Medical Specialties Commons^™

The Location Of Back Pain As A Factor Differentiating The Physical Fitness Of Cadets Of The Military Academy Of Land Forces, Dariusz Lenart

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Introduction. The training of candidates for officers-commanders is an important part of the training activities of the Polish Armed Forces. Currently, the basic path of obtaining this group of officers for the Polish Armed Forces is the education of graduates of secondary schools. The aim of the study is to evaluate the differentiation of the physical fitness level of cadets of the Military University of Land Forces depending on the back pain location. Material and methods. The research material was collected as a result of tests conducted among cadets of the Military University of Land Forces in Wroclaw in the …

Characteristics Of The Correlations Between Body Posture And Postural Stability In Boys Aged 10-12 Years, Katarzyna Bieniek, Jacek Wilczynski

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The aim of the study was to analyse the correlations between body posture parameters and postural stability in boys aged 10-12 years. Material/Methods: The study involved a group of 159 boys aged 10-12 years from the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship. Body posture was evaluated using the Diers formetric III 4D optoelectronic method, which allows photogrammetric registration of the back surface using the raster stereography process. Postural stability of the examined boys was evaluated using the Biodex Balance System balance platform. Results: Spearman's rank correlation showed a directly proportional relationship be-tween selected postural stability parameters and the inflection point ILS (mm) as …

Selected Aspects Of Testing The Positioning Accuracy Of Gnss Receivers Used In Sports And Recreation By Dynamic Measurements, Cezary Specht, Tomasz Szot, Mariusz Specht, Pawel Dabrowski

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Satellite navigation systems have been used in professional navigation and geodesy for many years. The past decade has been a time of extending their application to devices also accessible to non-professional users. Sports and recreation is one of the major new areas in which satellite receivers are used. Since device manufacturers do not inform precisely (or at all) about the level of the positioning accuracy provided by such devices, it is necessary to propose a method of its assessment. This paper presents selected aspects of testing receivers in dynamic measurements to determine their accuracy based on international recommendations and standards …

Factor Structure Of Swimmers For Evaluating Endurance And Predicting 5000-M Indoor And Open Water Swimming Performance, Faik Vural, Mehmet Zeki Özkol, Tolga Akşit

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The purpose of the present study was to describe factor structures of swimmers for evaluating endurance. The second aim was to determine 5000m pool velocity (5000Vp) and 5000m open water swimming velocity (5000Vow). Material and Methods: The study sample was comprised of 14 swimmers who candidate for the Turkish Open Water National Team (age: 13.78 ± 1.21 years; height: 168.06 ± 6.67 m; body mass: 59.06 ± 7.99 kg). Anaerobic threshold, critical swimming speed, and 5000m swimming tests were measured in a pool setting and 5000m open water swimming test was measured in sea conditions. Results: Results of the …

Participation Trends And Performance Analysis Of Turkey’S Long-Distance Runs Between 2007-2017, Melda Pelin Yargic, Naila Babayeva, Mehmet Sinan İyi̇Soy, Galip Bilen Kurklu, Gürhan Dönmez

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: Long-distance running events have gained more popularity worldwide over years. However, the number of participants to such events, age and sex distribution of participants may vary by country. Material and methods: We have investigated participation trends and performances of the finishers of three different courses (15km, half-marathon, marathon) in two of the biggest running events in Turkey (The Antalya and Istanbul marathons) between 2007-2017. Results: Our results have shown that runners who completed the 15km course were the highest and marathon finishers were the lowest in number each year. Among native runners, male participation in each distance and event …

Comparison Of Body Composition, Physical Fitness Parameters And Skeletal Muscle Damage Indices Among Young Indian Male Soccer & Hockey Players, Surojit Sarkar, Subhra Karmakar Chatterjee, Swapan K. Dey

