Emergency Medicine Commons^™

Using An Automated Evaluation System To Improve Medical Student Evaluation Response Rate And Reduce Administrative Burden, Chaiya Laoteppitaks, Alisha Agarwal, Jason Gonzalez, Nina Mingioni, Xiao C. Zhang

Department of Emergency Medicine Faculty Papers

BACKGROUND: Email reminders facilitate timely task completion but can create substantial administrative burdens for clerkship staff. In our emergency medicine (EM) clerkship, third-year medical students initiate digital evaluation requests after each clinical shift, requiring frequent manual reminders to maintain completion rates. The time-intensive nature of this process highlights the need for a more efficient and scalable approach.

METHODS: This multi-site, pre-post study evaluated clinical performance evaluation completion rates and time to completion during the required EM clerkship over 48 weeks before and after implementation of an automated reminder system in September 2024. The system integrated existing survey functionality with Microsoft …

Closing Gaps In Urban Trauma Systems: Outcomes Of An Inner-City Community Emergency Department Multidisciplinary Trauma Protocol, Kory S. London, Alan Cherney, Sulabh Neupane, H. Alex Tomlinson, Joseph Cervone, Elaine Qian, Casey Fishman, Jennifer Davis, Sean Mcgann, Varsha Goswami, George Koenig, Frederick Randolph

Department of Emergency Medicine Faculty Papers

BACKGROUND: Non-trauma center (NTC) emergency departments (EDs) play regular but underappreciated roles in the management of severely injured patients, yet many lack formal protocols to guide care. We describe the implementation and outcomes of a structured trauma evaluation and transfer protocol at an urban NTC emergency department.

METHODS: A multidisciplinary trauma protocol was implemented on April 1, 2023, at an urban NTC, supported by a Level I trauma center, 2.5 miles apart. The study period ran from January 1, 2019, to June 30, 2025. Using pre-post study design, 62 patients treated prior to implementation were compared with 49 post-intervention patients. …

A National Study Of Tetanus Vaccine Knowledge, Receipt And Acceptance Among Emergency Department Patients, Francesco Sergi, Elisa Vaezazizi, Shaokui Ge, Christopher Alvarez, Jesus Torres, Brian Chinnock, Michael Gottlieb, Vijaya Arun Kumar, Kristin L. Rising, Efrat Kean, Stephanie Eucker, Robert M. Rodriguez

Department of Emergency Medicine Faculty Papers

OBJECTIVE: The Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis (Tdap, "tetanus") vaccine is recommended for adults every 10 years. In a national sample of adult emergency department (ED) patients, we sought to determine (1) knowledge and up-to-date status of the tetanus vaccine; (2) reasons for nonreceipt of the vaccine; (3) vaccine acceptability if offered in the ED; and (4) reasons for nonacceptance in the ED if offered.

METHODS: This was a cross-sectional survey study among non-critically ill adults at 10 US EDs, asking questions about knowledge, receipt, and acceptability of the tetanus vaccine. Vaccine receipt was determined by self-report. Aggregate responses are reported as …

Improving Cpr Quality In The Emergency Department By Implementing Data Driven Debriefs, Alyssa M. Hughes

Doctor of Nursing Practice Final Project Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of the quality improvement project was to evaluate the effectiveness of implementing a data driven debrief tool to improve the average compressions in target in adult cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) events.

Results

In FY23 prior to implementation the average compressions in target was only 1.65%. During the implementation phase of the project the average compressions in target reached 41% (n=3). In addition, the staff provided positive feedback regarding the tool and the integration in the workflow.

Background

The project was completed in a tertiary academic medical center emergency room. All adult CPR events within the emergency department utilizing …

Drivers Of Professional Satisfaction In Emergency Medicine Residency Training In The Us, Arvin Radfar Akhavan, Kirstin Woody Scott, Patrick Hewes, Erin Kinney, Boris Pavic, Josh Simmons, Michelle Lall, Michael Gottlieb, Yvette Calderon, Dave Lu

Department of Emergency Medicine Faculty Papers

BACKGROUND: Physician wellness discussions often center on burnout and negative aspects of clinical practice. Less is known about what brings professional satisfaction to physicians, particularly among emergency medicine (EM) residents. Understanding drivers of professional satisfaction is important for the future of the specialty as they may influence residents' career decisions. This study aimed to identify drivers of professional satisfaction among a national cohort of EM residents.

