Medical Immunology Commons^™

Comprehensive Characterization Of Tumor Immune Landscape Following Oncolytic Virotherapy By Single-Cell Rna Sequencing, Divya Ravirala, Guangsheng Pei, Zhongming Zhao, Xiaoliu Zhang

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

An important mechanism of oncolytic virotherapy in ameliorating cancer immunotherapy is by inducing significant changes in the immune landscape in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Despite this notion and the potential therapeutic implications, a comprehensive analysis of the immune changes in carcinomas induced by virotherapy has not yet been elucidated. We conducted single-cell RNA sequencing analysis on carcinomas treated with an HSV-2-based oncolytic virus to characterize the immunogenic changes in the TME. We specifically analyzed and compared the immune cell composition between viral treated and untreated tumors. We also applied CellChat to analyze the complex interactions among the infiltrated immune cells. …

Exploiting 4–1bb Immune Checkpoint To Enhance The Efficacy Of Oncolytic Virotherapy For Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Gliomas, Virginia Laspidea, Montserrat Puigdelloses, Sara Labiano, Lucía Marrodán, Marc Garcia-Moure, Marta Zalacain, Marisol Gonzalez-Huarriz, Naiara Martínez-Vélez, Iker Ausejo-Mauleon, Daniel De La Nava, Guillermo Herrador-Cañete, Javier Marco-Sanz, Elisabeth Guruceaga, Carlos E De Andrea, María Villalba, Oren Becher, Massimo Squatrito, Verónica Matía, Jaime Gállego Pérez-Larraya, Ana Patiño-García, Sumit Gupta, Candelaria Gomez-Manzano, Juan Fueyo, Marta M Alonso

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs) are aggressive pediatric brain tumors, and patient survival has not changed despite many therapeutic efforts, emphasizing the urgent need for effective treatments. Here, we evaluated the anti-DIPG effect of the oncolytic adenovirus Delta-24-ACT, which was engineered to express the costimulatory ligand 4-1BBL to potentiate the antitumor immune response of the virus. Delta-24-ACT induced the expression of functional 4-1BBL on the membranes of infected DIPG cells, which enhanced the costimulation of CD8+ T lymphocytes. In vivo, Delta-24-ACT treatment of murine DIPG orthotopic tumors significantly improved the survival of treated mice, leading to long-term survivors that developed …

The Effects Of Glucocorticoids And Immunosuppressants On Cancer Outcomes In Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy, Sebastian Bruera, Maria E Suarez-Almazor

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

The emergence of checkpoint inhibitors has created a paradigm shift for the treatment of various malignancies. However, although these therapies are associated with improved survival rates, they also carry the risk of immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Moderate to severe irAEs are typically treated with glucocorticoids, sometimes with the addition of immunosuppressants as steroid-sparing therapy. However, it is unclear how glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants may impact cancer survival and the efficacy of immune checkpoint therapy on cancer. In this narrative review, we discuss the effects of glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants including methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, tumor-necrosis factor (TNF)-inhibitors, interleukin-6 inhibitors, interleukin-1 inhibitors, …

Attenuated Bacteria Potentiate The Outcome Of Immunotherapy With Pd-L1 Blockade In A Pre-Clinical Model Of Colorectal Cancer, Besan Haytham Mohammad Al-Saafeen

Theses

After more than a century of investigation, it has become evident that cancer development and progression occur at the expense of a dysfunctional immune system. This realization has ushered cancer immunotherapy as a new modality of treatment. In the last decade, the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors to treat cancer patients resulted in unprecedented and durable clinical benefits. However, the response rate in many cancers remains rather modest, with colorectal cancer being at the lower end of the spectrum. Previous work from our laboratory demonstrated the efficacy of using attenuated bacteria as immunomodulatory anti-cancer agents. The current study investigated the …

Efficient Killing Of Tumor Cells By Car-T Cells Requires Greater Number Of Engaged Cars Than Tcrs, Nadia Anikeeva, Sergey Panteleev, Nicholas W Mazzanti, Mizue Terai, Takami Sato, Yuri Sykulev

Department of Microbiology and Immunology Faculty Papers

Although CAR-T cells are widely used to treat cancer, efficiency of CAR-T cell cytolytic responses has not been carefully examined. We engineered CAR specific for HMW-MAA (highmolecular- weight melanoma-associated antigen) and evaluated potency of CD8+ CAR-T cells to release cytolytic granules and to kill tissue-derived melanoma cells, which express different levels of HMW-MAA. CAR-T cells efficiently killed melanoma cells expressing high level of HMW-MAA, but not melanoma cells with lower levels of HMW-MAA. The same melanoma cells presenting significantly lower level of stimulatory peptide- MHC ligand were readily lysed by T cells transduced with genes encoding α,β-TCR specific for the …

