Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmaceutical Economics Commons^™

The Correlation Between Medication Adherence, Blood Glucose Levels, And Quality Of Life In Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus At Ciamis Regional Hospital, Amyla Putri Nurul Nazmi, Nur Rahayuningsih, Lusi N

Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition requiring continuous treatment, including patient adherence to prescribed medication. This study aimed to explore the relationship between medication adherence, blood glucose levels, and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at Ciamis Regional Hospital, conducted from January to March 2025, the research employed a quantitative, prospective cross-sectional design involving 49 hospitalized patients. Data included blood glucose levels (RPG, FPG, 2hPG), medication adherence measured using the Medication Adherence Report Scale (MARS-5), and quality of life assessed via the Diabetes Quality of Life-Brief Clinical Inventory (DQOL-BCI). The chi-square test was used …

The Phytochemical Content And Antibacterial Activity Of Purified Extract Of Mangifera Indica L. Against Gram Positive Pathogen, Dewi Andini Kunti Mulangsri, Masduki Faqih, Sugar Arifin, Mutiara Trie Sieya Agustin

Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research

The purified extract of arum manis mango leaves contained flavonoid compounds by TLC methods and antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and negative pathogens. This research aimed to identify and determine the phytochemical content (mangiferin and flavonoids content) and antibacterial activity against other Gram-positive pathogens. Purification of ethanol extract of arum manis mango leaves by liquid-liquid fraction method. Determination of total flavonoid content and identification of mangiferin used respectively by aluminum chloride and Thin Layer Chromatography method. The disk diffusion method was used to assay antibacterial activity against S. epidermidis, and B. subtilis bacteria with the concentration of the sample such …

Cost Effectiveness Analysis Of Psychopharmaca Therapy Combination Compared With Psychopharmaca Therapy And Ect Combination In Schizoaffective Inpatients At The Rsj Provinsi Jawa Barat, Yasmin Fadillah, Sani Asmi Ramdani Lestari, Ardilla Kemala Dewi

Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research

Mental disorders constitute an economic burden on health, estimated at USD 2.5 trillion in 2010 and expected to increase to USD 6 trillion by 2030. Treatment of schizoaffective disorder involves a combination of medication and psychotherapy. Pharmacoeconomics is an important consideration in drug selection. This study aims to determine the cost-effectiveness of psychopharmaca therapy combination compared with psychopharmaca therapy and ECT combination in schizoaffective inpatients at the RSJ Provinsi Jawa Barat. Data collection was conducted retrospectively from patient medical records for the period December 2023–December 2024. Total costs, based on a health perspective, include psychopharmaca drug costs, inpatient care costs, …

Evaluation Of Antibiotic Use Using The Gyssens Method On Clinical Outcomes In Ischemic Stroke Patients, Juniarto Mende, Graciano A. Maturbongs, Yohana K. A. Mbulang

Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research

Ischemic stroke is a health problem that causes death and neurovascular disability worldwide. The inflammatory response due to infection can increase ischemic stroke and increase brain damage through changes in blood pressure, coagulation, immune response, and endothelial function. This study aims to evaluate the rationality of antibiotic use on clinical outcomes in ischemic stroke patients. This study used a cross-sectional design. Retrospective data were taken from the medical records of Jayapura Regional Hospital for the period January 1, 2023, to May 31, 2025. The study subjects were all patients who suffered ischemic stroke and received antibiotics. Evaluation of the rationality …

Retrospective Analysis Of Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns In Gram-Positive And Gram-Negative Blood Isolates, Helman Kurniadi, Timbul Partogi Haposan Simorangkir, Ros Sumarny, Fitria Heldiana

Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research

Bloodstream infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality, while antimicrobial resistance limits treatment options. This retrospective study evaluated bacterial distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility in blood cultures at RSPAD Gatot Soebroto, Jakarta, using microbiology and medical record data from January-December 2019. Clinically significant isolates were included, while duplicates and contaminants were excluded. Identification and susceptibility testing followed standard procedures and CLSI 2019 guidelines. Data were analyzed descriptively. Among 482 isolates, 246 (51.0%) were Gram-positive and 236 (49.0%) were Gram-negative. The Gram-positive isolates were mainly coagulase-negative staphylococci, including Staphylococcus epidermidis (62, 25.2%), S. hominis (61, 24.8%), and S. haemolyticus (50, …

Analysis Of Pharmacotherapy And Non-Pharmacotherapy Burden From The Ina-Cbgs Package For Cesarean Section Surgery At The Regional General Hospital Dr. Soedarso In 2023, Ananda Rizky Awwaliyah, Nurmainah Nurmainah, Ridha Ulfah

Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research

The prevalence of cesarean sections has been increasing each year. Previous studies show that the cost of medications and medical supplies for cesarean patients accounts for one-third of the total care costs. In the era of National Health Insurance (NHI), medications and medical supplies are considered operational expenses for hospitals rather than sources of income. This condition requires proper medication management and the use of medical supplies. This study aims to analyze the percentage of pharmacotherapy and non-pharmacotherapy, including the types and quantities of medications as well as disposable medical supplies used on patients undergoing cesarean section procedures at the …

Alexithymia In Substance Use Disorders: A Scoping Review Of Therapeutic Approaches, Pratami Diah Herliani, Shelly Iskandar, Angela Vera Herman Efendi

Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research

Alexithymia, defined as the inability to recognize and express emotions, has a high prevalence (40–50%) among individuals with substance use disorders (SUD), particularly alcohol use disorder, and is associated with poorer clinical outcomes. Despite this, comprehensive mapping of psychotherapeutic interventions targeting this condition within the SUD population remains limited. This study aimed to systematically map the therapeutic approaches investigated to address alexithymia among individuals with substance use disorders and to summarize the reported outcomes. A scoping review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR guidelines using systematic literature searches in the PubMed and Scopus databases. Relevant studies were screened based …

Comments Re: Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program And Medicare Prescription Drug Benefit Program, Fred D. Ledley M.D., Edward Zhou Pharm. D.

CISI Publication

Thank you for the opportunity to provide written comments in response to the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program proposed rule published on June 16, 2026 in the Federal Register. [1] We are answering as academic researchers with experience in medicine, pharmacy, biomedical research, and the biopharmaceutical industry. Our perspective is informed by extensive, published research on the economics and finance of pharmaceutical innovation, the value created by new medicines, and the impacts of the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA).

We applaud the accomplishment of the IRA in establishing the precedent for the government to negotiate “fair market prices” for drugs on …

Comments Re: Commonsense Policy Options To Lower Drug Prices For Patients, Fred D. Ledley M.D., Edward Zhou Pharm. D.

CISI Publication

Thank you for the opportunity to provide written comment in response to the Senate Finance Committee Minority Staff’s “Request for Information: Commonsense Policy Options to Lower Drug Prices for Patients.” We are answering as academic researchers with experience in medicine and the biopharmaceutical industry. This comment will focus on sections I and III of the RFI.

We applaud the accomplishment of the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) in establishing the precedent for the government to negotiate “fair market” prices for drugs on terms that address both patients’ needs for affordability and industry’s need for a reasonable return on investment. Our analysis …

Quality Improvement (Qi) Project Aimed At Reducing Unnecessary Antibiotic Usage Among Older Adult Patients By Addressing Inappropriate Antibiotic Prescribing In Primary And Long-Term Care Settings, Pamela M. Thomas

Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs)

Antibiotic overuse among older adults remains a significant patient safety and public health concern. Recent national data indicate that approximately 30%–50% of outpatient antibiotic prescriptions may be unnecessary, particularly for viral or self-limiting conditions (Chua et al., 2021). Antimicrobial resistance has been associated with more than 1.27 million deaths globally (Murray et al., 2022). This quality improvement project evaluated a multifaceted antimicrobial stewardship intervention in primary and long-term care settings. Baseline review of 167 antibiotic cases revealed 37.1% were inappropriate or questionable, and 28.7% lacked adequate diagnostic documentation. The intervention incorporated provider education, electronic health record decision-support tools, audit and …

