Pathology Commons^™

Evaluation Of Elevated Alanine Aminotransferase And Hepatitis B Virus Dna In Healthy Seronegative Blood Donors, Natasha Ali, Bushra Moiz, Tariq Moatter

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Background: Serum alanine transaminase (ALT) has been used as a surrogate marker for detection of hepatitis B and C in blood donors in Pakistan since 1985. Since the introduction of more sensitive assays the value of ALT became questionable but it was still used with subsequent wastage of blood units with raised ALT.
Finding: We conducted a study for a period of one year to evaluate the usefulness of ALT. During the study period, 25117 subjects donated blood. Eight hundred and seventy two donors (3.4%) were positive for one or more serological tests. ALT of all donors ranged from …

Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia In Infants With G6pd C563c > T Variant, Bushra Moiz, Amna Nasir, Sarosh Ahmed Khan, Saleema Amin Kherani, Maqbool Qadir

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Background: There is a strong correlation between glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency and neonatal hyperbilirubinemia with a rare but potential threat of devastating acute bilirubin encephalopathy. G6PD deficiency was observed in 4–14% of hospitalized icteric neonates in Pakistan. G6PD c.563C > T is the most frequently reported variant in this population. The present study was aimed at evaluating the time to onset of hyperbilirubinemia and the postnatal bilirubin trajectory in infants having G6PD c.563C > T.
Methods: This was a case–control study conducted at The Aga Khan University, Pakistan during the year 2008. We studied 216 icteric male neonates who were re-admitted for …

Proliferating Tricholemmal Tumour: Clinicopathological Aspects Of A Case., Adeel Khoja, Yan B, Lee Sj, Cheong E. C, Tan K B

Department of Medicine

We report the case of a 49-year-old man who presented with an enlarging mass over his occipital scalp. The clinical impression was either a squamous cell carcinoma or an unusual adnexal tumour. A wide excision was performed with skin grafting. Gross examination revealed a large exophytic tumour mass measuring 10 cm. Histopathological examination showed a circumscribed, well-differentiated squamoproliferative lesion with a lobulated architecture. Clear cell features, pilar-type keratinisation, microcalcifications and the presence of mucinous degeneration were noted. A diagnosis of proliferating tricholemmal tumour was made. This entity incorporates a spectrum of lesions, ranging from the mostly benign proliferating tricholemmal cyst …

Differential Combination Of Cytokine And Interferon- Gamma +874 T/A Polymorphisms Determines Disease Severity In Pulmonary Tuberculosis., Ambreen Ansari, Zahra Hasan, Ghaffar Dawood, Rabia Hussain

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Background:Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects nearly 1/3 of the world population and this reservoir forms the largest pool from which new cases arise. Among the cytokines, IFN-gamma is a key determinant in protection against tuberculosis. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IFN-gamma gene (+874 T/A) which determine TT high ((hi)), AA low ((lo)) and TA intermediate ((int)) responder phenotypes have shown variable associations with tuberculosis disease outcome in different ethnic populations. The objective of the current study was to analyze IFN-gamma gene combinations with other IFN-gamma regulating cytokine genes (IL-10, TNF -alpha, IL-6) to see the effect of gene- combinations on disease …

Brca1 Status In Pakistani Breast Cancer Patients With Moderate Family History, Tariq Moatter, Muniba Aban, Shaista Khan, Iqbal Azam, Shahid Pervez

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

OBJECTIVE: To determine BRCA1 status in breast carcinoma patients of Pakistani origin.

STUDY DESIGN: Observational study.

PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: The Oncology Clinics of the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, between May 2005 and December 2009.