Bispecific Anti-Hiv Immunoadhesins That Bind Gp120 And Gp41 Have Broad And Potent Hiv-Neutralizing Activity, Seth H. Pincus, Ryan B. Craig, Lauren Weachter, Celia C. Labranche, Rafiq Nabi, Connie Watt, Mark Raymond, Tami Peters, Kejing Song, Grace A. Maresh, David C. Montefiori, Pamela A. Kozlowski

School of Graduate Studies Faculty Publications

We have constructed bispecific immunoglobulin-like immunoadhesins that bind to both the HIV-envelope glycoproteins: gp120 and gp41. These immunoadhesins have N terminal domains of human CD4 engrafted onto the N-terminus of the heavy chain of human anti-gp41 mAb 7B2. Binding of these constructs to recombinant Env and their antiviral activities were compared to that of the parental mAbs and CD4, as well as to control mAbs. The CD4/7B2 constructs bind to both gp41 and gp140, as well as to native Env expressed on the surface of infected cells. These constructs deliver cytotoxic immunoconjugates to HIV-infected cells, but not as well as …

The Impact Of Nanopulse Treatment On The Tumor Microenvironment In Breast Cancer: Overturning The Treg Immunosuppressive Dominance, Anthony Nanajian

Biomedical Sciences Theses & Dissertations

Nanopulse treatment (NPT) is a high-power electric engineering modality that has been shown to be an effective local tumor treatment approach in multiple cancer models. Our previous studies on the orthotopic 4T1-luc breast cancer model demonstrated that NPT ablated local tumors. The treatment consequently conferred protection against a second live tumor challenge and minimized spontaneous metastasis. This study aims to understand how NPT mounts a potent immune response in a predominantly immunosuppressive tumor.

NPT changed the local and systemic dynamics of immunosuppressive cells by significantly reducing the numbers of regulatory T cells (Tregs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and tumor-associated macrophages …

Harnessing The Power Of Trained Immunity In The Setting Of Pancreatic Cancer: A Novel Mechanism Of Immune Trafficking And Tumor Control., Anne Elena Geller

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Despite the success of immunotherapy in many types of cancer, pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has yet to benefit. Innate immune cells are critical to antitumor immunosurveillance and recent studies have revealed that these populations possess a form of memory, termed trained innate immunity, which occurs through transcriptomic, epigenetic, and metabolic reprograming. Though trained innate immunity has mostly been investigated in the context of infection, the induction of trained innate immunity could also protect against tumors, and specifically pancreatic tumors. Here, we demonstrate that yeast-derived particulate β-glucan, a known inducer of trained immunity, traffics to the pancreas following IP administration. This causes …

Targeting Parp-1 With Metronomic Therapy Modulates Mdsc Suppressive Function And Enhances Anti-Pd-1 Immunotherapy In Colon Cancer, Mohamed A. Ghonim, Salome V. Ibba, Abdelmetalab F. Tarhuni, Youssef Errami, Hanh H. Luu, Matthew J. Dean, Ali H. El-Bahrawy, Dorota Wyczechowska, Ilyes A. Benslimane, Luis Del Valle, Amir A. Al-Khami, Augusto C. Ochoa, A Hamid Boulares

School of Graduate Studies Faculty Publications

BACKGROUND: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (eg, olaparib) are effective against BRCA-mutated cancers at/near maximum tolerated doses by trapping PARP-1 on damaged chromatin, benefitting only small patient proportions. The benefits of targeting non-DNA repair aspects of PARP with metronomic doses remain unexplored. METHODS: Colon epithelial cells or mouse or human bone marrow (BM)-derived-myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) were stimulated to assess the effect of partial PARP-1 inhibition on inflammatory gene expression or immune suppression. Mice treated with azoxymethane/four dextran-sulfate-sodium cycles or mice bred into PARP-1 or treated with olaparib were used to examine the role of PARP-1 in colitis-induced or spontaneous colon …

Patterns Of Immunotherapy-Induced Pneumonitis In Patients With Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Case Series, Sarah Picard, Desiree Goh, Ashley Tan, Nisha Sikotra, Eli Gabbay, Tim Clay

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

Background: Immunotherapy has become an efficacious option in the management of solid organ malignancies. Immune-related adverse events including pneumonitis are well described and may be particularly of concern in patients receiving immunotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer. Case presentations: In this paper, we describe three cases of immunotherapy-induced pneumonitis occurring in the management of lung malignancy. Our cases include a 54-year-old Caucasian woman with squamous cell lung cancer who was successfully rechallenged with immunotherapy after prior significant pneumonitis, a 65-year-old Caucasian man with metastatic squamous cell lung cancer who developed pneumonitis after multiple cycles of uneventful immunotherapy, and a 73-year-old Caucasian …