METHODS: We conducted a mixed methods study using a survey administered following the 2024 ABEM In-Training Examination to EM residents in ACGME-accredited programs. The single-item, free-text survey question asked: "List the top 3 drivers …

Streamlining Pediatric Appendicitis Evaluation In The Emergency Department, Joan C. Bruce, Douglas J. Fox, Owen N. Ferriola, Allen J. Huang, Nicholas A. Long, Erin M. Morris, Krysta M. Sutyak, Jeannette M. Joly, Carleen V. Cuevas, Akemi L. Kawaguchi, Kuojen Tsao

Summer Research Program Abstracts

No abstract provided.

Explosive Weapons Trauma Care Collective (Extracct) Clinical Practice Guideline: Transfer Of Critically Injured Casualties, Emma Butterfield, Gavin Wooldridge, Solomon Asfaw, Mervat Alhilal, Mardi Steere, Benjamin Wachira, Paul Reavley, Roman Shtybel, Marius Rehn

Emergency Medicine, East Africa

Introduction Blast-injured patients often present to healthcare facilities which cannot definitively meet their clinical needs. This clinical practice guideline (CPG) reviews and describes best practice for inter-facility transfer of casualties in resource limited and conflict-afflicted contexts where there may not be a formal referral pathway or specialized inter-facility transfer service.

Methods A narrative literature review and synthesis of expert opinion were used to develop this CPG.

Results The guideline describes current standards and best practice in inter-facility transfer in a low resource context—particularly during conflict when referral and transfer pathways may be overwhelmed—and advises on the selection and preparation of …

Unveiling Unwritten Curricula: Enhancing Junior Faculty Development In Academic Emergency Medicine, Abagayle Bierowski, Casey Morrone, Erin Hoag, Ridhima Ghei, Michael Pasirstein, Julie Blaszczak, Dimitrios Papanagnou

Department of Emergency Medicine Faculty Papers

INTRODUCTION: The transition from resident to junior faculty in academic emergency medicine (EM) may be shaped not only by formal training and institutional policies but also by the "unwritten curriculum," a set of norms and expectations embedded in institutional culture. However, the unwritten curriculum and its potential to impact junior faculty development remains largely unexplored. Little is known about how junior faculty perceive, experience, and navigate these informal expectations, or the formal and informal structures that influence this process. In this study we aimed to explore junior faculty members' experiences with the unwritten curriculum in academic EM, with a focus …

Postpartum Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection Complicated By Ventricular Fibrillation: A Case Report, Han Wei Zheng, Ariana Rucker, Kelsey Van Housen, Patrick Faherty

Department of Emergency Medicine Faculty Papers

BACKGROUND: Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an uncommon but increasingly recognized cause of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), particularly in young women without traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Although SCAD frequently presents as myocardial infarction, life-threatening arrhythmic complications such as cardiac arrest remain rare and may complicate timely diagnosis and management. Pregnancy-associated SCAD is associated with increased clinical severity and a higher risk of complications. This case is notable for the occurrence of ventricular fibrillation arrest, as well as the coexistence of SCAD with features of stress-induced cardiomyopathy.

CASE PRESENTATION: A 33-year-old African American female, 9 days postpartum following an uncomplicated …

From Fly On The Wall To Future Colleagues: Best Practice Recommendations For Medical Student Shadowing Programs, Molly Estes, Danielle Matonis, Mckenna Knych, Brian Barbas, Ronnie Ren, William Dixon, Michael Pasirstein, Xiao C. Zhang, Kaitlin Bowers, Ravi R. Chauhan, Laryssa A. Patti

Department of Emergency Medicine Faculty Papers

BACKGROUND: Physician shadowing is a common component of early medical education and frequently represents students' first exposure to clinical practice. Despite its prevalence, existing guidance primarily targets learners rather than physicians supervising shadowing experiences. This gap is especially relevant in the emergency department (ED), where high patient acuity, workflow demands, and complex clinical environments create challenges for providing safe and meaningful observational learning. We sought to develop consensus-based best practice recommendations for ED faculty supervising medical student shadowing.

