Pediatrics Commons^™

Respiratory Distress In The Neonate: Case Definition & Guidelines For Data Collection, Analysis, And Presentation Of Maternal Immunization Safety Data, Leigh R. Sweet, Cheryl Keech, Nicola P. Klein, Helen S. Marshall, Beckie N. Tagbo, David Quine, Pawandeep Kaur, Ilia Tikhonov, Muhammad Imran Nisar, Sonali Kochhar

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

No abstract provided.

Failure To Thrive: Case Definition & Guidelines For Data Collection, Analysis, And Presentation Of Maternal Immunisation Safety Data, Elizabeth Ross, Flor M. Munoz, Bassey Edem, Cassandra Nan, Fyezah Jehan, Julie Quinn, Tamala Mallett Moore, Sanie Sesay, Hans Spiegel, Librada Fortuna

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

No abstract provided.

Congenital Microcephaly: Case Definition & Guidelines For Data Collection, Analysis, And Presentation Of Safety Data After Maternal Immunisation, Malini Desilva, Flor M. Munoz, Erick Sell, Helen Marshall, Alison Tse Kawai, Alisa Kachikis, Paul Heath, Nicola P. Klein, James M. Oleske, Fyezah Jehan

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

No abstract provided.

Setting Priorities For Knowledge Translation Of Cochrane Reviews For Health Equity: Evidence For Equity, Peter Tugwell, Jennifer Petkovic, Vivian Welch, Jennifer Vincent, Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta, Rachel Churchill, Don Desavigny, Lawrence Mbuagbaw, Tomas Pantoja

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

Background: A focus on equity in health can be seen in many global development goals and reports, research and international declarations. With the development of a relevant framework and methods, the Campbell and Cochrane Equity Methods Group has encouraged the application of an 'equity lens' to systematic reviews, and many organizations publish reviews intended to address health equity. The purpose of the Evidence for Equity (E4E) project was to conduct a priority-setting exercise and apply an equity lens by developing a knowledge translation product comprising summaries of systematic reviews from the Cochrane Library. E4E translates evidence from systematic reviews into …

Cerebrospinal Fluid Kynurenine And Kynurenic Acid Concentrations Are Associated With Coma Duration And Long-Term Neurocognitive Impairment In Ugandan Children With Cerebral Malaria, Dag Holmberg, Elisabeth Franzén-Röhl, Richard Idro, Robert Opoka, Paul Bangirana, Carl Sellgren, Anna Färnert, Lilly Schwieler, Göran Engberg, Chandy John

Paediatrics and Child Health, East Africa

Background: One-fourth of children with cerebral malaria (CM) retain cognitive sequelae up to 2 years after acute disease. The kynurenine pathway of the brain, forming neuroactive metabolites, e.g. the NMDA-receptor antagonist kynurenic acid (KYNA), has been implicated in long-term cognitive dysfunction in other CNS infections. In the present study, the association between the kynurenine pathway and neurologic/cognitive complications in children with CM was investigated.

Methods: Cerebrospinal fuid (CSF) concentrations of KYNA and its precursor kynurenine in 69 Ugandan children admitted for CM to Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda, between 2008 and 2013 were assessed. CSF kynurenine and KYNA were compared to …

Societal Costs Of Micronutrient Deficiencies In 6- To 59-Month-Old Children In Pakistan, Simon Wieser, Beatrice Brunner, Christina Tzogiou, Rafael Plessow, Michael B. Zimmermann, Jessica Farebrother, Sajid Bashir Soofi, Zaid Ahmad Bhatti, Imran Ahmed, Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

Background: In Pakistan, nearly half of children younger than 5 years are stunted, and 1 in 3 is underweight. Micronutrient deficiencies, a less visible form of undernutrition, are also endemic. They may lead to increased morbidity and mortality as well as to impaired cognitive and physical development.
Objective: To estimate the lifetime costs of micronutrient deficiencies in Pakistani children aged between 6 and 59 months.
Methods: We develop a health economic model of the lifetime health and cost consequences of iodine, iron, vitamin A, and zinc deficiencies. We assess medical costs, production losses in terms of future incomes lost, and …

