Neurology Commons^™

Management Of Gliomas In Patients With Lynch Syndrome., Iyad Alnahhas, Appaji Rayi, Shirley Ong, Pierre Giglio, Vinay Puduvalli

Department of Neurology Faculty Papers

No abstract provided.

Macrophage-Engineered Vesicles For Therapeutic Delivery And Bidirectional Reprogramming Of Immune Cell Polarization, Khaga R. Neupane, J. Robert Mccorkle, Timothy J. Kopper, Jourdan E. Lakes, Surya P. Aryal, Masud Abdullah, Aaron A. Snell, John C. Gensel, Jill M. Kolesar, Christopher I. Richards

Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center Faculty Publications

Macrophages, one of the most important phagocytic cells of the immune system, are highly plastic and are known to exhibit diverse roles under different pathological conditions. The ability to repolarize macrophages from pro-inflammatory (M1) to anti-inflammatory (M2) or vice versa offers a promising therapeutic approach for treating various diseases such as traumatic injury and cancer. Herein, it is demonstrated that macrophage-engineered vesicles (MEVs) generated by disruption of macrophage cellular membranes can be used as nanocarriers capable of reprogramming macrophages and microglia toward either pro- or anti-inflammatory phenotypes. MEVs can be produced at high yields and easily loaded with diagnostic molecules …

Development Of Optically Controlled "Living Electrodes" With Long-Projecting Axon Tracts For A Synaptic Brain-Machine Interface., Dayo O. Adewole, Laura A. Struzyna, Justin C. Burrell, James P. Harris, Ashley D. Nemes, Dmitriy Petrov, Reuben H. Kraft, H. Isaac Chen, Mijail D. Serruya, John A. Wolf, D. Kacy Cullen

Department of Neurology Faculty Papers

For implantable neural interfaces, functional/clinical outcomes are challenged by limitations in specificity and stability of inorganic microelectrodes. A biological intermediary between microelectrical devices and the brain may improve specificity and longevity through (i) natural synaptic integration with deep neural circuitry, (ii) accessibility on the brain surface, and (iii) optogenetic manipulation for targeted, light-based readout/control. Accordingly, we have developed implantable "living electrodes," living cortical neurons, and axonal tracts protected within soft hydrogel cylinders, for optobiological monitoring/modulation of brain activity. Here, we demonstrate fabrication, rapid axonal outgrowth, reproducible cytoarchitecture, and simultaneous optical stimulation and recording of these tissue engineered constructs in vitro. …

Genetic Approach To Elucidate The Role Of Cyclophilin D In Traumatic Brain Injury Pathology, Ryan D. Readnower, W. Brad Hubbard, Olivia J. Kalimon, James W. Geddes, Patrick G. Sullivan

Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center Faculty Publications

Cyclophilin D (CypD) has been shown to play a critical role in mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening and the subsequent cell death cascade. Studies consistently demonstrate that mitochondrial dysfunction, including mitochondrial calcium overload and mPTP opening, is essential to the pathobiology of cell death after a traumatic brain injury (TBI). CypD inhibitors, such as cyclosporin A (CsA) or NIM811, administered following TBI, are neuroprotective and quell neurological deficits. However, some pharmacological inhibitors of CypD have multiple biological targets and, as such, do not directly implicate a role for CypD in arbitrating cell death after TBI. Here, we reviewed the …

The Association Of Circulating Amylin With Β-Amyloid In Familial Alzheimer's Disease, Han Gia Ly, Nirmal Verma, Savita Sharma, Deepak Kotiya, Sanda Despa, Erin L. Abner, Peter T. Nelson, Gregory A. Jicha, Donna M. Wilcock, Larry B. Goldstein, Rita Guerreiro, José Brás, Angela J. Hanson, Suzanne Craft, Andrew J. Murray, Geert Jan Biessels, Claire Troakes, Henrik Zetterberg, John Hardy, Tammaryn Lashley, Alzheimer’S Disease Exome Sequencing Group, Florin Despa

Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences Faculty Publications

Introduction

This study assessed the hypothesis that circulating human amylin (amyloid‐forming) cross‐seeds with amyloid beta (Aβ) in early Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Methods

Evidence of amylin‐AD pathology interaction was tested in brains of 31 familial AD mutation carriers and 20 cognitively unaffected individuals, in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (98 diseased and 117 control samples) and in genetic databases. For functional testing, we genetically manipulated amylin secretion in APP/PS1 and non‐APP/PS1 rats.