METHODS: We conducted a modified Delphi study using an online survey platform to achieve panelist consensus. Ten emergency medicine educators with a …

Where Evidence-Based Medicine Meets Ai: Promise, Pitfalls, And Practice, Sangil Lee, Joshua Davis, Ken Milne, Christina Shenvi, Lars K. Beattie, Martin Wegman, Laura Melville, Richard D. Shih, Bryan Kane

Department of Emergency Medicine Faculty Papers

No abstract provided.

Nurses’ Knowledge Regarding Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Prevention Bundle In Adult Cardiac Care Units, Marwa Abdo

Nursing

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is among the most common ICU infections for ventilated patients, associated with increased mortality (20-50%), morbidity, and health care costs. Nurses' knowledge of VAP prevention bundles is vital to reducing its incidence in critical care areas. Aim: To assess Nurses’ knowledge regarding the ventilator-associated pneumonia prevention bundle in Adult Cardiac Care Units. Study design: A cross-sectional study design was used. Setting: This study was conducted in both the adult cardiac intensive care unit and the cardiac care unit at Aswan Heart Centre–Magdy Yacoub Foundation, Egypt. Subject: A convenience sample of 67 nurses was selected. Data collection tool: …

Identifying Social Determinants Of Health Subgroups And Their Associations With Health Outcomes In A Prospective Us Adult Covid-19 Cohort: An Analysis Of The Inspire Registry, Yohali Burrola-Mendez, Eugene Lin, Canada Parrish, Chialing Hsu, Mandy J. Hill, Michael Gottlieb, Kristin L. Rising, Lauren E. Wisk, Nicole L. Gentile, Rachel E. Geyer, Robert A. Weinstein, Michelle Santangelo, Kristyn Gatling, Jonathan W. Dyal, Joann G. Elmore, Robert M. Rodriguez, Phillip Watts, Ji Chen, Zihan Diao, Erica S. Spatz, Kwun Cg Chan, K A. Stephens, Kelli N. O'Laughlin, Inspire Group

Department of Emergency Medicine Faculty Papers

OBJECTIVE: To identify subgroups with similar social determinants of health (SDOH) characteristics using latent class analysis (LCA) and examine their associations with physical and mental health, cognitive function and missed workdays at 3 and 6 months post-SARS-CoV-2 infection. We hypothesised that intersecting SDOH factors would differentially influence COVID-19-related health outcomes across subgroups.

DESIGN: Prospective cohort study from the Innovative Support for Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infections Registry (INSPIRE), with longitudinal data collection and cross-sectional analyses at baseline, 3-month and 6-month follow-ups.

SETTING: Multicentre registry across eight US academic medical centres (Chicago, Dallas, Houston, Los Angeles, New Haven, Philadelphia, San Francisco and …

Young Man With Neck Pain, Sejal Patel, Steven Graver, Megan Daniels, Kelly Goodsell, Arthur K. Au

Department of Emergency Medicine Faculty Papers

No abstract provided.

Screen-Based Simulation Assessment For Emergency Medicine Learners: A Rapid Review, Patrick Zeniecki, Rebecca Kamens, Jared Kilpatrick, Dimitrios Papanagnou, Xiao C. Zhang

Department of Emergency Medicine Faculty Papers

BACKGROUND: Simulation has played a vital role in training medical professionals. The COVID-19 Pandemic has highlighted the need for physically distant educational assessment methods. Screen-based simulation (SBS) demonstrates one alternative to traditional in-person simulation methods to assess learners clinical reasoning and communication skills. This study aims to compare in-person simulation to SBS as assessment methods in Emergency Medicine (EM).

METHODS: A rapid review literature search methodology of an electronic database (PubMed) was performed in February 2022 with search terms such as "Computer Simulation," "Patient Simulation," "Simulation Training," "Education, Distance," "Virtual OSCE," "Academic Performance," or "Emergency Medicine." Reference lists of relevant …

Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scoring Implementation In A Critical Access Hospital, Jasmine A. Hobbs