Spectrum Of Celiac Disease In Paediatric Population: Experience Of Tertiary Care Center From Pakistan, Danish Abdul Aziz, Misha Kahlid, Fozia Memon, Kamran Sadiq

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

Objective: To determine clinical features and relevant laboratory investigations of patient with celiac disease (CD) and comparing classical celiac disease (CCD) with Non-diarrheal celiac disease (NDCD).
Methods: This is a five years retrospective study conducted at The Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi, Pakistan from January 2010 to December 2015, enrolling children from one year to 15 years of either gender diagnosed as celiac disease in accordance with revised ESPGHAN criteria. Biopsy samples with grade 2 or more on Modified Marsh Classification were considered as consistent with celiac disease. Celiac patients were categorized into Classical celiac disease (with Chronic Diarrhea) and …

Understanding Biological Mechanisms Underlying Adverse Birth Outcomes In Developing Countries: Protocol For A Prospective Cohort (Amanhi Bio-Banking) Study, Abdullah H. Baqui, Rasheda Khanam, Fyezah Jehan, Muhammad Imran Nisar, Atiya Hussain, Muhammad Ilyas, Aneeta Hotwani, Muhammad Sajid, Shahida Qureshi, Anita K. M. Zaidi

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

Objectives: The AMANHI study aims to seek for biomarkers as predictors of important pregnancy-related outcomes, and establish a biobank in developing countries for future research as new methods and technologies become available.
Methods: AMANHI is using harmonised protocols to enrol 3000 women in early pregnancies (8-19 weeks of gestation) for population-based follow-up in pregnancy up to 42 days postpartum in Bangladesh, Pakistan and Tanzania, with collection taking place between August 2014 and June 2016. Urine pregnancy tests will be used to confirm reported or suspected pregnancies for screening ultrasound by trained sonographers to accurately date the pregnancy. Trained study field …

Modelling Stunting In List: The Effect Of Applying Smoothing To Linear Growth Data, Simon Cousens, Jamie Perin, Parul Christian, Lee Shu-Fune Wu, Sajid Bashir Soofi, Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta, Claudio Lanata, Richard L. Guerrant, Aldo A. M. Lima, Kåre Mølbak

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

Background: The Lives Saved Tool (LiST) is a widely used resource for evidence-based decision-making regarding health program scale-up in low- and middle-income countries. LiST estimates the impact of specified changes in intervention coverage on mortality and stunting among children under 5 years of age. We aimed to improve the estimates of the parameters in LiST that determine the rate at which the effects of interventions to prevent stunting attenuate as children get older.
Methods: We identified datasets with serial measurements of children's lengths or heights and used random effects models and restricted cubic splines to model the growth trajectories of …

Water, Sanitation And Hygiene Interventions For Acute Childhood Diarrhea: A Systematic Review To Provide Estimates For The Lives Saved Tool, Nazia Darvesh, Jai K. Das, Tyler Vaivada, Michelle F. Gaffey, Kumanan Rasanathan, Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

Background: In the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) era, there is growing recognition of the responsibilities of non-health sectors in improving the health of children. Interventions to improve access to clean water, sanitation facilities, and hygiene behaviours (WASH) represent key opportunities to improve child health and well-being by preventing the spread of infectious diseases and improving nutritional status.
Methods: We conducted a systematic review of studies evaluating the effects of WASH interventions on childhood diarrhea in children 0–5 years old. Searches were run up to September 2016. We screened the titles and abstracts of retrieved articles, followed by screening of the …

