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Articles 1891 - 1920 of 2048

Full-Text Articles in Psychiatry and Psychology

The Impact Of Automation On Teamwork In Air Traffic Control, Jan Joris Roessingh, Rolf Zon, Oliver Straeter, Ryoko Fukuda Jan 2005

The Impact Of Automation On Teamwork In Air Traffic Control, Jan Joris Roessingh, Rolf Zon, Oliver Straeter, Ryoko Fukuda

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Generally spoken, teamwork may be at considerable risk when new automated technologies are introduced at the Working Positions of operators. Automation may replace team functions, team structure and changes the composition of the team. Team roles are unavoidably redefined and communication patterns are altered. For Air Traffic Control, EUROCONTROL developed measures for the impact of new computerised systems (automation) on teamwork. This was done within the framework of EUROCONTROL's SHAPE project. In this paper we describe the development and experimental test of one of these measures (the “teamwork questionnaire”) in a Tower Control environment. We propose a method for the …

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Human Factors Design Of Electronic Documents, Thomas L. Seamster, Barbara G. Kanki Jan 2005

Human Factors Design Of Electronic Documents, Thomas L. Seamster, Barbara G. Kanki

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), working with the Master Minimum Equipment List (MMEL) Industry Group, is developing a new MMEL electronic format. The MMEL refers to a series of documents controlled by the FAA that lists equipment that may be inoperative under certain conditions while still allowing the aircraft to be airworthy. Each aircraft model has an MMEL, and operators must work with that master document to determine the relief items for their specific aircraft. The resulting Minimum Equipment List (MEL) for an operator's aircraft is used by both ground personnel and pilots to determine the procedures for maintaining airworthiness. …

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Interpreting Cultural And Psychological Differences Between Usa And Eastern Countries, Dott. Ing, Giorgio Sacco Jan 2005

Interpreting Cultural And Psychological Differences Between Usa And Eastern Countries, Dott. Ing, Giorgio Sacco

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

The interpretation and explanation of mainly Western cultures with reference to family configuration may help developing theory and practice concerning mistakes and errors, right decisions and good choices.

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Improving Novice Flight Performance Using A Functional Avionics Display, Carl F. Smith, Deborah A. Boehm-Davis Jan 2005

Improving Novice Flight Performance Using A Functional Avionics Display, Carl F. Smith, Deborah A. Boehm-Davis

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Supporters of functional interface design argue that direct interaction with the essential functional relationships of a system may aid in the acquisition of domain-specific skill. To evaluate the potential use of a functional display in assisting in the development of piloting skill, twenty novices were trained on either a conventional display or an alternative display that displays the functional relationship of power and airspeed (the Oz display). Novices trained on the functional display showed greater control of power and less deviation from a flight profile over multiple maneuvers. Implications for future research and potential uses in training are discussed.

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A Mind-Reference Framework For Design And Evaluation Of Intuitive And Natural Interfaces, Iya Solodilova, Gavan Lintern, Peter Johnson Jan 2005

A Mind-Reference Framework For Design And Evaluation Of Intuitive And Natural Interfaces, Iya Solodilova, Gavan Lintern, Peter Johnson

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

The Mind-Reference framework is proposed to address new and existing interfaces at semantic, perceptual and contextual levels. This framework allows us it is possible to distinguish information structures at behavioral, physical and environmental levels. The framework deals not only with how the information is presented on a perceptual level but also, by accounting for a variety of task contexts, how a pilot can interpret that information. A design approach that follows this framework’s step-principles produces intuitive and natural interfaces for pilots and offers a benchmark for evaluation of existing interfaces.