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: ‪The present study was aimed to evaluate the evidential comparison of anthropometric, body composition, and physical fitness parameters and muscle damage indices between soccer and field hockey players. Material and methods: ‪Forty-one young Indian male players (including soccer, N = 18, and hockey, N = 23) were evaluated for anthropometric parameters (height, weight, BMI, BMR), and physical fitness variables (grip strength, back strength, flexibility, VO2max, anaerobic power) using standard procedures. Body composition (fat mass, fat free mass, cell mass, muscle mass, fluid content, glycogen, minerals, body density) was assessed by using multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analyzer (BIA). Muscle damage indices …

The Effect Of A Single Dose Of The Thermo Speed Extreme (Olimp) Thermogenic Supplement On Circulatory Functions And Body Temperatures At Rest In Male And Female Subjects, Ilona Pokora, Lukasz Wolowski, Piotr Wyderka

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: ‪The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of a single dose of the Thermo Speed Extreme (TSE) supplement on circulatory functions at rest and body temperatures in men and women. Material and methods: ‪Twenty-five (male and female) subjects volunteered to participate in this study. Prior to the experiment, the anthropometric characteristics, internal and skin temperatures, the heart rate and blood pressure were measured. Then, the subjects took a single dose of the TSE or placebo (PLA) supplement in a double-blind, randomised, cross-over design. Following the supplement consumption, the same physiological parameters were registered in a seated …

Can Physical Activity Modulate Pain Perception During Ontogenesis?, Maciej Pawlak, Aleksandra Jazdzewska, Katarzyna Leznicka

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

The aim of the paper is to emphasise the significance of physical activity as an element directly or indirectly modulating the perception of pain during ontogenesis. Pain is a distinctive sensory sensation and also a subjective criterion of health or disease. In contrast to other modalities (taste, smell, touch), it triggers solely negative emotions and sensations. Pain is a highly individualised sensory phenomenon, involving the physical, cognitive and emotional spheres of human life. Different reactions to pain during ontogeny most often result from the loss of communication skills, a systematic decrease in the functions of all systems and organs, in …

Application Of Selected Physiotherapeutic Methods And The Qualitative Gait Assessment In Elderly People With Degenerative Changes Of The Hip Joint, Magdalena Podczarska-Glowacka, Malgorzata Kawa

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: Coxarthrosis is one of the most serious diseases of the musculoskeletal system due to the incidence, low efficacy of non-invasive treatment, and severe disability due to symptoms. All physiotherapeutic activities that reduce these disorders are a priority. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of manual therapy and traditional kinesitherapy for gait in elderly people with degenerative changes in the hip joint. Material and methods: Three groups of 30 people each were formed based on selection and exclusion criteria. One group was subjected to manual therapy, the second one to traditional kinesitherapy and the third, control …

Physical Activity And Dietary Supplementation Intake Among Postmenopausal Women, Angelika Cisek-Wozniak, Kinga Mruczyk, Rafal W. Wojciak

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: In the context of physiological changes that progress over the years and worsen the functioning of their organisms, older people’s physical activity is an increasingly important topic. It is important to be aware that a healthy lifestyle, including proper nutrition, has a positive effect on old age. In general, one of the elements of a healthy lifestyle is physical activity and also the consumption of dietary supplements. The aim of the study was to determine the level of organized physical activity of postmenopausal women and their consumption of dietary supplements. Material and methods: ‪The study involved 100 women aged …

The Effectiveness Of Open Versus Closed Kinetic Chain Exercises On Pain, Function And Range Of Motion In Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis, Babatunde Olusola Adegoke, Arinola Olasumbo Sanya, Samuel Olusegun Ogunlade, Oladapo Michael Olagbegi

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The comparative efficacy of open and closed kinetic chain exercises (OKCE and CKCE) on the symptoms of osteoarthritis (OA) has not been exhaustively studied. To evaluate and compare the effectiveness of eight-week open OKCE and CKCE on pain, function and range of motion of patients with knee OA. Material and methods: ‪A quasi-experimental study involved twenty-nine consecutive patients with knee OA allocated to either OKCE or CKCE groups. Participants’ pain intensity (PI), functional score (FS), active range of motion AROM) and knee passive range of motion (PROM) were assessed using the visual analogue scale, the functional index questionnaire and …