Modifiers Of The Effect Of Maternal Multiple Micronutrient Supplementation On Stillbirth, Birth Outcomes, And Infant Mortality: A Meta-Analysis Of Individual Patient Data From 17 Randomised Trials In Low-Income And Middle-Income Countries, Emily R. Smith, Anuraj H. Shankar, Lee S-F Wu, Said Aboud, Seth Adu Afarwuah, Hasmot Ali, Rina Agustina, Shams Arifeen, Per Ashorn, Arjumand Rizvi

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

Background: Micronutrient deficiencies are common among women in low-income and middle-income countries. Data from randomised trials suggest that maternal multiple micronutrient supplementation decreases the risk of low birthweight and potentially improves other infant health outcomes. However, heterogeneity across studies suggests influence from effect modifiers. We aimed to identify individual-level modifiers of the effect of multiple micronutrient supplements on stillbirth, birth outcomes, and infant mortality in low-income and middle-income countries.
Methods: This two-stage meta-analysis of individual patient included data from 17 randomised controlled trials done in 14 low-income and middle-income countries, which compared multiple micronutrient supplements containing iron-folic acid versus iron-folic …

Geo-Spatial Reporting For Monitoring Of Household Immunization Coverage Through Mobile Phones: Findings From A Feasibility Study, Abdul Momin Kazi, M. Ali, Ayub Khan, Hussain Kalimuddin, K. Zubair, A.N. Kazi, Azmina Artani, Syed Asad Ali

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

Background: The addition of Global Positioning System (GPS) to a mobile phone makes it a very powerful tool for surveillance and monitoring coverage of health programs. This technology enables transfer of data directly into computer applications and cross-references to Geographic Information Systems (GIS) maps, which enhances assessment of coverage and trends.
Objective: Utilization of these systems in low and middle income countries is currently limited, particularly for immunization coverageassessments and polio vaccination campaigns. We piloted the use of this system and discussed its potential to improve the efficiency of field-based health providers and health managers for monitoring of the immunization …

Concordance Of Cerebrospinal Fluid Latex Particle Agglutination Test With Csf And Blood Culture Among Children With Acute Bacterial Meningitis, Muhammad Khalid, Ali Faisal Saleem

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

No abstract provided.

Missed Immunization Opportunities Among Children Under 5 Years Of Age Dwelling In Karachi City, Asif Khaliq, Sayeeda Amber Sayed, Syed Abdullah Hussaini, Kiran Azam, Mehak Qamar

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

Background: Immunization is the safest and effective measure for preventing and eradicating various communicable diseases. A glaring immunization gap exists between developing and industrialized countries towards immunization, because the developing countries including Pakistan are still striving to provide basic immunization to their children. The purpose of this study was to access the prevalence and factors of missing immunization among under 5-year children of Karachi.
Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted from June 2015 to October 2015 among different outpatient clinics of Karachi. Parents who had child less than 5 year of age were approached by non-probability purposive sampling. Data …

Influenza Epidemiology And Immunization During Pregnancy: Final Report Of A World Health Organization Working Group, Deshayne B. Fell, Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner, Michael G. Baker, Maneesh Batra, Julien Beauté, Philippe Beutels, Niranjan Bhat, Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta, Cheryl Cohen, Rehana Salam

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

From 2014 to 2017, the World Health Organization convened a working group to evaluate influenza disease burden and vaccine efficacy to inform estimates of maternal influenza immunization program impact. The group evaluated existing systematic reviews and relevant primary studies, and conducted four new systematic reviews. There was strong evidence that maternal influenza immunization prevented influenza illness in pregnant women and their infants, although data on severe illness prevention were lacking. The limited number of studies reporting influenza incidence in pregnant women and infants under six months had highly variable estimates and underrepresented low- and middle-income countries. The evidence that maternal …

Global Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Associated Mortality In Young Children (Rsv Gold): A Retrospective Case Series, Nienke M. Scheltema, Angela Gentile, Florencia Lucion, D James Nokes, Patrick K. Munywoki, Shabir A. Madhi, Michelle J. Groome, Cheryl Cohen, Jocelyn Moyes, Syed Asad Ali

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is an important cause of pneumonia mortality in young children. However, clinical data for fatal RSV infection are scarce. We aimed to identify clinical and socioeconomic characteristics of children aged younger than 5 years with RSV-related mortality using individual patient data.