Results

Amylin‐Aβ cross‐seeding was identified in AD brains. High CSF amylin levels were associated with decreased CSF Aβ42 concentrations. AD risk and amylin gene are not correlated. Suppressed amylin secretion protected …

A Pathogenic Ufsp2 Variant In An Autosomal Recessive Form Of Pediatric Neurodevelopmental Anomalies And Epilepsy, Min Ni, Bushra Afroze, Chao Xing, Chunxiao Pan, Yanqiu Shao, Ling Cai, Brandi L. Cantarel, Jimin Pei, Nick V. Grishin, Stacy Hewson

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

Purpose: Neurodevelopmental disabilities are common and genetically heterogeneous. We identified a homozygous variant in the gene encoding UFM1-specific peptidase 2 (UFSP2), which participates in the UFMylation pathway of protein modification. UFSP2 variants are implicated in autosomal dominant skeletal dysplasias, but not neurodevelopmental disorders. Homozygosity for the variant occurred in eight children from four South Asian families with neurodevelopmental delay and epilepsy. We describe the clinical consequences of this variant and its effect on UFMylation.
Methods: Exome sequencing was used to detect potentially pathogenic variants and identify shared regions of homozygosity. Immunoblotting assessed protein expression and post-translational modifications in patient-derived fibroblasts. …

Memory-Related Frontal Brainwaves Predict Transition To Mild Cognitive Impairment In Healthy Older Individuals Five Years Before Diagnosis, Yang Jiang, Juan Li, Frederick A. Schmitt, Gregory A. Jicha, Nancy B. Munro, Xiaopeng Zhao, Charles D. Smith, Richard J. Kryscio, Erin L. Abner

Behavioral Science Faculty Publications

BACKGROUND: Early prognosis of high-risk older adults for amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), using noninvasive and sensitive neuromarkers, is key for early prevention of Alzheimer's disease. We have developed individualized measures in electrophysiological brain signals during working memory that distinguish patients with aMCI from age-matched cognitively intact older individuals.

OBJECTIVE: Here we test longitudinally the prognosis of the baseline neuromarkers for aMCI risk. We hypothesized that the older individuals diagnosed with incident aMCI already have aMCI-like brain signatures years before diagnosis.

METHODS: Electroencephalogram (EEG) and memory performance were recorded during a working memory task at baseline. The individualized baseline neuromarkers, …

Combined Use Of The Ketogenic Diet And Vagus Nerve Stimulation In Pediatric Drug-Resistant Epilepsy., Ayman Abdelmoity, Jean-Baptist Lepichon, Sherouk A. Abdelmoity, Ashley K. Sherman, Ara Hall, Ahmed Abdelmoity

Manuscripts, Articles, Book Chapters and Other Papers

Objective: Patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) pose considerable management challenges for patients, their families, and providers. Both the vagus nerve stimulator (VNS) and the ketogenic diet (KD) have been shown to be safe and effective in treating DRE. Nevertheless, information is lacking regarding treatment with combination of both modalities. This study reports the efficacy and tolerability of combining VNS and KD in a pediatric cohort with intractable epilepsy.

Methods: This is a retrospective review of 33 patients (0-17 years) with DRE treated with VNS and KD at a single pediatric level IV epilepsy center. We compared seizure reduction rates for …

Feasibility And Initial Experience Of Left Radial Approach For Diagnostic Neuroangiography., Nohra Chalouhi, Ahmad Sweid, Fadi Al Saiegh, Kalyan C Sajja, Richard F. Schmidt, Michael B Avery, Nikolaos Mouchtouris, Omaditya Khanna, Joshua H Weinberg, Victor Romo, Stavropoula Tjoumakaris, Michael Reid Gooch, Nabeel Herial, Robert H Rosenwasser, Pascal Jabbour