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Airport Resource Management And Decision Aids For Airlines, Amy Spencer, Philip J. Smith, Charles Billings Jan 2005

Airport Resource Management And Decision Aids For Airlines, Amy Spencer, Philip J. Smith, Charles Billings

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Airport surface management is fundamentally a task requiring decision making under uncertainty. For example, there is uncertainty about when an aircraft will be ready to push back, how long it will take a departing flight to taxi to the departure runway queue and how long it will take an arriving flight to taxi to its gate from the arrival runway. As a result, managing traffic on the airport surface, and coordinating this surface movement with airspace constraints, is a risk management task. Decision support tools which provide better access to airport surface data and predictions, as well as access to …

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Information Distribution To Improve Team Performance In Military Helicopter Operations: An Experimental Study, Brian K. Sperling, Amy R. Pritchett Jan 2005

Information Distribution To Improve Team Performance In Military Helicopter Operations: An Experimental Study, Brian K. Sperling, Amy R. Pritchett

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Changes in task requirements and system capabilities have led to the addition of crewmembers, information displays, and monitoring and coordination requirements in many domains. This experimental study tested the hypothesis that providing task relevant information to individual team members in a time critical environment, while limiting their access to non task-relevant information, would change team interactions by developing complementary team mental models and thus improve performance. The results of this experiment support this hypothesis, and give insight into how the distribution of information among team members effects the communications and coordination within a team. and team and individual performance.

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The Effectiveness Of A Personal Computer Aviation Training Device (Pcatd), A Flight Training Device (Ftd), And An Airplane In Conducting Instrument Proficiency Checks, Henry L. Taylor, Donald A. Talleur, Esa M. Rantanen, Tom W. Emanuel Jr. Jan 2005

The Effectiveness Of A Personal Computer Aviation Training Device (Pcatd), A Flight Training Device (Ftd), And An Airplane In Conducting Instrument Proficiency Checks, Henry L. Taylor, Donald A. Talleur, Esa M. Rantanen, Tom W. Emanuel Jr.

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

This project evaluated the effectiveness of a personal computer aviation training device (PCATD), a flight training device (FTD) and an airplane for conducting an instrument proficiency check (IPC). The study compared the performance of pilots receiving an IPC in a PCATD, in a FTD and in an airplane (IPC #1) with performance on a later IPC in an airplane (IPC #2). Chi-square tests were used to analyze the IPC #1 and IPC #2 data to determine whether the treatment (assignment to group) had an effect on the pass/fail ratio for the IPC #1 and IPC #2 flights respectively. The treatment …

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The Role Of Institutional Review Boards In Aviation Research: It's The Law And It Makes Sense, Dr. Earl S. Stein Jan 2005

The Role Of Institutional Review Boards In Aviation Research: It's The Law And It Makes Sense, Dr. Earl S. Stein

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Research in medicine and social sciences often involves the participation of human participants, who under the rules in place today volunteer their time and understand both the benefits and risks associated with the research. This was not always the case. Rules, regulations, and laws currently require oversight by organizations referred to as Institutional Review Boards (IRBs). These boards exist to protect the participants, ensure their ethical treatment, and encourage good research. IRBs enhance the quality of research planning, and the IRB process should be part of every researcher's timeline for completion of his/her projects.

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Transfer Of Training Effectiveness Of A Flight Training Device (Ftd), Henry L. Taylor, Donald A. Talleur, Tom W. Emanuel Jr., Esa M. Rantanen Jan 2005

Transfer Of Training Effectiveness Of A Flight Training Device (Ftd), Henry L. Taylor, Donald A. Talleur, Tom W. Emanuel Jr., Esa M. Rantanen

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

A transfer of training research design was used to measure the effectiveness of a flight training device (FTD) and to determine the point at which additional training in a FTD was no longer effective. The dependent measures were number of trials to specific completion standards, time to complete a flight lesson, and time to a successful evaluation flight. Percent transfer and transfer effectiveness ratios (TERs) were computed for each instrument task and for the time to complete a flight lesson. The data from the current study indicates that the FTD and the PCATD appear effective in teaching basic and advanced …

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Human Performance Modelling For Accident Risk Assessment Of Active Runway Crossing Operation, Sybert H. Stroeve, Henk A.P. Blom Jan 2005

Human Performance Modelling For Accident Risk Assessment Of Active Runway Crossing Operation, Sybert H. Stroeve, Henk A.P. Blom

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

A human performance modelling approach is presented for risk assessment of operations with multiple, dynamically interacting agents. The approach is illustrated for a risk model of runway incursion on an active departure runway. This model-based approach can provide detailed, systematically derived results on risk contributions of human operators and technical systems in complex multi-agent environments.