Methods: In this retrospective case series, we developed an online questionnaire to obtain individual patient data for clinical and socioeconomic characteristics of children aged younger than 5 years who died with community-acquired RSV infection between Jan 1, 1995, and Oct 31, 2015, through leading research groups for child pneumonia identified through a comprehensive …

Measuring Home Environments Across Cultures: Invariance Of The Home Scale Across Eight International Sites From The Mal-Ed Study, Paul C. Jones, Laura L. Pendergast, Barbara A. Schaefer, Muneera Rasheed, Erling Svensen, Rebecca Scharf, Rita Shrestha, Angelina Maphula, Reeba Roshan, Zeba Rasmussen

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

The home environment provides the context for much of a child's early development. Examples of important aspects of the home environment include safety, cleanliness, and opportunities for cognitive stimulation. This study sought to examine the psychometric properties of an adapted form of the Home Observation for the Measurement of the Environment (HOME; Caldwell & Bradley, 1984, 2003) across the eight international sites of the MAL-ED project (Dhaka, Bangladesh; Vellore, India; Bhakatapur, Nepal; Naushahro Feroze, Pakistan; Fortaleza, Brazil; Loreto, Peru; Venda, South Africa; Haydom, Tanzania), to identify a factor structure that fit the data at all sites, and to derive a …

Frequency And Outcome Of Acute Neurologic Complications After Congenital Heart Disease Surgery, Sidra Kaleem Jafri, Lubaina Ehsan, Qalab Abbas, Fatima Ali, Prem Chand, Anwarul Haque

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

Objectives: To determine the frequency and immediate outcome of acute neurologic complications (ANCs) in children undergoing congenital heart surgery (CHS).
Materials and Methods: Inthis retrospective study, all patients undergoing CHS at our hospital from January 2007 to June 2016 were included. Patients were followed up for the development of seizures, altered level of consciousness (ALOC), abnormal movements, and stroke. Results are presented as mean with standard deviation and frequency with percentages.
Results: Of 2000 patients who underwent CHS at our center during the study, 35 patients (1.75%) developed ANC. Seizures occurred in 28 (80%), ALOC in 5 (14%), clinical stroke …

Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury In A Paediatric Intensive Care Unit Of Pakistan, Muhammed Tariq, Zehra Dhanani, Qalab Abbas, Humaira Jurair, Farheen Karim Mahar, Anwarul Haque

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

Background: Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI) is a major cause of transfusionrelated morbidity and mortality in the intensive care unit setting. There is a paucity of such data from Pakistan. The purpose of this study is to assess the incidence and outcome of TRALI in critically ill children admitted in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of Pakistan.
Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of all critically ill or injured children who developed TRALI or "possible" TRALI after blood transfusion based on Canadian Conference Consensus criteria in a closed multidisciplinary-cardiothoracic PICU from January 2012 to June 2016. The demographic, …

Oral Sildenafil Use In Neonates With Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension Of Newborn, Ali Shabbir Hussain, Syed Rehan Ali, Shakeel Ahmed, Farah Naz Qamar, Anila Haroon

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

Background: The prevalence of PPHN has been estimated at 1.9 per 1000 live births. After the discovery of iNO's, its efficacy and benefit in PPHN is well established. Even in the best of centers equipped with iNo and ECMO the mortality is around 20%. Also, iNO is expensive and difficult to administer and monitor which makes it difficult choice in our part of the world. Furthermore About 40% of patients do not respond or have rebound pulmonary hypertension after discontinuation. Owing to these reasons, other treatment modalities like phosphodiesterase inhibitors such as Sildenafil need to be evaluated.
Methods: We report …

Teaching Basic Pediatric Intensive Care Course To Pediatric Residents And Consultants, Humaira Jurair, Qalab Abbas, Anwar Ul Haque

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

No abstract provided.