METHODOLOGY: Fifty three breast cancer patients based on clinical and laboratory diagnosis were recruited for this study. Moderate family history was defined as having a close relative (mother, daughter, sister) diagnosed with breast cancer under 45 years. Peripheral blood samples were collected from each patient in a 5 ml tube containing EDTA as anticoagulant. Subsequent to DNA extraction, mutational analysis of BRCA1 exons …

Ccl2/Mcp-I Genotype-Phenotype Relationship In Latent Tuberculosis Infection, Rabia Hussain, Ambreen Ansari, Najeeha Talat, Zahra Hasan, Ghaffar Dawood

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Among the known biomarkers, chemokines, secreted by activated macrophages and T cells, attract groups of immune cells to the site of infection and may determine the clinical outcome. Association studies of CCL-2/MCP-1 -2518 A/G functional SNP linked to high and low phenotypes with tuberculosis disease susceptibility have shown conflicting results in tuberculosis. Some of these differences could be due the variability of latent infection and recent exposure in the control groups. We have therefore carried out a detailed analysis of CCL-2 genotype SNP -2518 (A/G transition) with plasma CCL-2 levels and related these levels to tuberculin skin test positivity in …

Characterization Of Invasive And Colonizing Isolates Of Streptococcus Agalactiae In East African Adults, Charlotte Huber, Francis Mcodimba, Valentin Pflueger, Claudia Daubenberger, Gunturu Revathi

Pathology, East Africa

Ninety-five colonizing isolates and 74 invasive isolates of Streptococcus agalactiae from Kenyan adults were characterized by using capsular serotyping and multilocus sequence typing. Twenty-two sequence types clustering into five clonal complexes were found. Data support the view that S. agalactiae isolates belonging to a limited number of clonal complexes are invasive in adults worldwide.

Labrad : Vol 37, Issue 2 - September 2011, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi

LABRAD - Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Radiology Archives

• Biochemical Bone Profiles Available at Clinical Laboratory of Aga Khan University Hospital
• Ionized Calcium Determination in Clinical Labortory
• Parathyroid Hormone Disorders and Issues of Testing
• Tubular Maximum Reabsorption Rate of Phosphate to Glomerular Filtration Rate (TmP/GFR)
• LABRAD Quiz
• Renal Osteodystrophy: A Disturbed Metabolic Aspect of Renal Failure
• Osteopenia and Osteoporosis in Beta Thalassemia Major
• Role of β2 Microglobulin in Multiple Myeloma
• Update on Microbiological Diagnosis of Bone and Joint Disorders
• Bone Sarcomas: Role of Histopathology in Diagnosis

Presence Of Rd149 Deletions In M. Tuberculosis Central Asian Strain 1 Isolates Affect Growth And Tnfalpha Induction In Thp-1 Monocytes., Akber Kanji, Zahra Hasan, Mehnaz Tanveer, Raunaq Mahboob, Sana Jafri, Rumina Hasan

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Central Asian Strain 1 (CAS1) is the prevalent Mycobacterium tuberculosis genogroup in South Asia. CAS1 strains carry deletions in RD149 and RD152 regions. Significance of these deletions is as yet unknown. We compared CAS1 strains with RD149 and concurrent RD149-RD152 deletions with CAS1 strains without deletions and with the laboratory reference strain, M. tuberculosis H37Rv for growth and for induction of TNFα, IL6, CCL2 and IL10 in THP-1 cells. Growth of CAS1 strains with deletions was slower in broth (RD149; p = 0.024 and RD149-RD152; p = 0.025) than that of strains without deletions. CAS1 strains with RD149 deletion strains …

Primary Non-Functioning Paraganglioma Of Liver: A Rare Tumour At An Unusual Location, Muhammad Rizwan Khan, Rushna Raza, Abdul Jabbar, Arsalan Ahmed

Section of General Surgery

Pheochromocytomas are rare tumours, 22% of which are extra-adrenal and are known as paragangliomas. We report a case of a young male with non-functioning paraganglioma of the liver; a very uncommon primary site. A CT scan with contrast showed a huge, highly vascular mass lesion in the right lobe of the liver and a core biopsy confirmed it to be a paraganglioma. Whole body study with iodine-131-meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) tracer highlighted the liver tumour but was negative for any other active lesions depicting that the tumour was confined to the liver. The lesion was completely resected by extended right hepatectomy and …

Hiv-1 Circulating Recombinant Form In Nepal, Aniqa Shahid, Sameer M. Dixit, V. L. Gurbacharya, Dibesh Karmacharya, Syeda K. Ali

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

No abstract provided.

