Epidemiology Commons^™

Multistate Mumps Outbreak Originating From Asymptomatic Transmission At A Nebraska Wedding — Six States, August–October 2019, Matthew Donahue, Blake Hendrickson, Derek Julian, Nicholas Hill, Julie Rother, Samir Koirala, Joshua L. Clayton, Thomas Safranek, Bryan Buss

United States Public Health Resources

In August 2019, 30 attendees at a Nebraska wedding developed mumps after being exposed to one asymptomatic index patient who was fully vaccinated according to Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommendations (1), resulting in a multistate outbreak. A public health investigation and response revealed epidemiologic links that extended from the index patient through secondary, tertiary, and quaternary patients and culminated in a measles-mumpsrubella (MMR) booster vaccination campaign in the local community where approximately half of the patients resided.

A Patient With Escherichia Coli Bacteremia And Covid-19 Co-Infection: A Case Report For The Louisville Covid-19 Epidemiology Study, Sarah E. Moore Pharmd, Ashley M. Wilde Pharmd, Bcps-Aqid, Matthew Song Pharmd, Bcidp, Brian C. Bohn Pharmd, Clayton J. Patross Pharmd, Bcps, Bryan Denham Md, Paul Schulz, Julio A. Ramirez

The University of Louisville Journal of Respiratory Infections

Patients with COVID-19 may have co-infections with other microorganisms. Here we report a case of a patient with an Escheria coli bacteremia secondary to a urinary tract infection, who experienced fevers while on active antimicrobial therapy. The patient was eventually tested for COVID-19 and found to be positive. This case emphasizes the need to suspect COVID-19 even in patients with documented bacterial infection.

Sars-Cov-2 And Bacterial Co-Infection, Rodrigo Cavallazzi

The University of Louisville Journal of Respiratory Infections

No abstract provided.

Non-Invasive Sex Determination And Genotyping Of Transgenic Brugia Malayi Larvae, Santiago E. Hernandez Bojorge

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Lymphatic filariasis is a very painful and disfiguring helminth disease caused by the tissue nematodes Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori. This parasitosis is considered a Neglected Tropical Disease and it is a major public health burden for 72 tropical countries of Africa, Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, and South America. Despite the effectiveness of many control programs, there remains the need to develop new pharmacological agents to treat lymphatic filariasis, as most programs rely on a limited variety of drugs that are expensive, logistically difficult to obtain, and can lead to drug resistance. The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic …

Ua94/6/1 My Story: Wku Track & Field's Adarian Gray, Adarian Gray

Student/Alumni Personal Papers

My Story is a series of first-person feature articles written by WKU student-athletes. The student-athletes will be telling their own stories in their own words. This article written by track & field senior thrower Adarian Gray, who has represented both WKU softball and track & field during her career on the Hill.

Life In The Time Of Covid, Julio A. Ramirez

The University of Louisville Journal of Respiratory Infections

No abstract provided.

Healthcare Workers In The Time Of Covid, Julio A. Ramirez, Ruth Carrico

The University of Louisville Journal of Respiratory Infections

No abstract provided.

An Assessment Of Potential Causal Pathways Between Two Autoimmune Diseases: Mendelian Randomization Studies Of Rheumatoid Arthritis And Crohn’S Disease; And A Phenome-Wide Association Study To Assess Potential New Targets For Tocilizumab, An Interleukin-6 Inhibitor, Staci Abramsky Risman

Dissertations and Theses

Background

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and Crohn’s disease (CD) are two among a group of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs). These diseases are common, collectively affecting as many as two million Americans and as many as 28 million people worldwide. They have different clinical presentations but may have a common pathogenesis. An over-expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) have been proffered as a causal factor for IMIDs. These and other IMIDs may co-occur in patients, and it has been shown that patients with one IMID may have an increased risk of another IMID. What is not clear is whether …

Excess Mortality From Covid-19: A Commentary On The Italian Experience, Paolo Pasquariello, Saverio Stranges

Epidemiology and Biostatistics Publications

No abstract provided.

A Systematic Review Of Epidemiological Patterns And Proposed Interventions To Address Pediatric Burns In Nigeria, Srikanta Banerjee, Constance Shumba

School of Nursing & Midwifery, East Africa

Background: Unintentional injuries from burns comprise a significant proportion of public health morbidity in Nigeria. In order to understand the type and impact of burns on youth in Low-and-Middle-Income countries, the epidemiology of burns must be adequately assessed.