A Protocol For Quality Improvement Programme To Reduce Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections In Nicu Of Low And Middle Income Country, Ali Shabbir Hussain, Syed Rehan Ali, Shabina Ariff, Saba Arbab, Simon Demas, Jehan Zeb, Arjumand Rizvi

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

Introduction: Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) are the most important cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Evidence-based interventions when used in form of a bundle have proven to decrease CLABSI. Our unit has a high CLABSI rate (9/1000 central line days). Therefore, we intend to introduce evidence-based CLABSI prevention package in our practice to improve CLABSI rates in our NICU within limited resources.
Methods and Analysis: The study will be conducted using preanalysis and postanalysis design from January 2016 to December 2017. It is going to be conducted in three phases with phase I being the preimplimentation …

Conditional Random Slope: A New Approach For Estimating Individual Child Growth Velocity In Epidemiological Research, Michael Leung, Diego G. Bassani, Amy Racine‐Poon, Anna Goldenberg, Syed Asad Ali, Gagandeep Kang, Prasanna S. Premkumar, Daniel E. Roth

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

Objectives: Conditioning child growth measures on baseline accounts for regression to the mean (RTM). Here, we present the “conditional random slope” (CRS) model, based on a linear-mixed effects model that incorporates a baseline-time interaction term that can accommodate multiple data points for a child while also directly accounting for RTM.
Methods: In two birth cohorts, we applied five approaches to estimate child growth velocities from 0 to 12 months to assess the effect of increasing data density (number of measures per child) on the magnitude of RTM of unconditional estimates, and the correlation and concordance between the CRS and four …

Harlequin Colour Change, Suneeta Khemani, Shirin Bahadur Ali, Sarfaraz Karim, Mohammad Ali Yezdan

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

Harlequin colour change (HCC) is a rare, benign and transient colour change presenting in normal healthy neonates in initial days of life and resolves spontaneously. It is thought to be due to hypothalamic immaturity, leading to capillary bed dysregulation. Gravity might also play a role, as this is apparent on the dependent side. It is important for physicians to recognize this phenomenon so that they do not order any irrelevant investigations. Here, we present a case of a healthy neonate who had HCC, which was unilateral, well demarcated erythema, with patchy pallor. Baby was vitally stable at that time. This …

Hemimegalencephaly With Intractable Epilepsy: A Case Report, Prem Chand, Muhammad Faraz Raghib, Muhammad Sohail Salat

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

Isolated Hemimegalencephaly (iHME) is a rare form of congenital malformation of cortical development.It is characterized by enlargement of all or part of one cerebral hemisphere. It typically presents with intractable seizures, mental retardation, developmental delay, contralateral hemiparesis and hemianopia. The patient was a five and half month's old baby girl who presented first with focal seizures at 10th day of life. No other physical or behavioral abnormality was noted. However, Initial EEG showed excessive sharp EEG transients more over the right hemisphere, repeated EEG showed spikes, polyspikes, sharps and slow wave discharges predominately over right hemisphere. MRI brain showed asymmetric …

Effectiveness Of Transcutaneous Bilirubin Measurement In Managing Neonatal Jaundice In Postnatal Ward Of A Tertiary Care Hospital In Pakistan, Ali Shabbir Hussain, Muhammad Hussain Shah, Maryam Lakhdir, Shabina Ariff, Simon Demas, Fatima Qaiser, Syed Rehan Ali