Development Of Power Qualities Of Cadets Of Ukrainian Higher Military Educational Institutions During Kettlebell Lifting Training, Kostiantyn Prontenko, Grygoriy Griban, Ihor Bloshchynskyi, Dmytro Boyko, Orest Loiko, Volodymyr Andreychuk, Inesa Novitska, Pavlo Tkachenko

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The influence of kettlebell lifting training on the development of cadets’ power qualities during studies at Ukrainian higher military educational institutions is examined in the article. Also, a comparative analysis of the development of cadets’ power qualities depending on their sports qualification in kettlebell lifting is conducted. Material and methods: The investigation of the development of cadets’ power qualities was conducted according to the following tests: bar pull-ups, bar pullover, bar muscle up, parallel bars dips, complex power exercise, L-sit on parallel bars, holding the body in a horizontal position, back squat, bench press and barbell deadlift. Results: ‪A …

Relative Age Effect In Polish National Football Teams, Andrzej Szwarc, Bartosz Dolanski, Pawel Rompa, Mateusz Sitek

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The aim of this study was to determine if a Relative Age Effect (RAE) is present in Polish National Football Teams. Material and methods: Birth date distributions of football players from youth Polish National Teams (Under 15 – Under 19) and the senior Polish National Team were compared. The sample (a total of 1801 players) included 909 youth players – U-15 (n=290), U-16 (n=221), U-17 (n=153), U-18 (n=157), and U-19 (n=88) – and 892 professional players who played in at least one official game for the senior Polish National Team. Results: ‪An over-representation of players born in the first …

Effect Of Grip Width On Exercise Volume In Bench Press With A Controlled Movement Tempo In Women, Mariola Gepfert, Michal Krzysztofik, Aleksandra Filip, Aleksandra Mostowik, Agnieszka Lulinska, Grzegorz Wojdala, Milosz Drozd, Michal Wilk

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The bench press (BP) is a complex upper body exercise. Despite numerous scientific studies, it remains unknown which grip width is optimal for the development of strength and power in the bench press. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of different grip widths on exercise volume, evaluate the time under tension (TUT) and the number of repetitions (REP) completed during 5 consecutive sets of the BP. Material and methods: ‪The study involved 16 women with a minimum of one year of resistance training experience. Two independent experimental sessions were randomly selected. Participants performed 5 …

Tnfa Expression Level Changes Observed In Response To The Wingate Anaerobic Test In Non-Trained And Trained Individuals, Agnieszka Maciejewska-Skrendo, Jan Mieszkowski, Andrzej Kochanowicz, Blazej Stankiewicz, Pawel Cieszczyk, Katarzyna Switala, Gilmara Gomes De Assis, Katarzyna Kecler, Maciej Tarnowski, Marek Sawczuk

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: ‪Literature reports indicate changes in the expression of genes encoding proinflammatory factors are observed as a result of physical exercise. The stress changes caused by high-intensity loads and adaptive changes induced by the planned long-term training are less studied. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of intense anaerobic effort in people adapted to regular trainings and in non-trained persons on the expression levels of the TNFA gene. Material and methods: ‪50 experienced soccer players and 50 non-trained participants were recruited for the study. Anaerobic capacity was measured by means of the Wingate Anaerobic Test. To …

Epidemiology, Clinical Ramifications, And Cellular Pathogenesis Of Covid-19 Mrna-Vaccination-Induced Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes: A State-Of-The-Heart Review, Talal Almas, Sarah Rehman, Eyad Mansour, Tarek Khedro, Ali Alansari, Jahanzeb Malik, Norah Alshareef, Vikneswaran Raj Nagarajan, Abdulla Hussain Al-Awaid, Reema Alsufyani

Medical College Documents

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has overwhelming healthcare systems globally. To date, a myriad of therapeutic regimens has been employed in an attempt to curb the ramifications of a severe COVID-19 infection. Amidst the ongoing pandemic, the advent and efficacious uptake of COVID-19 vaccination has significantly reduced disease-related hospitalizations and mortality. Nevertheless, many side-effects are being reported after COVID-19 vaccinations and myocarditis is the most commonly reported sequelae post vaccination. Majority of these diseases are associated with COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. Various studies have established a temporal relationship between these complications, yet the causality and the underlying pathogenesis remain hypothetical. In …