Doctor of Nursing Practice Posters and Presentations

Mechanically ventilated patients who are boarding in rural emergency departments face an increased risk of inconsistent sedation management due to the lack of standardized protocols and the extended transfer times to higher levels of care. The variability in sedation practices can lead to both under- and over-sedation, which negatively affects patient comfort, safety, and clinical outcomes. Research suggests that sedation protocols incorporating the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS) can shorten mechanical ventilation duration and improve clinical outcomes. The purpose of this project was to evaluate the effectiveness of a targeted educational intervention on improving nursing knowledge and comfort with the RASS …

From Learners To Leaders: A Peer-Led Simulation Program For Anesthesia Procedural Skills Training In Medical Students, Noah S. Kos, Ryan Beyers, Chloe Sutlick, Benjamin Sun, Tochi Mbagwu, Dr. John D. Mitchell Md

Medical Student Research Symposium

Title: From Learners to Leaders: A Peer-Led Simulation Program for Anesthesia Procedural Skills Training in Medical Students

Authors: Noah Kos, Ryan Beyers, Chloe Sutlick, Benjamin Sun, Tochi Mbagwu, John D. Mitchell, M.D.

Background: Procedural skill competency is vital in medical education, but limited faculty availability poses challenges. We implemented a peer-led simulation program teaching peripheral IV insertion (PIV) and endotracheal intubation, with a focus on student leadership.

Methods: Sixteen peer educators, trained by attendings, conducted monthly workshops from July-October 2025. Students practiced at PIV and intubation stations, assessed via validated rubrics (17 items for PIV, 21 for intubation; 5-point scale). …

Inflammatory Markers In The Emergency Department And Ptsd Symptoms In The Aurora Study: A Longitudinal Cohort Study, Kristen Nishimi, Sarah Linnstaedt, Thomas Neylan, Lauren Mckibben, Liz Marie Albertorio-Sáez, Ying Zhao, Stacey House, Francesca Beaudoin, Xinming An, Jennifer Stevens, Gari Clifford, Tanja Jovanovic, Laura Germine, Scott Rauch, John Haran, Alan Storrow, Paul Musey, Phyllis Hendry, Sophia Sheikh, Brittany Punches, Robert Swor, Jose Pascual, Mark Seamon, Elizabeth M Datner, Claire Pearson, David Peak, Roland Merchant, Robert Domeier, Niels Rathlev, Brian O'Neil, Paulina Sergot, Leon Sanchez, Steven Bruce, Steven Harte, Ronald Kessler, Karestan Koenen, Kerry Ressler, Samuel Mclean, Aoife O'Donovan

Department of Emergency Medicine Faculty Papers

BACKGROUND: Systemic inflammation is hypothesized to contribute to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) vulnerability. Few studies have examined inflammation shortly after trauma as a predictor of later PTSD symptoms. We examined whether inflammation from the emergency department (ED) post-trauma is associated with PTSD symptom severity over the following 6 months.

METHODS: Our sample included 742 AURORA participants, a longitudinal cohort of patients in 29 EDs across the United States after a traumatic stressor, followed up to 6 months. Plasma cytokines were assessed from a study blood draw in the ED: an inflammatory index (standardized sum of generally pro-inflammatory markers interleukin [IL]-6, …

Co-Location Of Substance Use Disorder Treatment And Hospital Emergency Departments, Leila Hasan

Honors College Theses

Patients with substance use disorder (SUD) rely heavily on the hospital emergency department (ED) for acute care and are often discharged from the ED without access to long-term recovery resources. This project explores the impact of co-located addiction treatment programs with hospital EDs on recovery outcomes of patients with SUD. A systematic literature review conducted on relevant studies indicates that co-located programs can be effective in increasing treatment initiation and maintenance, reducing ED revisits, and reducing repeated overdose in SUD patients. Programs that were most effective included three key elements: fast linkage of SUD patients to program staff in the …

Understanding Delays In Emergency Department Care: A National Analysis Of Wait Times, Gregory Forsberg

Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science Honors Projects

Emergency department (ED) wait times remain a persistent bottleneck in the United States healthcare system, impacting patient outcomes, hospital efficiency, and equitable access to care. This study analyzes nationally representative data from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS), a complex, multi-stage probability sample. Using survey-weighted analyses and predictive modeling, we examine the effects of patient characteristics, triage acuity, and visit timing. Results indicate that operational and system-level factors, including hospital capacity, geographic region, and temporal variation, are among the most influential predictors of ED wait times