Department of Neurosurgery Faculty Papers

Neuroangiography has seen a recent shift from transfemoral to transradial access. In transradial neuroangiography, the right dominant hand is the main access used. However, the left side may be used specifically for left posterior circulation pathologies and when right access cannot be used. This study describes our initial experience with left radial access for diagnostic neuroangiography and assesses the feasibility and safety of this technique. We performed a retrospective review of a prospective database of consecutive patients between April 2018 and January 2020, and identified 20 patients whom a left radial access was used for neurovascular procedures. Left transradial neuroangiography …

Encephalopathy And Complex Hyperkinesia In A Patient With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Infection, Wenyang Li, Elif Pinar Coskun, Rolando Berger, John T. Slevin, L. Creed Pettigrew

Neurology Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

A Case Of Diastematomyelia Presenting With Minimal Neurologic Deficits In A Middle-Aged Patient, Gabriella Mamo, Rishu Batra, Jeffrey Steinig

Transitional Year Resident Research

Diastematomyelia is a rare congenital deformity of the spine in which the spinal cord is split into two hemicords along the sagittal plane. This condition belongs to the group of spinal dysraphisms, is more common in females, and is usually diagnosed prenatally or during childhood; rarely is it diagnosed in adults. We report a male patient in his 50s in which diastematomyelia of the thoracic spine was incidentally encountered after receiving a CT scan of the chest for shortness of breath. Although most patients with this condition are symptomatic, the patient did not display any significant acute neurological complaints at …

Central Nervous System Intravascular Lymphoma Leading To Rapidly Progressive Dementia, Christie G Turin, Kevin Ting, Anthony Bradshaw, S Richard Dunham, Karen Nunez-Wallace, Shital M Patel, Priti Dangayach, Stephanie Holdener, Weei-Chin Lin

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Intravascular lymphoma is an uncommon subtype of B-cell lymphoma with neoplastic cells limited to the lumen of small blood vessels. We report a case of a 52-year-old man who presented with constitutional symptoms and rapidly progressive dementia. He was found to have diffuse leptomeningeal and faint parenchymal enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging and was subsequently diagnosed with intravascular lymphoma following a brain biopsy. He responded remarkably well to systemic and intrathecal chemotherapy. The diagnosis and treatment of intravascular lymphoma have been guided by a few case reports and are largely based on expert opinion.

Critical And Ictal Phases In Simulated Eeg Signals On A Small-World Network, Louis R. Nemzer, Gary D. Cravens, Robert M. Worth, Francis Motta, Andon Placzek, Victor Castro, Jennie Q. Lou

Chemistry and Physics Faculty Articles

Healthy brain function is marked by neuronal network dynamics at or near the critical phase, which separates regimes of instability and stasis. A failure to remain at this critical point can lead to neurological disorders such as epilepsy, which is associated with pathological synchronization of neuronal oscillations. Using full Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) simulations on a Small-World Network, we are able to generate synthetic electroencephalogram (EEG) signals with intervals corresponding to seizure (ictal) or non-seizure (interictal) states that can occur based on the hyperexcitability of the artificial neurons and the strength and topology of the synaptic connections between them. These interictal simulations …

Partial Inhibition Of Mitochondrial Complex I Ameliorates Alzheimer's Disease Pathology And Cognition In App/Ps1 Female Mice., Andrea Stojakovic, Sergey Trushin, Anthony Sheu, Layla Khalili, Su-Youne Chang, Xing Li, Trace Christensen, Jeffrey L Salisbury, Rachel E Geroux, Benjamin Gateno, Padraig J Flannery, Mrunal Dehankar, Cory C Funk, Jordan Wilkins, Anna Stepanova, Tara O'Hagan, Alexander Galkin, Jarred Nesbitt, Xiujuan Zhu, Utkarsh Tripathi, Slobodan Macura, Tamar Tchkonia, Tamar Pirtskhalava, James L Kirkland, Rachel A Kudgus, Renee A Schoon, Joel M Reid, Yu Yamazaki, Takahisa Kanekiyo, Song Zhang, Emirhan Nemutlu, Petras Dzeja, Adam Jaspersen, Ye In Christopher Kwon, Michael K Lee, Eugenia Trushina