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An Intelligent Aircraft Landing Support Paradigm, Steve Thatcher, Lakhmi Jain, Colin Fyfe Jan 2005

An Intelligent Aircraft Landing Support Paradigm, Steve Thatcher, Lakhmi Jain, Colin Fyfe

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

In this paper we discuss the problems associated with a small remnant of seemingly non eradicable accidents in contemporary aircraft landings and propose three autonomous agents whose task it is to jointly monitor the aircraft and its flight crew. Two of these agents will monitor the path of the aircraft, one armed with prior knowledge of how planes tend to land at a particular airport, the other with the ability to extrapolate forward from the plane’s current position in order to identify potential dangers. The third agent will monitor the flight crew’s behavior for potentially dangerous actions or inactions. These …

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Effects Of Cdti Display Dimensionality And Conflict Geometry On Conflict Resolution Performance, Lisa C. Thomas, Christopher D. Wickens Jan 2005

Effects Of Cdti Display Dimensionality And Conflict Geometry On Conflict Resolution Performance, Lisa C. Thomas, Christopher D. Wickens

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

With the presence of a CDTI that provides graphical airspace information, pilots can use a variety of conflict resolution maneuvers in response to how they perceive the configuration of the conflict. However, across previous studies on conflict resolution using CDTIs, there has been little apparent consistency in maneuver safety, flight axis preferences (lateral or vertical), or turning direction within a flight axis. These inconsistencies may be due to a limited range of conflict geometries and/or display frames of reference. This article describes a study that incorporates three displays with different frames of reference and a wide range of conflict geometries …

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“Meaningful Physics” Or Finding A System Description Suitable For Ecological Interface Design, M.M. (Rene) Van Paassen, Max Mulder, Stijn B.J. Van Dam Jan 2005

“Meaningful Physics” Or Finding A System Description Suitable For Ecological Interface Design, M.M. (Rene) Van Paassen, Max Mulder, Stijn B.J. Van Dam

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Ecological Interface Design (EID) is a design paradigm that addresses the cognitive interaction between users and systems. EID’s original application domain is the field of process technology. However, in several studies the techniques outlined for EID are applied to other domains. In the development of EID interfaces for two different tasks involving control of the locomotion of an aircraft, the authors experienced a gap between the stages of cognitive work analysis (CWA) and the actual design of the interfaces. This paper analyses the approach in the two projects, generalizing the findings in creation of a proper representation with the Abstraction …

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Disorientation In Vfr Pilots: Flight Performance And Psychophysiological Changes During A Flight Simulator Training, Karin Tropper, K. Wolfgang Kallus Jan 2005

Disorientation In Vfr Pilots: Flight Performance And Psychophysiological Changes During A Flight Simulator Training, Karin Tropper, K. Wolfgang Kallus

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Disorientation due to flying into instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) is a major safety hazard for VFR pilots (VFR: visual flight rules) as confirmed by aviation accident databases. The objectives of our research are the development and evaluation of systematic training programs to cope with different kinds of disorientation phenomena and the analysis of the psychophysiological processes during dis- and reorientation. A study was conducted using the multi-axial moveable flight simulator DISO (AMST Systemtechnik GmbH, Austria). 25 pilots were randomly allocated to one of three testing groups (one control- and two experimental training groups). The flight performance data confirm that participants …

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Facial Temperature As A Measure Of Mental Workload, Hans J.A. Veltman, Wouter W.K. Vos Jan 2005

Facial Temperature As A Measure Of Mental Workload, Hans J.A. Veltman, Wouter W.K. Vos