Comparison Of Chop And R-Chop For Treatment Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, Yogyakarta, Indonesia: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis, Woro Supadmi, Rizky Gustinanda, Lalu M. Irham, Riat El Khair

Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research

CHOP and R-CHOP are commonly used chemotherapy regimens for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL). While R-CHOP has demonstrated clinical benefits, its higher cost raises concerns regarding economic efficiency, particularly in middle-income countries such as Indonesia. This study aimed to compare direct medical costs and clinical outcomes of CHOP and R-CHOP regimens among NHL patients treated at a national referral hospital in yogykarta. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using medical record data of NHL patients who received CHOP or R-CHOP chemotherapy at Dr. Sardjito General Hospital Yogyakarta, between 2020 and 2023, with follow-up extended until April 30, 2025. Clinical outcomes included overall …

Balanced Scorecard In Healthcare Facilities: A Ten-Year Review Of Strategies To Improve Organizational Effectiveness, Larasati Tunggadewi, Sofa Dewi Alfian, Auliya A Suwantika

Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research

The Balanced Scorecard (BSC) has increasingly been adopted as a strategic performance management framework within healthcare organizations. Evidence from the past decade shows varied implementation outcomes, shaped by institutional readiness, leadership commitment, and the maturity of health information systems. This narrative review synthesizes findings from 47 scientific articles selected through a systematic screening process, covering studies conducted in hospitals, primary health centers, and pharmacy units in Indonesia, Morocco, Iran, China, and other countries. The studies employed case study and descriptive cross-sectional designs using both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Overall, BSC implementation contributed to improvements in service performance across the financial, …

Exploring Protein-Protein Interactions: A Promising Avenue For Biomarker And Anti-Tb Drug Development, Rajwa Dwifauza Suryanto, Maritsa Widati Aqila Rumawan, Imam Adi Wicaksono

Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research

In 2023, tuberculosis (TB) reached its highest incidence with 8.2 million new cases reported by the World Health Organization (WHO). The virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is strongly governed by protein-protein interactions (PPIs) that regulate essential processes such as cell wall biosynthesis, immune evasion, and persistence. This study aims to map and analyze the mechanisms of key PPIs in MTB using a scoping review approach. Data was retrieved from PubChem and related literature with the keyword ``PPIs Network TB''. Our findings highlight crucial PPI-driven mechanisms, including the role of DprE1/DprE2 in arabinogalactan synthesis, VapB4/VapC4 in stress response and self-toxicity, ESX-1 …

Low To Moderate Intensity Home-Based And Online Exercise For Cognitive Health In Older Adults: A Narrative Review, Novita Salim, Melisa Intan Barliana, Anna Meiliana

Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research

Cognitive decline represents one of the most pressing public health challenges associated with global population ageing, prompting growing interest in accessible and scalable exercise-based interventions. This narrative review synthesizes evidence from 15 randomized controlled trials to compare the cognitive effects of 3 exercise modalities in older adults across varying cognitive and functional profiles: conventional aerobic and resistance training, exergame-based interventions, and dual-task or multicomponent training. Interventions were evaluated on their capacity to improve global cognition, executive function, working memory, and attention, with additional consideration of adherence, supervision format, and implementation feasibility. The evidence consistently demonstrates that dual-task and multicomponent training …

Evaluation Of Drug Use In Inpatient Care: A Retrospective Study At A Tertiary Hospital In Bandung, Indonesia (2024), Aliya Rosyidah Fitrianti, Athoya Delarosa, Husna Muharram Ahadi, Imam Adi Wicaksono, Falerina Puspita

Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research

Rational drug use is a critical component of improving healthcare quality. However, irrational prescribing remains a significant concern, particularly in developing countries like Indonesia. This study evaluates drug use patterns at a Type B hospital in Bandung using WHO standard: average number of drugs per prescription, percentage of generic drugs, antibiotics, injections, and adherence to the National Formulary. A retrospective, descriptive observational method was applied, using 2024 inpatient Drug Use Evaluation (DUE) data. Findings reveal an average of 3.4 drugs per prescription—slightly above the WHO standard (≤ 3.3); 68.4% of prescriptions used generic drugs (meeting the WHO standard ≥ 59%); …

Comparative Analysis Of The Quality Of Life Of Schizophrenic Patients On Antipsychotic Treatment Between Aripiprazole Monotherapy And Combination Of Risperidone-Clozapine At Mental Hospital In West Java, Taufiqurahman Taufiqurahman, Sani Asmi Ramdani Lestari, Ardilla Kemala Dewi

Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research

Quality of life (QoL) is a critical outcome measure in schizophrenia management, yet antipsychotic side effects may negatively impact patients' well-being. Objective: This study aimed to compare the QoL of schizophrenia patients receiving aripiprazole monotherapy versus a risperidone-clozapine combination at West Java Mental Hospital. An analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted at the outpatient clinic of West Java Mental Hospital from March to May 2025. The Indonesian version of the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire was used to assess QoL. A total of 58 outpatients with schizophrenia who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled, comprising 28 patients in the aripiprazole …

Adherence To Malaria Treatment And Its Associated Factors: A Narrative Review, Lafie Urwatul Wutsqo, Eli Halimah, Sofa Dewi Alfian

Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research

Malaria is an infectious disease that remains a global health concern, particularly in Asia and Africa. The success of malaria medication largely depends on patients' adherence to the prescribed therapeutic regimen. This article aims to identify the level of adherence to malaria treatment and the factors that influence it, based on observational studies. A narrative review was conducted using the PRISMA approach, involving 12 articles published between 2019 - 2023 from various countries. The results indicate that adherence levels vary widely, ranging from 15.6% to 93.31%, depending on respondent characteristics and the intervention strategies implemented. Factors influencing adherence include patient-related …

Patterns Of Adverse Drug Reactions In Tuberculosis Treatment: A Literature Review, Jasmine R. Aisyah, Ivan S. Pradipta, Widya N. Insani

Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research

Tuberculosis (TB) treatment is often interrupted by adverse drug reactions (ADRs). However, few studies have thoroughly examined these ADR patterns in TB treatment, and no research has assessed the prevalence of ADRs in specific organs. This narrative review describes the patterns of ADRs in tuberculosis treatment, including how common each type is and its impact on organs across different countries and populations. A structured narrative literature review was conducted to identify relevant original studies published in PubMed database between 2019 and 2025. The search combined Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and free-text terms related to ``tuberculosis'' and ``adverse drug reactions''. Eligible …

Bioactive Constituents And Pharmacological Activities Of Curcuma Zedoaria: A Mini-Review, Abdulmutalib Allaq, Muneer M. Saleh Mohammed Saleh Alsayadi, Mustapha Salihu, Hasan M. Agha, Amena Hassan Hassan Gheeth, Fatimah Salim, Norrizah Jaafar Jaafar Sidik

AUIQ Complementary Biological System

Curcuma zedoaria Rosc. (white turmeric) is a rhizomatous medicinal plant in the Zingiberaceae family, widely used in traditional Asian medicine. In recent years, increasing scientific attention has focused on its diverse pharmacological properties and bioactive constituents. This mini review summarises current knowledge of the phytochemical composition and biological activities of C. zedoaria, with particular emphasis on its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. Phytochemical investigations using analytical techniques such as GC–MS and HPLC have revealed the presence of numerous bioactive compounds, including sesquiterpenes (example, germacrone, curzerenone, and curdione) and curcuminoids, which contribute to its therapeutic potential. Experimental studies demonstrate …

Charity Pharmacies: An Integrative Overview Of Operations: A Continuing Education Program For Pharmacists, Stella Bertram

Honors Theses

PROGRAM DESCRIPTION

The goal of this activity is to educate pharmacists about Charity Pharmacies by creating an integrative overview of their purpose, laws and regulations, processes and procedures, eligibility, and opportunities for involvement. This course will ensure pharmacists are competent in the operations involved in volunteering or working within a charitable pharmacy.