Methods: This review describes the epidemiological patterns of burn occurrences in the pediatric populations and pro- poses interventions using the Haddon Matrix to address injuries in specific populations in Nigeria. A literature search was conducted using the Proquest, CINAHL, and PubMed databases at the Johns Hopkins University library (January 1, 1990 to August 14, 2018), on burns or thermal injury …

Costs Of Maternity Leave To Support Breastfeeding; Brazil, Ghana And Mexico, Mireya Vilar-Compte, Graciela M. Teruel, Diana Flores-Peregrina, Grace J. Carroll, Gabriela S. Buccini, Rafael Perez-Escamilla

Department of Public Health Scholarship and Creative Works

Objective To develop a method to assess the cost of extending the duration of maternity leave for formally-employed women at the national level and apply it in Brazil, Ghana and Mexico. Methods We adapted a World Bank costing method into a five-step method to estimate the costs of extending the length of maternity leave mandates. Our method used the unit cost of maternity leave based on working women’s weekly wages; the number of additional weeks of maternity leave to be analysed for a given year; and the weighted population of women of reproductive and legal working age in a given …

Differential Relationships Between Waist Circumference And Cardiorespiratory Fitness Among People With And Without Type 2 Diabetes, Andrew Ortaglia, Samantha M. Mcdonald, Christina Supino, Michael D. Wirth, Xuem Sui, Matteo Bottai

Faculty Publications

Adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus tend to exhibit an increased level of central adiposity, augmenting their risk of further non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Importantly, consistent evidence demonstrates a significant, negative association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and waist circumference (WC). However, no previous studies have investigated differences in these CRF-related reductions in WC between adults with and without diabetes.

This study used data from the Aerobic Center for Longitudinal Studies, conducted between 1970 and 2006 among predominately Non-Hispanic White, middle-to-upper class adults in Texas. Quantile regression models were used to estimate CRF-related differences in WC between persons with and without diabetes. …

La Determinación Social De La Enfermedad Renal Crónica De Causas No Tradicionales (Ercnt) En Guatemala / The Social Determination Of Chronic Kidney Disease Of Non-Traditional Causes (Ckdnt) In Guatemala, Alejandro Cerón

Anthropology: Faculty Scholarship

La Enfermedad Renal Crónica de Causas no Tradicionales (ERCnT) ha aumentado en los últimos 20 años, convirtiéndose en un problema de salud pública importante que se observa principalmente en países de Centroamérica y Asia, afectando especialmente a trabajadores agrícolas jóvenes. La presencia de factores de riesgo relacionados con toxinas, medio ambiente y condiciones laborales sugiere una causa multifactorial, la cual puede que involucre la exposición a agroquímicos, contaminantes ambientales, y episodios repetidos de deshidratación. La comprensión de las condiciones sociales que unen estos factores en grupos específicos de población es fundamental para el desarrollo de programas de salud pública tendientes …

Cohort Profile: The Kaloleni/Rabai Community Health And Demographic Surveillance System, Anthony Ngugi, Rachel Odhiambo, Felix Agoi, Amyn Lakhani, James Orwa, Jerim Obure, David Mang’Ong’O, Stanley Luchters, Catherine Munywoki, Anisa Omar, Marleen Temmerman

Population Health, East Africa

Why was the cohort set up?In many resource-constrained settings, availability of reli-able vital statistics and health information is limited bylack of proper system for civil registration and health infor-mation. This is further limited by the fact that the majorityof population health events, such as births, morbidity andmortality, occur outside the reach of these systems. In par-ticular, obtaining credible data from rural and remote ge-ographies can be even more constrained. The developmentof population-based surveillance systems in resource-constrained countries to monitor demographic and healthevents in these countries has as its basis the limited capac-ity of civil registration and health information systems.Locally rooted …

Identifying The Weak Foundation Of Public Health Resilience Fornational Disaster Policy In Indonesia’S Mid-Term Developmentagenda 2015–2019: A Policy Content Analysis, Gita Miranda Warsito, Meiwita Budiharsana, Sharyn Burns

Kesmas

Indonesia is one of the most susceptible nations toward natural disasters in the world. Since 1992, approximately 37 tsunami incidents have occurred inIndonesia, with at least 1,244 cases of natural disasters during 2018. Despite the overwhelming impact of disasters on Indonesia, Public Health Resilience,as an approach to disaster countermeasures, has been poorly elaborated in Indonesia’s development agenda (National Mid-term Development Plan (NMDP),or Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional (RPJMN), 2015 - 2019). By utilizing the method of policy content analysis, this study aimed to analyzethe policy background of Public Health Resilience against disasters in the NMDP 2015 - 2019 and National …

Benson's Relaxation Therapy And Sleep Quality Among Elderlyat A Social Institution In Inakaka, Indonesia, Nur Baharia Marasabessy, Lucky Herawati, Irhamdi Achmad

Kesmas

Serious sleep disturbances among elderlies include attention or memory disorders, depression and often fall. A quasi experimental study design with pre-posttest with control group was performed to determine effect of Benson’s relaxation therapy on sleep quality among the elderly, and influences of sex, age anddisease suffered differences. Of a total of 46 elderlies from a Social Institute in Ambon, 29 were taken for the treatment group and 19 for the control group.The treatment group was interfered with Benson’s breathing relaxation for 14 days. Sleep quality was measured using Pittsburg sleep quality index form. Datawere analyzed using independent t-test and multivariate …