Dissociation Of Tau Pathology And Neuronal Hypometabolism Within The Atn Framework Of Alzheimer’S Disease, Michael Tran Duong, Sandhitsu R. Das, Xueying Lyu, Long Xie, Hayley Richardson, Sharon X. Xie, Paul A. Yushkevich, Alzheimer’S Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, David A. Wolk, Ilya M. Nasrallah, Charles D. Smith, Gregory A. Jicha, Peter A. Hardy, Partha Sinha, Elizabeth Oates, Gary Conrad, Michael W. Weiner, Paul Aisen, Ronald C. Petersen, Clifford R. Jack Jr.

Sanders-Brown Center on Aging Faculty Publications

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is defined by amyloid (A) and tau (T) pathologies, with T better correlated to neurodegeneration (N). However, T and N have complex regional relationships in part related to non-AD factors that influence N. With machine learning, we assessed heterogeneity in ¹⁸F-flortaucipir vs. ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography as markers of T and neuronal hypometabolism (N_M) in 289 symptomatic patients from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. We identified six T/N_M clusters with differing limbic and cortical patterns. The canonical group was defined as the T/N_M pattern with lowest regression residuals. Groups resilient to …

Differences In Distress Between Rural And Non-Rural Appalachian Breast Cancer Patient / Caregiver Dyads During The First Year Of Treatment, Jordan Tasman, Callie D. Mcadams, Jillian Lloyd, Ashton J. Brooks, Patricia Nola Eugene Roberson

Journal of Appalachian Health

Introduction: Breast cancer patients and their caregivers living in rural Appalachia face substantial health disparities compared to their non-rural Appalachian counterparts. However, there is limited research on how these specific health disparities in rural Appalachian communities may impact patient psychological distress and caregiver strain during the first year of breast cancer treatment.

Purpose: The purpose of the current study was to assess differences in patient psychological distress (depression and anxiety) and caregiver strain between rural non-rural Appalachian breast-cancer-affected dyads (patients and their caregivers) during the first year of treatment.

Methods: A total of 48 Appalachian breast cancer patients (with a …

Expression Of The Preadipocyte Marker Zfp423 Is Dysregulated Between Well-Differentiated And Dedifferentiated Liposarcoma, Thanh N. Dang, Rafael P. Tiongco, Loren M. Brown, Jessica L. Taylor, John M. Lyons, Frank H. Lau, Z. Elizabeth Floyd

School of Medicine Faculty Publications

Background: Well-differentiated and dedifferentiated liposarcomas are rare soft tissue tumors originating in adipose tissue that share genetic abnormalities but have significantly different metastatic potential. Dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDLPS) is highly aggressive and has an overall 5-year survival rate of 30% as compared to 90% for well-differentiated liposarcoma (WDLPS). This discrepancy may be connected to their potential to form adipocytes, where WDLPS is adipogenic but DDLPS is adipogenic-impaired. Normal adipogenesis requires Zinc Finger Protein 423 (ZFP423), a transcriptional coregulator of Perixosome Proliferator Activated Receptor gamma (PPARG2) mRNA expression that defines committed preadipocytes. Expression of ZFP423 in preadipocytes is promoted by Seven-In-Absentia Homolog …

Precision Dosimetry In Yttrium-90 Radioembolization Through Ct Imaging Of Radiopaque Microspheres In A Rabbit Liver Model, E Courtney Henry, Matthew Strugari, George Mawko, Kimberly Brewer, David Liu, Andrew C Gordon, Jeffrey N Bryan, Charles Maitz, James J Karnia, Robert Abraham, S Cheenu Kappadath, Alasdair Syme

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Purpose: To perform precision dosimetry in yttrium-90 radioembolization through CT imaging of radiopaque microspheres in a rabbit liver model and to compare extracted dose metrics to those produced from conventional PET-based dosimetry.