Additionally, the information provided supports pharmacists in understanding their roles as well as roles of volunteers. They will understand the importance of their role in the community and the depth of their service within Charity Pharmacies.

3rd Place Contest Entry: "Examining Physicians’ Behaviors Regarding Buprenorphine Prescribing For Opioid Use Disorder", Khashayar Eshtiaghi

Eric M. Scandrett Graduate Library Research Prize

This is Khashayar Eshtiaghi's submission for the 2026 Eric M. Scandrett Graduate Research Prize, which won third place. It contains their essay on using library resources, a summary of their research project on physicians' behaviors regarding buprenorphine prescribing for opioid use disorde, and their bibliography.

Khashayar is a student in the Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy program at Chapman University. Their faculty mentor is Dr. Marc Fleming.

2025 Novel Drug Approvals, Katherine Ghattas Pharmd, Amanda Rawa Pharmd

Transformative Medicine

The year 2025 marked another strong chapter in pharmaceutical innovation, with multiple novel therapies gaining approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These approvals reflect continued progress in addressing unmet medical needs across a wide range of disease states. This article reviews the FDA’s 2025 novel drug approvals, spotlighting a few therapeutic advancements and emerging trends. A comprehensive table of all approved agents is provided, along with a focused discussion of four particularly impactful therapies: donidalorsen (Dawnzera), taletrectinib (Ibtrozi), delgocitinib (Anzupgo), gepotidacin (Blujepa), etripamil (Cardamyst). Each of these agents represents a step forward in its respective field and …

Community Pharmacies Face Critical Sustainability Challenges In The United States: Academic Pharmacy Can Help, Karl M. Hess, Peter Lim

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

Community pharmacies in the United States (US) face an increasingly unsustainable future due to declining third-party reimbursement (remuneration) and ongoing cash flow challenges following the elimination of retroactive direct and indirect remuneration (DIR) fees. These pressures have contributed to widespread pharmacy closures, the emergence of pharmacy deserts, and reduced access to care for millions of patients. Despite these challenges, community pharmacy remains the most common employment setting for pharmacy school graduates in the US. However, currently required community pharmacy Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experience (APPE) student rotations may offer limited exposure to business, management, and entrepreneurial activities, potentially leaving students underprepared …

Fda Policy Shift On Clinical Efficacy Study Requirements For Monoclonal Antibody Biosimilars, Rileigh Rahrig, Madilyn Paphanchith, Allie Honigford, Daniella Egbujor, Haley Brown, Jenny Magana Figueroa, Connor Dains, Brenna Hissong, Kyle W. Parker

Pharmacy and Wellness Review

Biologic products are widely used in the treatment of various disease states, including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, cancers, and genetic diseases. These products are derived from proteins and genes produced by living organisms and are subsequently used to treat specific disease states. Due to the complexity of biological products, the costs of research and production are high. Currently, the United States approval pathway requires extensive testing for biologics to be designated as biosimilars, meaning there are no clinically meaningful differences in safety or purity of their active components. These required tests can be redundant, as biosimilars are developed using …

Effect Of Various Lactobacillus Probiotic Strains On Oral Antihypertensive Drug Response: A Systematic Review, Khoirunnisa Ramadhani, Keri Lestari

Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research

Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and the effectiveness of antihypertensive therapy can be influenced by metabolic and systemic inflammatory factors associated with gut microbiota conditions. Probiotic strains from the genus Lactobacillus have been reported to modulate antihypertensive effects through complex biological mechanisms. This article evaluates experimental evidence from seven in vivo studies on the influence of Lactobacillus strains on the response to antihypertensive drugs, including pharmacodynamic mechanisms and drug–probiotic interactions. The combination of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum with amlodipine enhanced nitric oxide production, increased eNOS expression, reduced IL-6 levels, and improved drug bioavailability, leading to greater blood pressure …

