKA), postoperative pain management is so important for optimal recovery and patient outcomes. This integrative review evaluates the effectiveness of multimodal analgesia (MMA) compared to traditional opioid-based analgesia in reducing pain and opioid consumption post-TKA. Research shows that MMA is very effective at providing adequate pain relief, reducing side effects, and also decreasing opioid use. MMA also addresses both the specific needs of individual patients and the broader public health issue of opioid dependence. However, a significant barrier to widespread adoption is the absence of standardized protocols. This review sets forth the importance of coming up …

The Effect Of A Virtual Covid-19 Interprofessional Educational Module On Knowledge, Confidence, Attitude, And Practice Among Health And Allied Health Professions Students, Tsu-Yin Wu, Jenni L. Hoffman, Grigoris Argeros, Sarah Lally, Andrea Gossett Zakrajsek, Jillian Graves, Alice Jo Rainville, Olivia Ford, Angela Lukomski, Renuka Roche, John Sonnega, Joan E. Cowdery Phd

Journal of Interprofessional Practice and Collaboration

Purpose: The purpose of this research study was to examine the effect of an innovative, online COVID-19 interprofessional educational module among health and allied health professions students.

Methods: This study utilized a pre- and posttest design with quantitative and qualitative data collected winter 2023 and spring/summer 2023 semesters, and consisted of health and allied health professions students (N=143) from three Midwestern, urban, public universities. Participants completed a pretest, then an IPE module on COVID-19, and a posttest immediately after the educational intervention, and another (the same) posttest one month later. Quantitative and qualitative data were subject to statistical …

Efficacy Of High-Definition Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (Hd-Tacs) At The M1 Hotspot Versus C3 Site In Modulating Corticospinal Tract Excitability, Hao Meng, Michael Houston, Nicholas Dias, Chen Guo, Gerard Francisco, Yingchun Zhang, Sheng Li

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Previous studies have shown that beta-band transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) applied at the M1 hotspot can modulate corticospinal excitability. However, it remains controversial whether tACS can influence motor unit activities at the spinal cord level. This study aims to compare the efficacy of applying tACS over the hotspot versus the conventional C3 site on motor unit activities and subsequent behavioral changes. This study used a randomized crossover trial design, where fifteen healthy participants performed a paced ball-squeezing exercise while receiving high-definition tACS (HD-tACS) at 21 Hz and 2 mA for 20 min. HD-tACS targeted either the flexor digitorum superficialis …

Consumers', Family Members', And Health Practitioners' Perspectives On Increasing Activity Engagement Of Older Patients Admitted To Geriatric Hospital Units, Yvonne Y.K. Mak-Yuen, Farnaz Khoshmanesh, Tamara Tse

Patient Experience Journal

The aim of this study was to explore the perspective of consumers, family members, and health practitioners on increasing patient activity engagement in a Geriatric Evaluation and Management (GEM) Unit. This study followed a qualitative phenomenology approach. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim with consenting patients (n = 12), family members (n = 3), and health practitioners (n = 5) admitted to the GEM Unit of a tertiary metropolitan hospital in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia between August 2017 and March 2018. Data were analysed using spiral content analysis. From the 20 interviews, three themes emerged: 1. What can I …

Patient, Family, And Health Professional Perspectives Of How Families Are Involved In Adult Inpatient Traumatic Brain Injury Rehabilitation, Kaylee Eady, Katherine A. Moreau, Shawn Marshall, Mary Egan

Patient Experience Journal

Objective: We aimed to answer the following research question: From the perspectives of patients, family members, and health professionals, how are families involved in the rehabilitation of adult patients with Traumatic Brain Injury at an inpatient Acquired Brain Injury service within an adult rehabilitation centre? Methods: We used an interpretive qualitative approach, from a constructivist view. This approach allowed us to understand and describe family involvement from the perspectives of patients with Traumatic Brain Injury, family members, and health professionals. We conducted one-on-one interviews with patients, family members, and health professionals. We used a three-step analysis method: data …

Exploring Consumer And Clinician Attitudes Towards Patient Reported Outcome Measures (Proms) In An Australian Inpatient Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Unit: A Qualitative Pilot Study, Rehana Di Rico, Louisa Ng, Jacquelin T. Capell

Patient Experience Journal

Objective: This pilot qualitative study explores consumers' and clinicians' perspectives about the relevance and utility of patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) in an Australian inpatient rehabilitation unit. Methods: Two focus groups, were recruited via convenience sampling, comprising English speaking rehabilitation clinicians (n = 5) and consumers (n = 6) who had recent experience of inpatient musculoskeletal rehabilitation in a large, privately funded, rehabilitation hospital in Melbourne Australia, in 2020. The focus groups were conducted via videoconference, moderated by two experienced rehabilitation clinician-researchers, following semi-structured interview guides. Focus group recordings were professionally transcribed for coding and thematic analysis by …

Early Mobility And Delirium Prevention For Intensive Care Unit Patients At Kingman Regional Medical Center, Lyndsey R. Lehman Ms, Otr/L