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

We conducted an experiment to explore the relation between facial temperature and mental effort. Participants had to perform mentally demanding tasks while their face was captured with an infrared camera. The temperature of the nose decreased during these tasks and increased during the successive rest periods. Other parts of the face did not change due to mental effort. The advantage of this workload measure is that it can provide objective and real-time information about mental effort of operators without attaching sensors to an operator. This measure can be used to measure the workload of operators in relatively stable environmental conditions …

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Eid Of A Pilot Support System For Airborne Separation Assurance, Stijn B.J. Van Dam, An L.M. Abeloos, Max Mulder, René M.M. Van Paassen Jan 2005

Eid Of A Pilot Support System For Airborne Separation Assurance, Stijn B.J. Van Dam, An L.M. Abeloos, Max Mulder, René M.M. Van Paassen

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

In a flexible airspace environment the pilot disposes of an increased amount of travel opportunities. At the same time the airspace traffic situation becomes more complex and the aircraft separation assurance task is shifted towards the cockpit. The design paradigm of Ecological Interface Design is applied to support the pilot with the airborne planning of efficient trajectory paths that maintain spatial separation from other traffic. The desired pilot behavior is achieved by visualizing travel-relevant airspace affordances in terms of realistic aircraft locomotion. As a result, a novel interface the ”state vector envelope” presents safe and efficient travel opportunities in a …

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Analysis Of Advanced Airspace Concept Operations Using Human Performance Modeling, Savita A. Verma, Kevin M. Corker Jan 2005

Analysis Of Advanced Airspace Concept Operations Using Human Performance Modeling, Savita A. Verma, Kevin M. Corker

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

The Advanced Airspace Concept (Erzberger, 2001) proposes to achieve increased capacity in both en route and terminal areas through the use of technologies that include air-ground datalink, automation generating 4-D trajectories, and an independent back-up system, intended to provide safe transition whenever there is a malfunction. An analysis of the concept’s operations was performed using the human performance model Air Man Machine Integrated Design Analysis System (Air MIDAS) (Corker, 2000). For this research, three types of operations were modeled for an Air Traffic Control (ATC) agent – current operations, Automated Airspace Concept (AAC) operations, and Tactical Separation Assisted Flight Environment …

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Organizational Factors In Commercial Aviation Accidents 1990-2000, Terry L. Von Thaden, Douglas A. Wiegmann, Scott A. Shappell Jan 2005

Organizational Factors In Commercial Aviation Accidents 1990-2000, Terry L. Von Thaden, Douglas A. Wiegmann, Scott A. Shappell

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Recently several major transportation accidents have brought significant attention to the role of organizational factors in supporting safety within high-risk critical systems. However, little is essentially known about the types of organizational factors that contribute to these accidents, as there has yet to be a comprehensive analysis of these factors. This paper elaborates on the types of organizational factors that have contributed to pilot-error related aviation accidents in U.S. commercial aviation. Specifically, we analyzed 60 accidents with organizational cause factors from 1990-2000. Results from this analysis indicate that the type and frequency of organizational factors that contribute to accidents varies …

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Distributed Information Behavior Among Flight Crews In A Simulated Environment, Terry L. Von Thaden Phd Jan 2005

Distributed Information Behavior Among Flight Crews In A Simulated Environment, Terry L. Von Thaden Phd

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

The purpose of this study was to assess concepts from Information Science to develop and initially validate a framework to study the information behavior of flight crews in the civil aviation domain. Distributed use of information within groups remains a weak link between actual information, the meaning given to information, and the sense made of the information. Principles from information science, psychology, and communication studies are used to analyze how flight crews in a simulated environment (fail to) make use of essential, safety critical information through analysis of the corresponding flight transcripts using a six-point Information Behavior Grid. The results …

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Supporting Pilots In Recovering Trajectories With Tunnel-In-The-Sky Displays, Ernst J.G. Verschragen, Max Mulder, M.M. (René) Van Paassen Jan 2005