Cytological Diagnosis Of Typical Carcinoid On Bronchoscopic Brush Smears In An Hiv-Positive Patient, Neeta Kumar, Shahin Sayed, Swati Das

Internal Medicine, East Africa

We report a case of typical carcinoid of the lung in a 60-year-old human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive man diagnosed on brush cytology smears. Bronchial carcinoids are rare tumors, accounting for 1% to 2% of all lung tumors. Although the exact incidence in HIV-infected individuals is not known, the paucity of their documentation in the literature indicates that they may be equally rare. Cytological diagnosis on brush smears is rarely documented as the tumor is covered with mucosa and cellular yield is often not good. In this case, bronchial brushings showed distinctive cytological features of typical carcinoid. The awareness of its …

Comparison Of Chromogenic Urinary Tract Infection Medium With Cysteine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient Media In A Resource Limited Setting, Saba Qaiser, Muhammad Zeeshan, Kausar Jabeen, Tanwir Ahsan, Afia Zafar

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

OBJECTIVES: To compare the chromogenic UTI medium (CUM) with cysteine lactose electrolyte deficient medium (CLED) in terms of isolation of uropathogens, turnaround time and cost.

METHODS: A total of 251 urine samples were selected and inoculated on both CLED and CUM, growth was observed after 24 and 48 hours of incubation. Isolates were identified by colony's colour and biochemical tests. Turnaround time for identification and cost was calculated till final identification of microorganisms.

RESULTS: A discrepancy in isolation was observed in seven samples with growth on CUM in 24 hours while in 48 hours on CLED. There was 100% agreement …

Relationship Between The Quetelet’S Index, Homa-Ir Index And Prostate Size In Patients With Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia At St.Mary’S Hospital In, Timothy Onyuma

Master of Medicine in Anatomic Pathology

Introduction: Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a highly prevalent disease and is considered an inevitable correlate of ageing. Several theories have been advanced in a bid to explain its pathogenesis, the most popular ones relating to sex steroid hormones (1). Currently facets of the metabolic syndrome of which two principal components are insulin resistance and high BMI have been postulated to be related to growth of the prostate (2). Insulin resistance is assessed by the HOMA-IR index. Some studies have demonstrated an association between these indices and the size of the prostate (3). While others have not (4). We set out …

Malignant Lymphoma Subtypes In A Private Hospital In Nairobi: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study, Omar A. Sherman

Master of Medicine in Anatomic Pathology

Introduction: Lymphoma diagnosis integrates clinical, morphological, immunophenotypical and molecular genetic features as evident from the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of lymphoid malignancies.(1, 2) Although it is standard practice for histopathology laboratories in developed countries to confirm and further sub classify lymphomas using immunohistochemistry and other molecular techniques, the same is not true for developing countries like Kenya. The reasons that prevent the performance of these tests are the prohibitive costs and inadequate trained personnel. Objectives: The aims of this study were to retrospectively classify lymphomas diagnosed at The Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUHN) Laboratory based on the WHO classification …

Prevalence Of Nasal Carriage Of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus In Healthcare Workers At Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Geoffrey A. Omuse

Master of Medicine in Clinical Pathology

Objective: To establish the prevalence of nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in healthcare workers (HCW) at Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi (AKUHN). Background: Healthcare workers are a major reservoir of MRSA and may play a role in the spread of nosocomial MRSA infections. MRSA can cause significant morbidity and mortality. There is both molecular and epidemiological evidence linking HCW to MRSA outbreaks. Method: A cross sectional study conducted between July and December 2010. Nasal swabs were taken from 246 randomly selected HCW from various departments.MRSA was identified using both phenotypic and genotypic methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of all …