Materials and methods: A CT calibration phantom was designed containing posts with nominal microsphere concentrations of 0.5 mg/mL, 5.0 mg/mL, and 25.0 mg/mL. The mean Hounsfield unit was extracted from the post volumes to generate a calibration curve to relate Hounsfield units to microsphere concentration. A nominal bolus of 40 mg of microspheres was administered to the livers of eight rabbits, followed by PET/CT imaging. A CT-based activity …

Placental Lesions And Differential Expression Of Pro-And Anti-Angiogenic Growth Mediators And Oxidative Dna Damage Marker In Placentae Of Ghanaian Suboptimal And Optimal Health Status Pregnant Women Who Later Developed Preeclampsia, Enoch Odame Anto, David Antony Coall, Emmanuel Akomanin Asiamah, Osei Owusu Afriyie, Otchere Addai-Mensah, Yaw Amo Wiafe, W. K. B. A. Owiredu, Christian Obirikorang, Max Efui Annani-Akollor, Nicholas Akinwale Titiloye, Eric Adua, Emmanuel Acheampong, Evans Asamoah Adu, Stephen Opoku, Agartha Odame Anto, Augustine Tawiah, Youxin Wang, Wei Wang

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Background Angiogenic growth mediators (AGMs) and oxidative stress (OS) both play essential roles in normal placental vascular development and as such, placental alterations in these factors contribute to pre-eclampsia (PE). Suboptimal health status (SHS), an intermediate between health and disease, has been associated with imbalanced AGMs and OS biomarkers. Thus, SHS pregnant women may be at increased risk of developing PE and may present abnormal placental alteration and expression of AGMs and OS compared to optimal health status (OHS) pregnant women. We examined the histopathological morphology, immunohistochemical expression of AGMs antibodies and oxidative DNA damage marker in the placentae of …

Distribution Of Foot Pressing Forces In A Standing Position Of Children And Youth In The Light Of Prevention And Correction, Malgorzata Kawa, Marcin Garsztka, Michal Hillar

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The aim of this paper was to show abnormalities in distribution of foot pressing forces in standing position in children and youths, and also related consequences, in the light of preventive and corrective actions. Material/Methods: The research was conducted in December 2009 at the Rehabilitation Centre in Malbork. It was part of a huge research project covering almost 2500 people. The control group comprised of 205 students in two age groups: 7–9 years old and 17–19 years old. The examined students attend two schools: No 3 Primary School in Pruszcz Gdanski and No 2 Secondary Schools Group in Malbork. …

Developmental Tendencies Of Results In Female Heptathlon In The Olympic Games During The Years 1984–2008, Katarzyna Majchrzak, Maria Kamrowska-Nowak, Krzysztof Byzdra

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The aim of this study is to assess a change tendency of the results in heptathlon and in particular events of this discipline. Material/Methods: In the research the authors used results achieved in heptathlon in the Olympic Games during the years 1984–2008. Top 20 female athletes of general standing were taken into consideration. MS Excel 2007 spreadsheet program and a method of document analysis were used to analyse and assess a change tendency. Results: Mean values achieved in particular events showed that the highest results, which were above the average in each Olympic Games, occurred in 1992 and 2008. …

The Value Of Education And Work In The Representatives Of Gymnasts’ Opinion, Anna Perzynska-Biskup, Stanislaw Sawczyn

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: Sports professional activity has been an unusually absorbing domain of human life. This is particularly noticeable in so-called sports of early specialization, including gymnastics. The specialization in gymnastics occurs at the moment of girls’ acquisition of knowledge and preparation for future professional careers. Therefore, the authors decided to look further into the process of combining school and sports duties and to reveal possible conflicts. Material/Methods: Research material was a group of 482 athletes who are professionally involved in three gymnastics disciplines: artistic gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics and acrobatic gymnastics in Polish clubs. Results: An analysis of the results revealed that …

Gymnasts’ Special Quickness-Force Abilities And The Indicators Of Jump From A Springboard, Adam Koperski, Andrzej Kochanowski, Czeslaw Slodkowski