Masters Projects

Over five million patients are admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) annually in the United States, with 50-70% of those developing debilitating physical, cognitive, and mental health issues. Occupational therapy (OT) is a holistic profession that provides evidence-based interventions to improve ICU patients’ function and participation in daily occupations by addressing early mobility and delirium. A needs assessment performed for the Kingman Regional Medical Center (KRMC) ICU revealed a lack of knowledge about early mobility and delirium prevention among nursing staff, underutilization and limited understanding of OT services, and KRMC-specific barriers impacting patient care. This author designed and implemented …

Effects Of High-Intensity Interval Training Combined With Resistance Training On Functional Capacity And Clinical Risk Factors In Patients With Cardiovascular Disease, Philip Matthew Wilson

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), resistance training (RT), MICT combined with RT, and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) have all been proven to provide clinical benefits for individuals with cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the effects of HIIT combined with RT on functional capacity outcomes and clinical risk factors outcomes in patients with CVD are not well investigated. Therefore, the purpose of this retrospective cohort study is to investigate the synergistic effects of HIIT combined with RT on functional capacity outcomes including six-minute walk distance (6MWD), peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), and metabolic equivalent of tasks (METs) and clinical risk factors outcomes including systolic …

Toward Facilitating The Collection And Utilization Of Patient-Reported Outcomes In The Military Health System: Lessons Learned From A Pragmatic Clinical Trial On Physical Therapy Management For Low Back Pain, Emma H. Beisheim-Ryan, Brad D. Hendershot, Timothy C. Mauntel, Sara R. Gorczynski, Ryan W. Smith, Andrea Crunkhorn, Shawn Farrokhi, Christopher L. Dearth

Physical Therapy Faculty Articles and Research

"In pursuit of delivering 'the right care to the right patient at the right time,' the Military Health System (MHS) advocates for collecting and using patient-reported outcomes (PROs) to help demonstrate value-based care.1 PROs identify patients’ perceptions of their health, function, and well-being, which can enhance patient-centered communication and guide data-driven healthcare. 2 The MHS recognizes the value of incorporating PRO data into clinical decision-making and has established a number of platforms for PRO collection across health conditions (eg, behavioral health, traumatic brain injury, musculoskeletal injuries). The Military Orthopedics Tracking Injuries and Outcomes Network (MOTION)3 was started as a research …

Enhancing Data Standards To Advance Translation In Spinal Cord Injury, Vanessa K. Noonan, Suzanne Humphreys, Fin Biering-Sørensen, Susan Charlifue, Yuying Chen, James D. Guest, Linda A. T. Jones, Jennifer French, Eva Widerström-Noga, Vance P. Lemmon, Allen W. Heinemann, Jan M. Schwab, Aaron A. Phillips, Marzieh M. Rizi, John L. K. Kramer, Catherine R. Jutzeler, Abel Torres-Espin

Department of Physical Therapy Faculty Papers

Data standards are available for spinal cord injury (SCI). The International SCI Data Sets were created in 2002 and there are currently 27 freely available. In 2014 the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke developed clinical common data elements to promote clinical data sharing in SCI. The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of SCI data standards, describe learnings from the traumatic brain injury (TBI) field using data to enhance research and care, and discuss future opportunities in SCI. Given the complexity of SCI, frameworks such as a systems medicine approach and Big Data perspective have …

Position- And Sex-Related Differences In Sagittal And Frontal Plane Concentric Isokinetic Hip Muscle Peak Torques And Agonist-Antagonist Ratios, Lisa T. Hoglund, Matthew C. Schiffino, James E. Freels, Isabella G. Romano

Department of Physical Therapy Faculty Papers

BACKGROUND: Hip muscle weakness is associated with many musculoskeletal conditions and athletic injuries. Isokinetic testing is often performed to measure a patient's strength or to assess treatment response. Patient sex and positioning during isokinetic strength testing may influence peak torque production and the agonist-antagonist peak torque ratios. However, different test positions are used clinically and in research to measure hip muscle strength. It is unknown how patient test position or sex impacts test results.

HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether concentric isokinetic peak torques of sagittal and frontal plane hip muscles differ when tested in recumbent …

Harmful Or Helpful? A Content Analysis Of Online ‘Yoga For Low Back Pain’ Videos, Travis Pollen, Jenni Rawlings, Lindsey Burns, Dylan Lloyd, Natalie Pifer, Sheri Silfies

Department of Exercise Science Posters

INTRODUCTION

• Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal conditions worldwide (Walker, 2000).
• To self-manage LBP, yoga is often used.
• One convenient and common way to access yoga practices specifically dedicated to LBP is through the internet.
• However, the informational quality of online yoga for LBP videos has not been investigated.

PURPOSE

• To determine the prevalence and nature of potentially problematic narratives in popular online yoga for LBP videos.