Effects Of Climbing Choice, Demographic, And Climate On Walking Behavior, Febriani Fajar Ekawati, Frank Francis Eves

Kesmas

Walking is a public health recommendation to increase physical activity. Although walking for transport is associated with health benefits, it is frequently avoided when a mechanized alternative is available and when the weather or individuals’ available resources are unfavorable. The present quasi-experimental study used chosen walking speed to estimate the use of resources by pedestrians and investigated 730 pedestrians’ behavior when approaching a choice point between a short stair and a ramp at an exit from a university campus toward the local train station on six separate days. Results revealed that individuals who climbed the stairs walked faster than those …

Religious Leader’S Support Toward Individual At Risk Ofhiv/Aids To Attend Voluntary Counselling And Testing Service, Imelda Februati Ester Manurung, Chatarina Umbul Wahyuni, Ari Probandari

Kesmas

Religious leader is a figure who is believed to have the gift of healing. A person with illness will follow any advice the religious leader gives for his/her recovery.Based on the phenomenon, religious leader is a potential local figure to give support for individuals at risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) andacquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). This study aimed to determine factors related to religious leader’s support toward individuals at risk of HIV andAIDS to attend voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) service. This study was an observational analytical with cross-sectional design. The population of thisstudy was religious leader in Kupang …

Myths About Menstrual Personal Hygiene Among Female Adolescents, Tyas Diah Palupi, Terry Y.R. Pristya, Randy Novirsa

Kesmas

Poor personal hygiene during menstruation among adolescents can lead to urinary tract infection, reproductive tract infection, and skin irritation. This studyaimed to determine the relationship between belief in myths and personal hygiene during menstruation. Cross-sectional quantitative study was conductedusing a sample of 119 10th grade female students from Tangerang 13 State Senior High School selected through purposive sampling. Logistic regressionanalysis was used in this study to determine the relationship between myths and personal hygiene after age of menarche, attitude, socioeconomic status,information, and maternal education were controlled. In the bivariate selection, modeling was completed by entering confounding and interaction variablesthen reducing …

Adaptation And Validation Of The Tamil (Sri Lanka) Version Ofthe Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Pethirupillai Amal Dinesh Coonghe, Pushpa Fonseka, Sampasivamoorthy Sivayogan, Ajantha Keshavaraj, Rahul Malhotra, Truls Ostbye

Kesmas

The study aimed to develop the Tamil (Sri Lanka) version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and investigate its reliability and validity as a briefscreening tool for mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Tamil-speaking Sri Lankan elderly with normal cognition and MCI were recruited from a neurology clinic.Adaptation of the English MoCA to the Tamil (Sri Lanka) involved context-specific content modification and translation. The content validity, reliability, sensitivity,and specificity of the tool were evaluated. Study participants were 184 older adults, comprising 85 with normal cognition and 99 neurologist-diagnosed MCI.The tool had high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.83). Receiver operating characteristic curve …

Adverse Effect Of Aerosol Pesticide On Lung Dysfunction Amongpaddy Farmers In Purworejo, Central Java, Indonesia, Fajaria Nurcandra, Renti Mahkota, Tri Yunis Miko Wahyono

Kesmas

The World Health Organization estimated that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) will be the highest non-communicable disease worldwide by2030, and pesticide exposure is one of major risk factors. This study aimed to determine effect of pesticide exposure on lung dysfunction among paddyfarmers. A case-control study was performed on April - May 2016 in Purworejo. The case group comprised 66 farmers suffering from lung dysfunction during2015 based on medical records, while the control group comprised 59 neighboring farmers showing normal lung function. Both case and control groups weretested using a spirometer and COPD assessment test (CAT) questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis of …

Correlation Of Knowledge And Beliefs To Adherence With Antibiotic Use In Adult Patients At A Private Hospital In Sidoarjo, Muhammad Hasan Wattiheluw, Fauna Herawati, Setiasih Setiasih, Rika Yulia

Kesmas

Infectious diseases are one of the top ten causes of death in the world. Antibiotic therapy is administered for infectious diseases, but if bacteria are exposed to antibiotics continuously, then the bacteria are able to adapt to the medication, thereby resulting in antibiotic resistance. This condition results in an increase in mortality, long hospitalization period, and increased cost of antibiotic therapy and health services. Adherence to using antibiotics may be influenced by knowledge and beliefs about them. This study aimed to understand correlation between knowledge and belief with adherence to antibiotic use at a private hospital in Sidoarjo. This cross-sectional …

Abo Blood Group Type And Susceptibility To Covid-19 Infection, G. Rafael Fernandez-Botran