Perceived Effects Of Verbal Orders On In-Patient Medication Reconciliation And Safety: A Multi-Center Cross-Sectional Study, Yahaya Jafaru, Abubakar K. Sahabi, Mohammed M. Sani

Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research

Medication reconciliation presents significant challenges for healthcare professionals, particularly due to communication gaps that contribute to patient safety incidents. The aim of the study was to investigate the perceived effect of verbal orders on in-patient medication reconciliation and safety. The study was a cross-sectional survey with nurse employees of the three tertiary hospitals in Kebbi State, Nigeria as population of the study. The instrument for the data collection was a 21-items researcher-constructed self-administered questionnaire. Chi-square and binomial regression analysis were used in data analysis. Over two-thirds (70.7%) of the respondents reported a negative perceived effect on the patient’s compliance. The …

Crosstalk Between Gut Microbiota And Antihypertensive Drugs: A Systematic Review, Dhiya'ul Haq, Keri Lestari

Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research

Hypertension is a multifactorial condition characterized by persistently elevated blood pressure. In addition to genetic and environmental factors, recent studies suggest that the gut microbiota contributes to the development of hypertension and modulates the response to antihypertensive therapy. This review aims to summarize the latest knowledge on the bidirectional interaction between gut microbiota and antihypertensive drugs. Original studies published up to May 2025 on this topic were collected from two online databases: PubMed and Scopus. A total of 220 articles were identified, and 9 articles met the inclusion criteria for further discussion. Three of these included articles discussed how gut …

Anti-Inflammatory Actions Of Trigonella Foenum-Graecum L. In Acute And Chronic Inflammation: Insights From Preclinical Studies, Angel Christella, Dzava P. F. Ismail, Eli Halimah

Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research

Chronic inflammation is a major factor in various degenerative diseases. The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is often the main choice, but long-term side effects such as gastrointestinal irritation and nephrotoxicity limit their use. Therefore, natural alternatives such as Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) have attracted attention due to their bioactive compound contents with anti-inflammatory properties. This narrative review was conducted through a systematic search of articles from the last 10 years in PubMed and Scopus. Keywords used a combination of MeSH and free terms related to fenugreek and anti-inflammatory agents. In vitro and in vivo studies evaluating the anti-inflammatory effects …

Optimization Of Guava Leaf Extract Cream Formulation Through Variations Of Xanthan Gum And Stearic Acid For Wound Cure In Rats, Ayudia Cipta Khairani, Mia Ariasti

Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research

Cuts are among the most common skin injuries caused by sharp objects and can lead to infection if not properly treated. Natural ingredients such as guava leaves have been widely investigated for their wound-healing potential. Guava leaves contain bioactive compounds including flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, and tannins, which contribute to anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and tissue regeneration processes. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate the physical properties and wound-healing effectiveness of guava leaf ethanol extract cream with varying concentrations of xanthan gum and stearic acid as emulsifiers. The extract was obtained by maceration using 70% ethanol and formulated into four cream formulas …

Drug-Related Problems In Hemodialysis Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: A Study At X Hospital (January–May 2022), Muhammad Refki Abrari, Jatmiko Susilo

Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research

The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Indonesia has increased from 2.0 ‰in 2013 to 3.8 ‰in 2018. The presence of complex comorbidities associated with CKD causes varied therapy regimens (poly-pharmacy), leading to an increased risk of drug-related problems (DRPs). To overcome these complications, dialysis is often used to remove metabolic waste and rebalance electrolytes to maintain life in patients experiencing rapid loss of kidney function. This study aims to evaluate drugs consumed as well as DRPs experienced by patients diagnosed with CKD undergoing hemodialysis at X Hospital from January to May 2022. The study procedures were carried out …