Prevalence Of Genital Chlamydia Infection In Urban Women Of Reproductive Age, Ruchika Kohli-Kochhar

Master of Medicine in Clinical Pathology

Background: Chlamydia trachomatis is one of the major causes of sexually transmitted infections throughout the world. It is the primary cause for pelvic inflammatory disease, tubal infertility and ectopic pregnancy in females. Most infections are asymptomatic and remain undetected. The burden of disease in the Kenyan population is not well characterised and few previous studies, done in Kenya, show the prevalence of genital Chlamydia infection in sexually active females. There is a need to define prevalence in our local population as a public health need and to determine whether rapid point-of-care testing should be incorporated as a component of sexually …

Lymphomas In Sub-Saharan Africa - What Can We Learn And How Can We Help In Improving Diagnosis, Managing Patients And Fostering Translational Research?, Kikkeri N. Naresh, Martine Raphael, Leona Ayers, Nina Hurwitz, Valeria Calbi, Emily Rogena, Shahin Sayed, Omar Sherman, Hazem A.H. Ibrahim, Stefano Lazzi, Vasileios Mourmouras, Patricia Rince, Jessie Githanga, Bessie Byakika, Emma Moshi, Muheez Durosinmi, Babatunde J. Olasode, Olayiwola A. Oluwasola, Effiong E. Akang, Yetunde Akeno` Va,, Melissa Adde, Ian Magrath, Lorenzo Leoncini

Pathology, East Africa

Approximately 30 000 cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) occur in the equatorial belt of Africa each year. Apart from the fact that Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is very common among children and adolescents in Africa and that an epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is currently ongoing in this part of the world, very little is known about lymphomas in Africa. This review provides information regarding the current infrastructure for diagnostics in sub-Saharan Africa. The results on the diagnostic accuracy and on the distribution of different lymphoma subsets in sub-Saharan Africa were based on a review undertaken by a team …

Evaluation Of Prevalence Of Low And High Level Mupirocin Resistance In Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates At A Tertiary Care Hospital, Summiya Nizamuddin, Seema Irfan, Afia Zafar

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the trend of mupirocin resistance in MRSA, isolated at the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory of a tertiary care hospital.

METHODS: A total of 200 MRSA strains recovered over a 2 year period from various body sites were tested using the 5 and 200 microg discs of mupirocin to detect its resistance.

RESULTS: High level and low level mupirocin resistance were detected in zero and 1% of MRSA strains, respectively. Resistance to other non beta lactam antibiotics was also high. No MRSA strains were found to be resistant to vancomycin and tegicycline.

CONCLUSION: Mupirocin resistance was found to be …

Knowledge And Beliefs Among Health Care Workers Regarding Hepatitis B Infection And Needle Stick Injuries At A Tertiary Care Hospital, Karachi, Faiza Habib, Durreshahwar K Khan, Shan-E Abbas, Faiza Bhatti, Afia Zafar

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a recognized occupational risk for health care workers (HCWs). This study aimed to assess the knowledge and beliefs of HCWs regarding HBV transmission and needle stick injuries (NSIs). A cross-sectional questionnaire based KAP study was conducted at Civil Hospital, Karachi, during the period of January to September 2006. HCWs were inquired about possible modes of HBV transmission and association with NSIs. Data were entered using EpiInfo 6.04d software. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 12.5 software. A total of 343 HCWs participated, and those answered at least 5 correct modes of HBV transmission were …

In Vitro Susceptibility Of Typhoidal Salmonellae Against Newer Antimicrobial Agents: A Search For Alternate Treatment Options, Saba Qaiser, Seema Irfan, Erum Khan, Tanwir Ahsan, Afia Zafar

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

OBJECTIVES: To determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ceftriaxone, azithromycin, pefloxacin, cefipime and imipenem for Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi) and Paratyphi.