Articles, Abstracts, and Reports

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder without a cure. Here we show that mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I is an important small molecule druggable target in AD. Partial inhibition of complex I triggers the AMP-activated protein kinase-dependent signaling network leading to neuroprotection in symptomatic APP/PS1 female mice, a translational model of AD. Treatment of symptomatic APP/PS1 mice with complex I inhibitor improved energy homeostasis, synaptic activity, long-term potentiation, dendritic spine maturation, cognitive function and proteostasis, and reduced oxidative stress and inflammation in brain and periphery, ultimately blocking the ongoing neurodegeneration. Therapeutic efficacy in vivo was monitored using translational …

Dystrophic Microglia Are Associated With Neurodegenerative Disease And Not Healthy Aging In The Human Brain, Ryan K. Shahidehpour, Rebecca E. Higdon, Nicole G. Crawford, Janna H. Neltner, Eseosa T. Ighodaro, Ela Patel, Douglas Price, Peter T. Nelson, Adam D. Bachstetter

Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center Faculty Publications

Loss of physiological microglial function may increase the propagation of neurodegenerative diseases. Cellular senescence is a hallmark of aging; thus, we hypothesized age could be a cause of dystrophic microglia. Stereological counts were performed for total microglia, 2 microglia morphologies (hypertrophic and dystrophic) across the human lifespan. An age-associated increase in the number of dystrophic microglia was found in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. However, the increase in dystrophic microglia was proportional to the age-related increase in the total number of microglia. Thus, aging alone does not explain the presence of dystrophic microglia. We next tested if dystrophic microglia could …

Mitochondria Exert Age-Divergent Effects On Recovery From Spinal Cord Injury, Andrew N. Stewart, Katelyn E. Mcfarlane, Hemendra J. Vekaria, William M. Bailey, Stacey A. Slone, Lauren A. Tranthem, Bei Zhang, Samir P. Patel, Patrick G. Sullivan, John C. Gensel

Physiology Faculty Publications

The extent that age-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction drives neurodegeneration is not well understood. This study tested the hypothesis that mitochondria contribute to spinal cord injury (SCI)-induced neurodegeneration in an age-dependent manner by using 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) to uncouple electron transport, thereby increasing cellular respiration and reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. We directly compared the effects of graded DNP doses in 4- and 14-month-old (MO) SCI-mice and found DNP to have increased efficacy in mitochondria isolated from 14-MO animals. In vivo, all DNP doses significantly exacerbated 4-MO SCI neurodegeneration coincident with worsened recovery. In contrast, low DNP doses (1.0-mg/kg/day) improved tissue …

Cergc And Vision Loss From Traumatic Optic Neuropathy Indud By Repetitive Closed Head Trauma Is Dependent On Timing And Force Of Impact., Reas S. Khan, Ahmara G. Ross, Puya Aravand, Kimberly Dine, Evan B. Selzer, Kenneth S. Shindler

Student Papers, Posters & Projects

Purpose: Traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) is often caused by blunt head trauma and has no currently effective treatment. Common animal models of TON induced by surgical crush injury are plagued by variability and do not mimic typical mechanisms of TON injury. Traumatic head impact models have recently shown evidence of TON, but the degree of head impact necessary to consistently induce TON is not well characterized, and it is examined here.

Methods: Traumatic skull impacts to C57BL/6J mice were induced using an electromagnetic controlled impact device. One impact performed at two depths (mild and severe), as well as three and …

Neuroglobin And Its Role In The Recovery Of Neuronal Cells In Hypoxic Conditions Using Hypoxia Inducible Factor– 1, Riya Shah

Honors Undergraduate Theses

Stroke is the world's leading cause of adult disability, caused by lack of oxygen and nutrients to the brain due to a blood clot in a major artery. This leads to ischemic damage of neuronal cells that leads to paralysis, motor, and speech deficits. While most stroke therapies aim at removing or reducing the blood clots in the brain, few treatments target cell damage. Neuroglobin (NGB) is a protein in the brain that is able to aid in neuroprotection following oxidative stress. Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 (HIF-1) is a transcription factor that serves as a marker for cell recovery after hypoxia or …

Mechanisms Of Sensory Adaptation In The Primate Visual System, Boris Isaac Peñaloza Rojas

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Under ecological conditions, the luminance impinging on the retina varies within a dynamic range of 220 dB. Stimulus contrast can also vary drastically within a scene, and eye movements leave little time for sampling luminance. In addition, the amount of information reaching our visual system far exceeds the brain’s information processing capacity. Given the limited dynamic range of its neurons and its limited capacity in processing visual information in real-time, the brain deploys both structural and functional solutions that work in tandem to adapt to the surroundings. In this work, employing visual psychophysics and computational neuroscience, we study the mechanisms …