The Great Debate At 'Immunotherapy Bridge', Naples, December 5, 2019., Paolo A Ascierto, Carlo Bifulco, Jerome Galon, Claus Garbe, Samir N Khleif, Jennifer Mcquade, Kunle Odunsi, Hideho Okada, Chrystal M Paulos, Sergio A Quezada, Hussein A Tawbi, John Timmerman, Giorgio Trinchieri, Lisa H Butterfield, Igor Puzanov

Articles, Abstracts, and Reports

As part of the 2019 Immunotherapy Bridge congress (December 4-5, Naples, Italy), the Great Debate session featured counterpoint views from leading experts on six topical issues in immunotherapy today. These were the use of chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy in solid tumors, whether the Immunoscore should be more widely used in clinical practice, whether antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity is important in the mode of action of anticytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 antibodies, whether the brain is immunologically unique or just another organ, the role of microbiome versus nutrition in affecting responses to immunotherapy, and whether chemotherapy is immunostimulatory or immunosuppressive. Discussion …

Insights From Immuno-Oncology: The Society For Immunotherapy Of Cancer Statement On Access To Il-6-Targeting Therapies For Covid-19., Paolo Antonio Ascierto, Bernard Fox, Walter Urba, Ana Carrizosa Anderson, Michael B Atkins, Ernest C Borden, Julie Brahmer, Lisa H Butterfield, Alessandra Cesano, Daniel Chen, Tanja De Gruijl, Robert O Dillman, Charles G Drake, Leisha A Emens, Thomas F Gajewski, James L Gulley, F Stephen Hodi, Patrick Hwu, David Kaufman, Howard Kaufman, Michael Lotze, Douglas G Mcneel, Kim Margolin, Francesco Marincola, Michael J Mastrangelo, Marcela V Maus, David R Parkinson, Pedro J Romero, Paul M Sondel, Stefani Spranger, Mario Sznol, George J Weiner, Jon M Wiggington, Jeffrey S Weber

Department of Microbiology and Immunology Faculty Papers

No abstract provided.

Efficacy Of Combination Of Immunotherapies In A Murine In A Murine Squamous Cell Carcinoma Model, E. Correia, C. Portocarrero, U. Rodeck

Phase 1

Introduction: Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are a type of neoplasm found in the epithelium of the oral cavity, oropharynx, nasopharynx, larynx, or hypopharynx. Recent evidence has demonstrated that 70-90% of HNSCC are associated with Human Papillomavirus (HPV), particularly strain 16 producing oncogenic proteins E6/E7. Currently, HNSCCs are treated with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, however immunotherapy with immune checkpoint (PD-1) blocking agents promises to improve outcomes in HNSCC.

Objective: This study examined the therapeutic effects of dual and triple combination immunotherapies in a mouse model of HPV-associated HNSCC.

Methods: Treatment modalities included a tumor vaccine (attenuated Listeria monocytogenes …

Reverting Immune Suppression To Enhance Cancer Immunotherapy., Bella S Guerrouahen, Cristina Maccalli, Chiara Cugno, Sergio Rutella, Emmanuel T Akporiaye

Articles, Abstracts, and Reports

Tumors employ strategies to escape immune control. The principle aim of most cancer immunotherapies is to restore effective immune surveillance. Among the different processes regulating immune escape, tumor microenvironment-associated soluble factors, and/or cell surface-bound molecules are mostly responsible for dysfunctional activity of tumor-specific CD8

Distinct Role Of Il-27 In Immature And Lps-Induced Mature Dendritic Cell-Mediated Development Of Cd4, Fang Zhou, Guang-Xian Zhang, A. M. Rostami

Department of Neurology Faculty Papers

Interleukin-27 (IL-27) plays an important role in regulation of anti-inflammatory responses and autoimmunity; however, the molecular mechanisms of IL-27 in modulation of immune tolerance and autoimmunity have not been fully elucidated. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in regulating immune responses mediated by innate and adaptive immune systems, but regulatory mechanisms of DCs in CD4⁺ T cell-mediated immune responses have not yet been elucidated. Here we show that IL-27 treated mature DCs induced by LPS inhibit immune tolerance mediated by LPS-stimulated DCs. IL-27 treatment facilitates development of the CD4⁺ CD127⁺3G11⁺ regulatory T cell subset …