METHODS: One hundred and fifty four isolates of Salmonella Typhi and S. Paratyphi A, B and C growing in blood culture were selected. MICs of ceftriaxone, azithromycin, pefloxacin, cefipime and imipenem were performed by agar dilution method as recommended by clinical laboratory standard institutes.

RESULTS: MIC90 of azithromycin and pefloxacin was 8 microg/ml, cefipime was 0.06 microg/ml and imipenem was 0.5 microg/ml. None of the strains were found to be resistant to ceftriaxone but 3 isolates showed higher …

Evaluation Of Predominant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Strain Types And Its Correlation With Fluoroquinolone Resistance In Pakistan, Summiya Nizamuddin, Kauser Jabeen, Afia Zafar

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

OBJECTIVE: To study the predominant Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain types in Pakistan and to evaluate their correlation with fluoroquinolone resistance.

METHOD: A total of 314 strains were collected from 2007-2009. Of these 112 strains were randomly selected for serotyping via the coagglutination technique. Fluoroquinolone susceptibility was checked through the E-test method. Chi square was performed to assess the correlation between the strain type and fluoroquinolone resistance pattern.

RESULTS: N. gonorrhoeae isolates were typed in two serogroups and 28 serovars. Serogroup WI comprised 40% (n = 45) whereas WII/WIII was 60% (n = 67). Most commonly isolated serovar belonged to serogroup WI …

Knowledge And Beliefs Among Health Care Workers Regarding Hepatitis B Infection And Needle Stick Injuries At A Tertiary Care Hospital, Karachi, Faiza Habib, Durreshahwar K Khan, Shan-E-Abbas, Faiza Bhatti, Afia Zafar

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a recognized occupational risk for health care workers (HCWs). This study aimed to assess the knowledge and beliefs of HCWs regarding HBV transmission and needle stick injuries (NSIs). A cross-sectional questionnaire based KAP study was conducted at Civil Hospital, Karachi, during the period of January to September 2006. HCWs were inquired about possible modes of HBV transmission and association with NSIs. Data were entered using EpiInfo 6.04d software. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 12.5 software. A total of 343 HCWs participated, and those answered at least 5 correct modes of HBV transmission were …

An Insight Into The Suspected Hba2' Cases Detected By High Performance Liquid Chromatography In Pakistan., Maliha Nusrat, Bushra Moiz, Amna Nasir, Mashhooda Rasool Hashmi

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Background:Hemoglobin A2' (delta 16 Gly Arg) is globally the commonest delta chain variant of HbA2. It is clinically and hematologically silent but its sole importance lies in the underestimation of HbA2 quantity during the workup of beta-thalassaemia trait. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) identifies it as a small S-window peak with a mean retention time of 4.59 0.03 minutes. This study aims at describing the frequency of detection of HbA2' by HPLC in Pakistan and its confirmation at a molecular level. Potential HbA2' cases were identified by a retrospective review of 10186 HPLC chromatograms in year 2006. Prospective samples …

Educational Needs And Causes Of False Diagnosis Of Atypical Squamous Cells Of Unknown Significance At A University Hospital, Neeta Kumar, Shahin Sayed, Zahir Moloo

Pathology, East Africa

The entity of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) in The Bethesda System 2001 for reporting cervical cytology is characterized by equivocal diagnosis, poor reproducibility and debatable management. This retrospective study was done to analyse the causes of false ASCUS if any and identify the educational needs as part of quality assurance programme. Cervical smears of all ASCUS cases reported over the one-year period were reviewed by the Cytopathologist. Relevant clinical data was retrieved. ASCUS was the most common type of abnormality representing 43.0 % cases among 294 abnormal smears reported during study period. 16.0% cases were found to …

Gastric Malt Lymphoma: A Rarity, Shahid Pervez, Naureen Ali, Hina Aaqil, Khalid Mumtaz, Syed Siddiq Ullah, Nake Akhtar