METHODS

• A deductive content analysis was conducted on the 30 most-viewed yoga for LBP videos on a popular online video platform.
• The themes of interest were the purported …

A 7-Item Tampa Scale For Kinesiophobia In People With Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome: Evaluation Of Structural Validity, Hypothesis Testing, Internal Consistency And Minimally Important Change, Myles C. Murphy, Ebonie K. Rio, Mark J. Scholes, Denise M. Jones, Marcella Pazzinatto, Richie Tj Johnston, Sally L. Coburn, Joanne L. Kemp

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Background: The 17-item Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK) is a commonly used patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) to assess kinesiophobia, but the measurement properties of the TSK in people with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS) are unknown. Objectives: 1) Revise the existing TSK by removing items, as needed, with inadequate functioning to optimise the TSK for people with FAIS, and 2) evaluate construct validity (both structural validity and hypothesis testing), internal consistency, and minimal important change. Methods: Cross-sectional cohort study including 153 young adults with FAIS. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to evaluate structural validity and …

Ancds Diversity Writing Group Discussion: The Evidence Base For Neuro-Rehabilitation Of Acquired And Degenerative Communication Disorders In Diverse Populations: What Is Available, What Is Needed, And Reasons Why, Gloriajean Wallace, Ivan Portillo, Latoya Roberts, Whitney Postman, Gerald Imaezue, Anthony Pak-Hin Kong, Taryn Malcolm

Library Presentations, Posters, and Audiovisual Materials

This presentation will discuss evidence-based practice (EBP), with a focus on available research that supports the neurorehabilitation care of people with neurogenic disorders, including the increasingly large number of people from culturally and linguistically diverse communities.  Presenters will provide the audience with preliminary findings of the ANCDS Diversity Writing group.  Presenters will then provide the audience with thoughts about topics related to neurorehabilitation care of people from diverse communities, including topics relating to academic and clinical training, professional training, current practices, and conversation focused on cultural and linguistic considerations including the use of interpreters and translators.  The presentation will pinnacle …

Dance Inclusivity For People With Low Vision, Emma Winckler

Honors Theses

The primary concentration of my project was providing education to promote inclusivity in dance for people with low vision. My objectives for this project were to create a literature review relating to my project, create an educational infographic for how to best support those with low vision in a dance class, and share the infographic I created with the WMU dance department and at the Barbra Rider Colloquium.

Dance has been an integral part of my life and in my experience, I’ve never seen dance opportunities provided to people with low vision. After looking more into dance with low vision …

Bridging The Gap Between Occupational Therapy And Therapeutic Horseback Riding: An Interdisciplinary Approach To Further Engagement In Childhood Occupations, Veronica Smith

Honors Theses

My name is Veronica Smith and I have been a CTRI (certified therapeutic riding instructor) since 2022. I began volunteering at a therapeutic riding program center in elementary school and have accumulated 5000+ hours of experiences that instilled this passion in me. With these experiences, I recognized a gap and developed my thesis project with a clear vision.

With a passion for occupational therapy, and a special interest in equines, I focused my undergrad honors thesis project that also served as my baccalaureate project for the occupational therapy assistant program around these values. I created an activity book that can …

A Geriatric Interprofessional Education Workshop: A Mixed Method Study, Patricia Watford, Meghan Hall, Colleen Hergott, Wanda Jirau-Rosaly, Shilpa Brown, Elena Wood, Nicole Rockich-Winston

Journal of Applied Disciplines

Interprofessional healthcare teams are essential for meeting the needs of our older population. To prepare for interprofessional collaboration, educational programs should offer opportunities for interprofessional education. We created a four-hour geriatric interprofessional workshop addressing cognition, macular degeneration, dysphagia, home safety, fall risk, and pharmacotherapy to examine student perceptions of working in interprofessional teams and their attitudes toward geriatric patients. Participants included 189 second-year medical (MD) students, 41 first-year occupational therapy (OT) students, and 36 second-year physical therapy (PT) students. We utilized a sequential explanatory mixed-method approach. Data analysis comprised descriptive statistics, paired t-tests for the pre/post surveys, and inductive content …

Observers Have Similar Improvements In Student Learning Outcomes As Participants In Athletic Training Simulation Education: A Pilot Study., Alma R. Mattocks Phd, Atc, Chse, Sara E. Mahoney Phd, Facsm, Rachele E. Vogelpohl Phd, Atc, Kim Hawkins Phd, Aprn, Fnp-C

Journal of Sports Medicine and Allied Health Sciences: Official Journal of the Ohio Athletic Trainers Association

Introduction: The use of standardized patient (SP) encounters in athletic training education programs have become more common; however, due to time and space constraints, it is possible that not all athletic training students will be able to participate and some must be observers. The objective of this study was to determine if observers experience similar improvements in student learning outcomes as participants for SP encounters. Methods: A pretest/posttest, non-randomized controlled trial was utilized. Nine athletic training students volunteered to participate in the research study. All participants completed a pretest survey including a knowledge assessment and confidence rating scale, followed by …