The University of Louisville Journal of Respiratory Infections

Since December 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic has extended its reach over most of the world, infecting over four million people and causing well over 300,000 deaths so far.[1] A significant percentage of infected patients develop severe symptoms and life-threatening conditions. While COVID-19 infection can affect all ages, available evidence points to older age and pre-existing comorbidities, such as hypertension, diabetes, and coronary heart disease, as important risk factors related to increased mortality rates.[2-4] Moreover, recent reports from China and the U.S. have suggested that susceptibility, and perhaps even mortality, to COVID-19 infection might be influenced by the ABO blood …

Outcomes Of Patients Hospitalized With Community-Acquired Pneumonia With Liver Disease Or Cirrhosis., Bibodh Jung Karki, Sravan K. Ponnekanti, Vidyulata Salunkhe, Nishita Tripathi, Mahder A. Tella, Stephen P. Furmanek, Forest W. Arnold

The University of Louisville Journal of Respiratory Infections

Introduction: Liver disease and cirrhosis are common causes of mortality worldwide. Community-acquired pneumonia is recognized as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in this population of adults. There is a lack of data regarding outcomes or prognosis in patients with liver dysfunction who develop CAP. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical characteristics, incidence, and outcomes of hospitalized patients with CAP and liver disease.

Methods: This was a secondary analysis of the University of Louisville Pneumonia Study, which was a prospective population-based cohort study of adults hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. All patients were divided into three …

Ua3/10/2 Wku Announces Big Red Restart Plan, Wku President's Office - Caboni

WKU Administration Documents

Email from WKU president Timothy Caboni to faculty & staff regarding Covid-19.

Implementation Of The Louisville Covid-19 Surveillance Protocol: Experiences From The University Of Louisville Center Of Excellence For Research In Infectious Diseases [Cerid], Ruth Carrico, Dawn Balcom, William Johnson, Amr Aboelnasr, Mutasem Abuhalaweh, Stephen Furmanek, Montray Smith, Amanda Lasnik, Donghoon Chung, Julio A. Ramirez

The University of Louisville Journal of Respiratory Infections

The lack of available testing for SARS-CoV-2 has been one of the primary challenges in the development and implementation of a comprehensive approach to infection prevention and transmission in the United States (US). In response to the need for increased testing capacities and capabilities, the University of Louisville (UofL) Division of Infectious Diseases Center of Excellence for Research in Infectious Diseases (CERID) initiated the Louisville Coronavirus Surveillance Program, a comprehensive approach to surveillance and testing of patients and healthcare workers. The first specimens were accepted on March 12, 2020, and parallel testing was done using a high-capacity testing process at …

Ua94/6/1 My Story: Wku Basketball's Kenny Cooper, Kenny Cooper

Student/Alumni Personal Papers

My Story is a series of first-person feature articles written by WKU student-athletes. The student-athletes will be telling their own stories in their own words. This article written by basketball senior guard Kenny Cooper, who redshirted as a transfer in 2019-20 but will play his final college season this upcoming year.

Pleural Effusion As A Manifestation Of Pulmonary Cryptococcosis, Mercedes Toranzo, Marisol Arrojo, Alejandra González, Mariano Fielli

The University of Louisville Journal of Respiratory Infections

No abstract provided.

Integrated Multiple Mediation Analysis: A Robustness–Specificity Trade-Off In Causal Structure, An-Shun Tai, Sheng-Hsuan Lin

Harvard University Biostatistics Working Paper Series

Recent methodological developments in causal mediation analysis have addressed several issues regarding multiple mediators. However, these developed methods differ in their definitions of causal parameters, assumptions for identification, and interpretations of causal effects, making it unclear which method ought to be selected when investigating a given causal effect. Thus, in this study, we construct an integrated framework, which unifies all existing methodologies, as a standard for mediation analysis with multiple mediators. To clarify the relationship between existing methods, we propose four strategies for effect decomposition: two-way, partially forward, partially backward, and complete decompositions. This study reveals how the direct and …

Laws Restricting Access To Abortion Services And Infant Mortality Risk In The United States, Roman Pabayo, Amy Ehntholt, Daniel M. Cook, Megan Reynolds, Peter Muennig, Sze Yan Liu

Department of Public Health Scholarship and Creative Works

Objectives: Since the US Supreme Court′s 1973 Roe v. Wade decision legalizing abortion, states have enacted laws restricting access to abortion services. Previous studies suggest that restricting access to abortion is a risk factor for adverse maternal and infant health. The objective of this investigation is to study the relationship between the type and the number of state-level restrictive abortion laws and infant mortality risk. Methods: We used data on 11,972,629 infants and mothers from the US Cohort Linked Birth/Infant Death Data Files 2008–2010. State-level abortion laws included Medicaid funding restrictions, mandatory parental involvement, mandatory counseling, mandatory waiting period, and …