Supporting Pilots In Recovering Trajectories With Tunnel-In-The-Sky Displays, Ernst J.G. Verschragen, Max Mulder, M.M. (René) Van Paassen

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Tunnel-in-the-sky displays have shown great potential for reducing pilot workload and navigation error. Although it is a well-evaluated concept, only little research has been conducted on situations in which the pilot has (deliberately or not) flown outside of the tunnel. This paper describes the experimental evaluation of various alternatives to support pilots in recapturing their nominal trajectory. The concepts studied include the use of guiding arrows, path deviation indicators, a symbol representing the tunnel and a “return tunnel”. Results from a pilot-in-the-loop experiment indicate that a “return tunnel” performed best on situation awareness and workload aspects and that most pilots …

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Attentional Tunneling And Task Management, Christopher D. Wickens Jan 2005

Attentional Tunneling And Task Management, Christopher D. Wickens

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

This paper discusses attentional tunneling as one cause of breakdowns in task management. The phenomenon is defined, and empirical evidence is then reviewed to show the conditions in which the phenomenon is created by head up display location, compelling 3D displays, fault management, and automation induced complacency. Statistical and methodological issues are reviewed regarding the generalization of the phenomenon in the laboratory to real world mishaps

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A Summary Of Unmanned Aircraft Accident/Incident Data: Human Factors Implications, Kevin W. Williams Ph.D. Jan 2005

A Summary Of Unmanned Aircraft Accident/Incident Data: Human Factors Implications, Kevin W. Williams Ph.D.

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

A review and analysis of unmanned aircraft (UA) accident data was conducted to identify important human factors issues related to their use. UA accident data were collected from the U.S. Army, Navy, and Air Force. The percentage of involvement of human factors issues varied across aircraft from 21% to 68%. For most of the aircraft systems, electromechanical failure was more of a causal factor than human error. One critical finding from an analysis of the data is that each of the fielded systems is very different, leading to different kinds of accidents and different human factors issues. A second finding …

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Pilot Dependence On Imperfect Diagnostic Automation In Simulated Uav Flights: An Attentional Visual Scanning Analysis., Christopher Wickens, Stephen Dixon, Juliana Goh, Ben Hammer Jan 2005

Pilot Dependence On Imperfect Diagnostic Automation In Simulated Uav Flights: An Attentional Visual Scanning Analysis., Christopher Wickens, Stephen Dixon, Juliana Goh, Ben Hammer

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

An unmanned air vehicle (UAV) simulation was designed to reveal the effects of imperfectly reliable diagnostic automation – a monitor of system health parameters – on pilot attention, as the latter was assessed via visual scanning. Four groups of participants flew a series of legs under different automation conditions: a baseline (no automation) control, and automation which was either 100% reliable, 60% reliable with a low-threshold bias to produce false alerts, and 60% reliable with a high threshold to produce misses. A high workload mission completion task and ground surveillance task were simultaneously imposed. Consistent with the reliance-compliance model of …

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Why’D They Do That? Analyzing Pilot Mindset In Accidents And Incidents, Ed Wischmeyer Ph.D. Jan 2005

Why’D They Do That? Analyzing Pilot Mindset In Accidents And Incidents, Ed Wischmeyer Ph.D.

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

In teaching a series of classes that analyzed “classical” airline accidents, it was observed that human behavior in such accidents was often understood better when the “mindset” of the protagonists was studied explicitly, rather than implicitly, and that the time element was also useful in such analyses. Often pilots took actions not explainable by traditional error models, and not predictable from known influences. These observations started a series of iterations that eventually converged on the PEEMBO model (Predispositions, Environment, Events, Mindset and mental condition, Behaviors, and missed Opportunities.) The PEEMBO model now appears mature enough for routine use in accident …

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A Real-Time Automated Transcription Tool For Tactical Communications Assessment, David T. Williamson, Lt Mathew D. Purtee Jan 2005