The First Cut Is The Deepest: Understanding Learner Trauma In The Emergency Medicine Clerkship, Dimitrios Papanagnou, Leela Raj, Karen E. Watkins, Xiao C. Zhang, Andres Fernandez, Md, Victoria J. Marsick

Department of Emergency Medicine Faculty Papers

BACKGROUND: As third-year medical students transition into high-stakes, high-stress clinical environments like the emergency department (ED), they may experience significant personal trauma. However, little is known about how this trauma is experienced early in their training - specifically during the transition from preclinical to clinical learning environments. This study addresses that gap by exploring third-year medical students' experiences of trauma during the emergency medicine (EM) clerkship through the lens of Trauma-Informed Care (TIC) and identifies workplace factors and intersectional demographics influencing these experiences.

METHODS: This qualitative study used the critical incident technique to explore emotionally-significant events encountered by third-year medical …

Contraception In The Ed: Understanding Education And Opportunities For Clinicians To Advise Patients, Hannah B. Lewis, Teagan R. Mccarthy, Dara Kass, Jennifer L. Kahoud

Department of Emergency Medicine Faculty Papers

Introduction: The United States faces a high rate of unwanted pregnancies. Despite this, many people continue to face barriers to accessing contraception. The emergency department (ED) can help bridge these gaps, but emergency clinicians must first feel comfortable offering contraceptive services. In this study, we sought to determine emergency clinician comfort in prescribing contraceptives and educating patients on their use. We also gauged clinician interest in receiving education specifically geared toward contraceptive care.

Methods: We conducted an online survey of ED residents, attendings, and advanced practice clinicians at Thomas Jefferson Univerity Hospital and affiliates in both the urban and suburban …

Emergency Care Outside Of The Four Walls Of The Emergency Department, Judd E. Hollander

Department of Emergency Medicine Faculty Papers

No abstract available

Association Of Higher Body Mass Index With Imaging Escalation And Operative Complexity In Pediatric Appendicitis, Ryan T. Davis, Sahithi Pemmasani, Margaret Menoch

Conference Presentation Abstracts

Background: Obesity may complicate clinical assessment and ultrasound (US) evaluation in children with appendicitis, potentially increasing reliance on computed tomography (CT). At the same time, national pediatric quality-improvement initiatives and ALARA-driven imaging pathways emphasize reducing CT use and promoting US-first approaches. Data examining how body mass index (BMI) influences diagnostic pathways within these modern low-radiation protocols are limited.

Objective: To determine whether higher BMI is associated with greater CT utilization, escalation from US to CT, nondiagnostic US examinations, emergency department (ED) length of stay (ED-LOS), and operative duration in children with appendicitis.

Design/Methods: This retrospective cohort study included patients < 18 years with surgically confirmed appendicitis presenting to a tertiary pediatric ED from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2023. Consistent with prior dataset methodology, encounters were identified through structured EHR query using ICD-10 and CPT codes and restricted to unique first visits. A total of 2,275 children were included; BMI was available for 2,012 (88%). BMI was analyzed in quartiles. Imaging modality (US-only, CT-only, or CT after US) and operative duration (proxy for case complexity) were evaluated. χ² and Wilcoxon tests and odds ratios (OR) with 95% CI were used. IRB approval was obtained (Corewell Health IRB No. 2024-128).

Results: …

Targeting Cardiomyocyte-Derived Extracellular Vesicle Mir-574-5p Protects Against Cognitive Impairment Induced By Ischemia-Reperfusion, Erya Chen, Xiaoyu Zhu, Haiqing Chang, Qi Li, Zhenkun Zhao, Changteng Zhang, Yu Cao, Yajing Wang, Xinliang Ma, Tao Zhu, Shu Zhang, Lu Gan, Jin Liu, Chan Chen

Department of Emergency Medicine Faculty Papers

BACKGROUND:  Acute myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) increases risk for cognitive decline, yet the underlying mechanisms mediating heart-brain communication remain poorly understood. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have emerged as novel long-range signaling mediators and may play a critical role.