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

Introduction: Neonatal jaundice is a common cause of concern in immediate newborn period for parents as well as for the caregivers. Babies with visible jaundice are identified by the healthcare provider, and blood samples are sent for confirmation. Clinical expertise varies from person to person and may lead to sending excessive blood sampling. Obtaining blood bilirubin samples is a painful procedure; it predisposes the baby to infections and requires skilled health personnel. Moreover, laboratory tests are costly and time consuming, leading to unnecessary delays in commencing phototherapy and discharge from hospital. Transcutaneous bilirubinometer has been in use for a long …

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder And Its Predictors In Emergency Medical Service Personnel: A Cross-Sectional Study From Karachi, Pakistan, Salima Kerai, Uzma R. Khan, Muhammad Islam, Nargis Asad, Junaid Razzak, Omrana Pasha

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

Background: Emergency medical service (EMS) personnel who work to provide emergency medical care at the scene and during transportation are exposed to various kinds of stressors and are particularly susceptible to developing stress-reactions. This study assesses symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and its predictors among the personnel of a selected EMS in Karachi, Pakistan.
Methods: Data were gathered from 518 personnel working in an EMS setting from February to May 2014. Participants were screened for post-traumatic stress symptoms using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). Demographic and work-related characteristics, coping styles and the social support systems of the participants were …

Estimates Of Burden And Consequences Of Infants Born Small For Gestational Age In Low And Middle Income Countries With Intergrowth-21st Standard: Analysis Of Cherg Datasets, Anne C C Lee, Naoko Kozuki, Simon Cousens, Gretchen A. Stevens, Hannah Blencowe, Mariangela F. Silveira, Ayesha Sania, Heather E. Rosen, Christentze Schmiegelow, Linda S. Adair, Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

Objectives: To estimate small for gestational age birth prevalence and attributable neonatal mortality in low and middle income countries with the INTERGROWTH-21st birth weight standard.
Design: Secondary analysis of data from the Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group (CHERG), including 14 birth cohorts with gestational age, birth weight, and neonatal follow-up. Small for gestational age was defined as infants weighing less than the 10th centile birth weight for gestational age and sex with the multiethnic, INTERGROWTH-21st birth weight standard. Prevalence of small for gestational age and neonatal mortality risk ratios were calculated and pooled among these datasets at the regional level. …

Progress And Priorities For Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, And Child Health In Kenya: A Countdown To 2015 Country Case Study, Emily C. Keats, Anthony Ngugi, William Macharia, Nadia Akseer, Emma Nelima Khaemba, Zaid Ahmad Bhatti, Arjumand Rizvi, John Tole, Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

Background: Progress in reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health (RMNCH) in Kenya has been inconsistent over the past two decades, despite the global push to foster accountability, reduce child mortality, and improve maternal health in an equitable manner. Although several cross-sectional assessments have been done, a systematic analysis of RMNCH in Kenya was needed to better understand the push and pull factors that govern intervention coverage and influence mortality trends. As such, we aimed to determine coverage and impact of key RMNCH interventions between 1990 and 2015.
Methods: We did a comprehensive, systematic assessment of RMNCH in Kenya from 1990 …

Diabetes In Sub-Saharan Africa: From Clinical Care To Health Policy., Rifat Atun, Justine I. Davies, Edwin A.M. Gal, Till Bärnighausen, David Beran, Andre Pascal Kengne, Naomi S. Levitt, Florence Mangugu, Moffat J. Nyirenda, Graham D. Ogle, Kaushik Ramaiya

Paediatrics and Child Health, East Africa

Rapid demographic, sociocultural, and economic transitions are driving increases in the risk and prevalence of diabetes and other non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in sub-Saharan Africa. The impacts of these transitions and their health and economic consequences are evident. Whereas, in 1990, the leading causes of death in sub-Saharan Africa were HIV/AIDS, lower respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases, malaria, and vaccine-preventable diseases in children, in more recent years, cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors are replacing infectious diseases as the leading causes of death in this region, and rates of increase of cardiovascular risk factors are predicted to be greater in sub-Saharan Africa …