A Real-Time Automated Transcription Tool For Tactical Communications Assessment, David T. Williamson, Lt Mathew D. Purtee

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

This paper describes the development of a real-time automated transcription tool for assessing tactical communications in a DIS environment. Java-based tools were developed to capture simulated radio communications data from tactical training exercises conducted at the Warfighter Training Research Division of the Air Force Research Laboratory’s Human Effectiveness Directorate. A representative set of audio data was handtranscribed and used as training material for a class-based statistical language model using a commercially available speech recognition system. The language model was designed to allow run-time input of callsign data to provide increased flexibility. The resulting system is a real-time automated speech-to-text transcription …

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Head-Up Display Symbology For Surface Operations: Eye Tracking Analysis Of Command-Guidance Vs. Situation-Guidance Formats, John Wilson, Becky L. Hooey, David C. Foyle Jan 2005

Head-Up Display Symbology For Surface Operations: Eye Tracking Analysis Of Command-Guidance Vs. Situation-Guidance Formats, John Wilson, Becky L. Hooey, David C. Foyle

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

This study investigated pilots' taxi performance and distribution of visual attention with four different head-up display (HUD) symbology formats: Command-guidance, Situation-guidance, Hybrid, and a baseline, No-route guidance. Taxi speed and centerline accuracy were highest with Hybrid and Situation-guidance whereas Commandguidance and No-guidance resulted in increased visual attention to the head-down map display and side window displays. These results are thought to be due to lack of sufficient preview information with the Command-guidance symbology. The conformal route information of the Situation-guidance and Hybrid HUD formats provided a common reference with the environment, which may have supported better distribution of attention.

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Metrics Of Information Complexity For Air Traffic Control Displays, Jing Xing Jan 2005

Metrics Of Information Complexity For Air Traffic Control Displays, Jing Xing

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Information complexity associated with visual displays is a bottleneck that limits their use. While automation tools are designed to bring new functions to users and increase their capacities, they also creates new tasks associated with acquiring and integrating information from displays. In particular, a complex display increases information load to human operators and reduces usability. Thus the efficiency of the tool largely depends on the complexity of displayed information. To evaluate the costs and benefits of an automation system, it is important to understand how much information is shown on the display, and whether the information is too complex for …

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Pilots' Conflict Detection With Imperfect Conflict Alerting System For The Cockpit Display Of Traffic Information, Xidong Xu, Christopher D. Wickens, Esa M. Rantanen Jan 2005

Pilots' Conflict Detection With Imperfect Conflict Alerting System For The Cockpit Display Of Traffic Information, Xidong Xu, Christopher D. Wickens, Esa M. Rantanen

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Twenty-four pilots viewed dynamic encounters between the pilot’s “ownship” and an intruder aircraft on a 2-D simulated Cockpit Display of Traffic Information (CDTI) and estimated the point and time of closest approach. A three-level alert system provided a correct categorical estimate of the projected miss distance (MD) on 83% of the trials. The remaining 17% of alerts incorrectly predicted MD. The data of these pilots were compared with a matched “baseline” pilots, who viewed identical trials without the aid of automated alerts. Roughly half the pilots depended on and benefited from this automation, and others did not. Those who benefited …

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Effects Of Workload And Likelihood Information On Human Response To Alarm Signals, Ernesto A. Bustamante, James P. Bliss Jan 2005

Effects Of Workload And Likelihood Information On Human Response To Alarm Signals, Ernesto A. Bustamante, James P. Bliss

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine how workload and likelihood information would affect participants’ responses to alarm signals while they performed a battery of tasks. As expected, participants’ overall response rates and false alarm response rates were significantly lower, and true alarm response rates were significantly higher when they used a likelihood alarm system. These results were particularly noticeable under high workload conditions. Results from this study suggest that although people may respond less often to alarm signals when they are provided with likelihood information, they will more likely respond to true signals rather than false alarms. Therefore, …

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