METHODS: MI/R was induced by transient ligation of the left anterior descending artery. Cognitive performance was assessed using multiple behavioral tests. sEVs derived from cardiomyocytes were labeled to track their distribution and cellular uptake in the brain. Heart and brain tissues were analyzed for microRNAs (miRNAs) expression using bioinformatics, qPCR, and RNAScope. The role of specific miRNAs was investigated through genetic inhibition of …

Fibrinogen-Bmal1 Signaling As A Therapeutic Target To Limit Aortic Dissection By Preserving Vsmc Contractility, Xiaohan Zhong, Dongjie Li, Yuanfei Zhao, Lu Dai, Jinzhang Li, Zhiqi Ji, Bojing Zuo, Hongshan Liu, Haixia Huang, Wei Wang, Haiyang Li, Yuyong Liu, Ming Gong, Xin-Liang Ma, Wenjian Jiang, Meili Wang, Hongjia Zhang

Department of Emergency Medicine Faculty Papers

Aortic dissection (AD) is a life-threatening vascular disease with a high mortality rate. Surgery is essential in the acute phase but carries significant risks, whereas elective surgery during the chronic phase yields better outcomes. However, no pharmacological therapy has been proven effective in slowing AD progression. In our recent pilot clinical study, an association between higher plasma fibrinogen levels and improved clinical outcomes was observed in AD patients, suggesting a potential protective role of fibrinogen. However, direct evidence supporting this hypothesis is lacking. In this study, a population-based analysis of nonsurgically managed patients with acute AD revealed a distinct association: …

Endometriosis Knowledge Among Emergency Medicine Providers: Diagnostic Skills And Symptom Recognition, Caidon Iwuagwu, Laurel X. Chen, Ellen Slattery, Pranjal Srivastava, Hamsitha Karra, Sheyenne Tung, Adrienne Burton, Camila Bomtempo, Jamie Aranda

Department of Surgery Faculty Papers

Objective: Endometriosis is associated with significant diagnostic delays, averaging 6.7 years, largely due to nonspecific symptoms and inadequate diagnostic approaches. Over 15,000 emergency department (ED) visits in the United States annually involve patients with endometriosis, highlighting the need for knowledge of endometriosis. This study surveys emergency medicine (EM) attendings, residents, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and fellows to assess knowledge and practice in managing endometriosis-related ED complaints. Methods: A questionnaire from a prior endometriosis survey was modified for EM providers and administered anonymously via email (Qualtrics, Provo, UT) in monthly newsletters to providers at an academic and six associated community EDs. …

The 'Golden Hour': A Geospatial Analysis Of Travel Time To Public Emergency Departments In Kenya, Tushara Surapaneni, Nancy Kinyua, Benjamin Wachira

Emergency Medicine, East Africa

Introduction In Kenya and many other low- and middle-income countries, prehospital care systems are underdeveloped or entirely non-existent, leaving emergency departments (EDs) as the primary point of care for medical emergencies. The aim of this cross-sectional observational study was to use a geographic information system (GIS) to comprehensively analyse access to public EDs in Kenya within 1-hour and 2-hour travel times.

Methods Using open-source GIS software, population, land cover, elevation and road network data were analysed to create maps of 1-hour and 2-hour travel time catchment areas around public EDs in Kenya. Travel time analysis was calculated using AccessMod with …

The Need For Accessible Cpr Training, Madilyn Cataloni

CAFE Symposium 2026

For my project, I researched how CPR certification can affect an emergency response. From this, I researched Gettysburg College's CPR certification requirements for different departments. I then brainstormed different plans to make CPR certification more accessible to students and employees.

The Heart’S Hidden Influencer: Epicardial Adipose Tissue In The Pathogenesis Of Heart Failure, Aobo Li, Avilash Mondal, Jianli Zhao, John Zhang, Xin-Liang Ma

Department of Emergency Medicine Faculty Papers

Abstract – Heart failure (HF) is a complex, multifactorial clinical syndrome with diverse etiologies and phenotypic manifestations, affecting millions of people globally. HF is broadly classified into 3 subtypes: HF with reduced ejection fraction, HF with mildly reduced ejection fraction, and HF with preserved ejection fraction. Each subtype exhibits distinct pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical trajectories, and therapeutic responses, posing significant challenges in terms of diagnosis and management. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT), a metabolically active visceral fat depot situated in close proximity to the myocardium, plays a dual role in physiological and pathological states, offering potential utility as a biomarker and therapeutic …