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Association of Helicobacter pylori (H. Pylori) infection with gastric 'Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue' (MALT) lymphomas (MALTomas) is well established. In this study the frequency and characteristics of gastric MALToma over a period of 18 years was evaluated. During this period 24 patients with gastric MALToma were diagnosed; out of them, 13 (54.2%) had active H. Pylori infection. The mean and median age was 49.7 and 53.5 years. The male: female ratio was 17:7. The common presenting complaints were epigastric pain (n=10) and dyspepsia (n=9). Endoscopic findings revealed mild gastric hyperemia (n=16), superficial erosions (n=4) and superficial ulcers (n=4). It was …

Ethnic Disparity In 21-Hydroxylase Gene Mutations Identified In Pakistani Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Patients, Aysha Habib Khan, Muniba Aban, Jamal Raza, Naeem Ul Haq, Abdul Jabbar, Tariq Moatter

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Background: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of autosomal recessive disorders caused by defects in the steroid 21 hydroxylase gene (CYP21A2). We studied the spectrum of mutations in CYP21A2 gene in a multi-ethnic population in Pakistan to explore the genetics of CAH.

Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted for the identification of mutations CYP21A2 and their phenotypic associations in CAH using ARMS-PCR assay.

Results: Overall, 29 Patients were analyzed for nine different mutations. The group consisted of two major forms of CAH including 17 salt wasters and 12 simple virilizers. There were 14 phenotypic males and 15 females …

Detection Of Ndm-1-Producing Klebsiella Pneumoniae In Kenya., Laurent Poirel, Gunturu Revathi, Sandrine Bernabeu, Patrice Nordmann

Pathology, East Africa

Seven carbapenem-resistant NDM-1-positive Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were recovered from patients hospitalized between 2007 and 2009 in different wards at a referral and tertiary care center in Nairobi. Most of the isolates were obtained from urine. All isolates carried the bla_NDM-1 carbapenemase gene previously reported from India, Pakistan, and the United Kingdom. These isolates were clonally related and expressed many other resistance determinants, including β-lactamases CTX-M-15, OXA-1, OXA-9, CMY-6, and aminoglycoside resistance methylase RmtC. This work corresponds to the first report of NDM-1 producers in Africa.

Prevalence Of Resistance Associated Polymorphisms In Plasmodium Falciparum Field Isolates From Southern Pakistan, Najia Karim Ghanchi, Johan Ursing, Mohammad A. Beg, Maria I. Veiga, Sana Jafri, Andreas Martensson

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Background:Scarce data are available on Plasmodium falciparum anti-malarial drug resistance in Pakistan. The aim of this study was, therefore, to determine the prevalence of P. falciparum resistance associated polymorphisms in field isolates from southern Pakistan.
Methods:
Blood samples from 244 Patients with blood-slide confirmed P. falciparum mono-infections were collected between 2005-2007. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (pfcrt K76T), multi drug resistance (pfmdr1 N86Y), dihydrofolate reductase (pfdhfr A16V, N51I, C59R, S108N, I164L) and dihydropteroate synthetase (pfdhps A436S, G437A and E540K) genes and pfmdr1 gene copy numbers were determined using PCR based methods.
Results:The prevalence …

Labrad : Vol 36, Issue 1 - January 2011, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi

LABRAD - Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Radiology Archives

• Routine and Special Liver Function Tests
• Management of Coagulopathy Associated with Liver Disease
• Significance of Clinical and Laboratory Scoring System in Diagnosis of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in Chronic Liver Disease
• Laboratory Diagnosis of Hydatid Disease
• Laboratory Diagnosis of Amoebiasis
• Improvement of Bacteriological Yield of Liver Abscess by use of Anaerobic Chambers
• Radiofrequency Ablation of Liver Tumours
• HER2 in Breast Cancer: Frequently Asked Questions
• Clinical Laboratory Continuing Medical Education (CME) Seminar
• World Blood Donor Day at Aga Khan University Blood Bank