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The aim of this research is to find a relation between one’s special quickness-force abilities, recorded in laboratory conditions, and physical values, revealed during a gymnastic jump in a real sports contest. Material/Methods: The tests were made on gymnasts, aged 15–18 years, from the Academic Sports Association (AZS) in Gdansk. The gymnasts were a selected group of 8 people who had already practised sport for 9–12 years as contestants. The project was carried out in the Physical Effort Laboratory at the Academy of Physical Education and Sport (AWFiS) in Gdansk, using of the Kistler tensometric platform to measure and …

The Level Of Aerobic And Anaerobic Capacity And The Results Of A Special Mobility Fitness Test Of Female Judo Competitors Aged 16–18 Years, Beata Wolska-Paczoska

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The purpose of this work is to determine the correlation between the indexes of the special fitness test and the parameters of aerobic and anaerobic capacities of women judo competitors, during the preparation period to competitions. Material/Methods: The research material comprised of 15 female judo contestants either members of the Polish representatives in the junior team and the competitors the Pomeranian Province Team aged 16-18. In order to define the somatic characteristics, the height of the body and indices that characterize its mass and composition of body components were determined. In order to assess the aerobic capacity a test …

The Efficiency Model Of Goalkeeper’S Actions In Soccer, Andrzej Szwarc, Patrycja Lipinska, Michal Chamera

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The purpose of this paper was to present cognitive models illustrating efficiency of the goalkeeper’s actions in soccer based on observation of play in selected matches of the Euro 2008 finals. Material/Methods: The observation method was used in the study. The play of both goalkeepers was analysed in 7 soccer matches in a cup phase of the European Championships which took place in Portugal in 2008. The data was recorded on the authors’ observation forms. Activity, effectiveness and reliability during both offensive and defensive actions were subject to this examination. Results: It was revealed that most actions of the …

Physical Performance, Body Composition And Body Balance In Relation To National Ranking Positions In Young Polish Tennis Players, Mateusz Karnia, Tomasz Garsztka, Mateusz Rynkiewicz, Tadeusz Rynkiewicz, Piotr Zurek, Marcin Luszczyk, Ewelina Sledziewska, Ewa Ziemann

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between body composition, aerobic capacity and the balance in young tennis players at rest and during fatigue triggered by an endurance test. Moreover, we tried to find the correlation between the tennis ranking position and the balance. Material/Methods: Well-trained 16 young tennis players (15 and 17 years old, singles national ranking 3-39, average training experience of 9 years) took part in this study. They were assigned to two groups according to their age – 15 TG and 17 TG. Participants completed the same battery of body composition, aerobic, and …

Changes Of Lactate Threshold During A Half-Year Training Cycle In “Arka Gdynia” Football Players, Wojciech Ignatiuk, Pawel Rompa, Lukasz Radziminski, Robert Dargiewicz, Zbigniew Jastrzebski

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The aim of this study was to assess lactate threshold changes during a halfyear training cycle in S.S.A. “Arka Gdynia” football team. Material/Methods: The research was conducted on a sample of 17 “Arka Gdynia” Football Club players. The subjects participated in premier league competitions in autumn 2009/10 season. Apart from league matches (17) the players took part in Remes Polish Cup (2 matches). Aerobic capacity tests were conducted at the beginning of the summer preparatory season (test 1 – 27th June 2009), during the competitive season (test 2 – 2nd September 2009) and at the beginning of the winter …

Preventing Osteoporosis Among Underweight And Obese Sedentary Young Women, Nasim Habibzadeh

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of a walking program on bone mass density (BMD) among healthy obese and thin young girls. Material/Methods: Twenty untrained obese (n=10) and thin (n=10) girls, 20-25 years, volunteered to participate in this study. Before and after the training program both groups had an anthropometric measurement, a blood analysis and a BMD evaluation. Each walking session consisted of 30 minutes walking between 50-75% of maximal heart rate, 3 days per week for 2 months. Results: After the exercise program, BMD in both regions (hip (1.1%) and spine (L2- L4) …