Epigenetic Histone Acetylation And Bdnf Dysregulation In The Hippocampus Of Rats Exposed To Repeated, Low-Dose Diisopropylfluorophosphate, Laxmikant Deshpande

Neurology Publications

Aims: Deployment-related exposures to organophosphate (OP) compounds are implicated for Gulf War Illness (GWI) development in First GW veterans. However, reasons for the persistence of GWI are not fully understood. Epigenetic modifications to chromatin are regulatory mechanisms that can adaptively or maladaptively respond to external stimuli. These include DNA methylation and histone acetylation. DNA methylation changes have been reported in GWI but the role of histone acetylation in GWI has been less explored, despite its importance as an epigenetic mechanism for neurological disorders.

Main methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to OP diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP, 0.5 mg/kg s.c., 5-d) and …

Open Neuroscience Initiative, Austin Lim

College of Science and Health Full Text Publications

The Open Neuroscience Initiative is a free-to-use textbook

This project began as a means to overcoming the financial burden that face undergraduate neuroscience students when buying textbooks. By compiling and writing a completely free-to-access textbook that covers the foundations of a typical college introduction to neuroscience course, students would have one less obstacle to overcome in their educational career, allowing them to focus their valuable time and attention on learning rather than finances. To make this project a reality, I began with a humble tweet in May 2019 that managed to gain a tiny bit of traction among the neuroscience …

Role Of Preoperative Embolization In Management Of Central Nervous System Tumours, Ummey Hani, Ahmer Nasir Baig, Muhammad Shahzad Shamim, Basit Salam

Section of Neurosurgery

Preoperative embolization plays a significant role as an adjunct to surgical intervention in the cases of certain vascular tumours of the brain. While the procedure has resulted in facilitated resection of the tumour, and has reduced morbidity and mortality, its application remains debatable within the neurosurgical community, owing to rare, but major post-procedural complications. Herein, we have reviewed the literature to assess the safety and efficacy of preoperative angiographic embolization for brain tumours.

Altered Physiology Of Gastrointestinal Vagal Afferents Following Neurotrauma, Emily N. Blanke, Gregory M. Holmes, Emily M. Besecker

Health Sciences Faculty Publications

The adaptability of the central nervous system has been revealed in several model systems. Of particular interest to central nervous system-injured individuals is the ability for neural components to be modified for regain of function. In both types of neurotrauma, traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, the primary parasympathetic control to the gastrointestinal tract, the vagus nerve, remains anatomically intact. However, individuals with traumatic brain injury or spinal cord injury are highly susceptible to gastrointestinal dysfunctions. Such gastrointestinal dysfunctions attribute to higher morbidity and mortality following traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury. While the vagal efferent output remains …

Commentary: Use Of Bactrac Proteomic Database-Uromodulin Protein Expression During Ischemic Stroke, Gabriella-Salome K. Armstrong, Jacqueline A. Frank, Christopher J. Mclouth, Ann M. Stowe, Jill M. Roberts, Amanda L. Trout, Justin F. Fraser, Keith R. Pennypacker

Neurology Faculty Publications

Introduction: Uromodulin (UMOD) is a glycoprotein expressed by the epithelial cells of the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop in the kidney. Research has shown that increased uromodulin expression may be associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease in adults. Utilizing the Blood and Clot Thrombectomy Registry and Collaboration (BACTRAC) (clinicaltrials.gov NCT03153683), a continuously enrolling tissue bank, we aimed to examine the associations between serum uromodulin, age, and high BMI (BMI> 25) and its relationship to stroke in patients.

Methods: Arterial blood distal and proximal to the thrombus was collected during a thrombectomy procedure using the BACTRAC protocol and sent …

Morbidity And Mortality Meetings; A New Digital Portal To Enhance Learning And Objectivity, Saqib Kamran Bakhshi, Kiran Ehsan, Gulzar S. Lakhani, Ather Enam

Section of Neurosurgery

Morbidity and mortality meetings have long been part of surgical education and practice. They have undergone several modifications over time to include improvement in patient safety and outcomes as an essential utility of conducting morbidity and mortality meetings. Time and again, it has been proposed in literature that standardisation of case discussion results in the efficiency of these meetings. Learning opportunities can be compiled for system improvement. The current review article was planned to present a newly implemented digital morbidity and mortality portal at the Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH), Karachi, aiming at homogenising the discussion and to add objectivity …

Pregnancy Outcomes In Women With Epilepsy And Mthfr Mutations Supplemented With Methylated Folate And Methylcobalamin (Methylated B12)., Emma M Lascar, Nicole M Warner, Michael J Doherty

Articles, Abstracts, and Reports

Antiseizure medications (ASM) may contribute to adverse fetal outcomes in pregnant women with epilepsy (WWE). Folate processing (Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, MTHFR) gene abnormalities are common in women with epilepsy and depression. L-methylfolate supplements may bypass MTHFR deficiencies, yet their use in WWE during gestation or on fetal development is not well studied. We examine pregnancy histories of three WWE who supplemented with either folate or L-methylfolate and methylcobalamin (methylated B12) during pregnancies. Their pregnancy outcomes improved with L-methylfolate and methylcobalamin supplementation. L-methylfolate and methylcobalamin supplementation merits further study in WWE who have MTHFR mutations, fertility, recurrent miscarriage and or depression histories.

A Systematic Review Of Center Of Mass As A Measure Of Dynamic Postural Control Following Concussion, Sarah Patejak, Joshua Forrest, Emily Harting, Mable Sisk, Eric Schussler

Rehabilitation Sciences Faculty Publications

BACKGROUND: The incidence of sports-related concussion in the US is between 1.6-3.8 million annually. Identification of ongoing impairment post-concussion continues to be challenging, as research indicates many patients are cleared for return to activity while still suffering subclinical impairment of function. Purpose: To identify and review the current literature on the use of center of mass (COM) during gait as a potential indicator variable after concussive injury. Study Design: Systematic Review.

METHODS: A Pubmed search was undertaken utilizing search terms involving gait performance and concussion. Study inclusion criteria included: (1) COM used as a variable in data analysis, (2) study …

Picosecond Pulsed Electric Fields And Promise In Neurodegeneration Research, Martina Zamponi, Ross Petrella, Peter A. Mollica

School of Medical Diagnostics & Translational Sciences Publications

The delivery of pulsed electric fields to biological cells for regenerative research and therapeutic applications is a field that has been widely explored. Picosecond pulsed electric fields have been shown to induce intracellular effects and directly target cell membrane proteins as well as being able to induce cell permeabilization and death by apoptosis. Additionally, ultrashort pulses can be focused and delivered in a noncontact manner for possible targeting of deep and inaccessible tissues. The unique characteristics of picosecond pulses make them a possible approach for treatment of Huntington's and Alzheimer's diseases, both characterized by progressive neuronal degeneration and death, and …

Orthostatic Headaches Associated With Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension And Autonomic Dysfunction-A Case Series In Young Patients, Ankita Ghosh, Yen X Tran, Leon Grant, Mohammed T Numan, Rajan Patel, Ian J Butler

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Background: Orthostatic headaches can be noted in spontaneous intracranial hypotension and orthostatic intolerance. We present a case series of young patients diagnosed with spontaneous intracranial hypotension and were treated for the same but subsequently developed orthostatic intolerance. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed charts for seven young patients with orthostatic headaches related to spontaneous intracranial hypotension and orthostatic intolerance. Results: Patients were diagnosed with spontaneous intracranial hypotension. Diagnosis was confirmed by identifying epidural contrast leakage and three of seven patients were noted to have early renal contrast excretion on computerized tomography myelography. Patients were treated with epidural blood patches. All patients showed …

Neuroimaging On Brain Aging And Neurodegeneration, Katelynn Nguyen

Scripps Senior Theses

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that usually affects but not limited to the elder population. We see that when an individual develops AD, the brain cells are degenerating and dying at rates that are uncontrollable. Worldwide AD has affected at least 50 million people and we will continue to see this number increase. Although the research done on AD has made great strides, much is still unknown and being studied. Previous studies have allowed us to understand that many of the impacts of AD are correlated to various regions of the brain experiencing atrophy. This causes an …