Combination Oral Immunotherapy With Il-10 And Il-12 Effectively Treats Colon Tumors Via Synergistic Effects On Il-17 Producing T Cells And Colon Epithelial Barrier Integrity., Neal Bhutiani

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

In this dissertation, the relationship between colon cancer and inflammation, the utility of novel imaging modalities for diagnosis of colitis and cancer, and the therapeutic efficacy of orally delivered, particle-based immunotherapy for the treatment of colon cancer are evaluated. In Chapters One and Two, multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) is demonstrated to effectively detect colon inflammation without the use of exogenous contrast prior to detection using conventional colonoscopy. Oral particle uptake is demonstrated in the distal small intestine and proximal colon, confirming site-specific delivery. In Chapter Three, administration of IL-10 and IL-12 containing particles is shown to act synergistically to significantly …

Muc4 Based Immunotherapy For Pancreatic Cancer, Kasturi Banerjee

Theses & Dissertations

Pancreatic Cancer (PC) is a lethal disease claiming approximately 45000 lives in the US in 2018, and it establishes an elaborate immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment that aids in disease pathogenesis. Immunotherapy has emerged as a strategy to target tumor cells by reprogramming patient’s immune system. Challenges present in PC immunotherapy are: i) identifying a tumor-associated antigen that could be targeted, ii) identifying adjuvants that could efficiently deliver antigens, iii) eliciting robust anti-tumor responses and iv) overcoming peripheral tolerance and immunosuppression elicited by the tumor.

Firstly, we detected circulating autoantibodies to MUC4 present in PC patients and observed that IgM autoantibodies to …

The Systemic Quantification Of Immune Cell Populations In Various Murine Models: How Age, Tumor Burden, And Immunotherapy Affect The Immune Response, Kavita Sinha

Honors Scholar Theses

Immunotherapy as a form of cancer treatment has become increasingly popular in the past few decades. Researchers have worked to figure out how to best use the body’s natural defense mechanism, the immune system, to fight off and destroy cancer cells. In particular, the goal has been to manipulate checkpoint blockades such as CTLA-4 and PD-1 in order to take the breaks off of the immune system, allowing for a prolonged immune response to the cancer. This work has led to the development of human versions of anti-CTLA4 antibodies (ipilimumab, tremelimumab) and anti-PD1 antibodies (pembrolizumab and Nivolumab) that are currently …

Development Of Methods To Modulate Natural Killer Cells, Kari A. Shaver

Honors Undergraduate Theses

Natural Killer (NK) cell based immunotherapies have demonstrated success against malignancies and hematological cancers. However, tumors have developed mechanisms to evade detection by and suppress the immune system, commonly through altering the expression of cell-surface proteins. Overexpression of human leukocyte antigen-E (HLA-E), which binds to the inhibitory NKG2A on NK cells, protects malignant cells from lysis. Downregulating the NKG2A receptor on NK cells should release NK cell inhibition, but proves challenging as NK cells are difficult to transfect and no good methods currently exist. This project is designed to investigate the use of exosomes – small vesicles and natural carriers …

Integrative Cancer Immunogenomic Analysis Of Serial Melanoma Biopsies Reveals Correlates Of Response And Resistance To Sequential Ctla-4 And Pd-1 Blockade Treatment, Whijae Roh

Dissertations and Theses (Open Access)

Melanoma is the most malignant form of skin cancer. The five-year survival rate for metastatic melanoma is 19.9%. Although targeted therapy of BRAF and MEK inhibitors were developed for melanoma, resistance to therapy is inevitable. Immune checkpoint blockade, which reverses the suppression of the immune system, on the other hand, has shown a durable response in 20-30% of patients with metastatic melanoma. However, more predictive and robust biomarkers of response to this therapy are still needed, and resistance mechanisms remain incompletely understood. To address this, we examined a cohort of metastatic melanoma patients treated with sequential checkpoint blockade against cytotoxic …

Memory Potential, Molecular Characterization, And Translational Applications Of The Novel Theo/Tceo T Cell Phenotype, Todd Bartkowiak, Todd Bartkowiak

Dissertations and Theses (Open Access)

T cells comprise a substantial arm of the immune system and are exquisitely adapted to combat pathogens and tumors. The inflammatory environment largely dictates the nature of T cell response. A hallmark of T cell-mediated immunity is formation of immunological memory; the ability to respond more potently to re-encounter with pathogens. The immune system is also capable of recognizing tumors as foreign, much like viral or bacterial pathogens. Tumors have evolved, though, to generate an immunosuppressive environment to avoid destruction. The field of immunotherapy seeks to overcome immune suppression, in part by targeting T cell co-receptors on the cell surface …

Dynamic Assessment Of Nk Cell Interactions With Pediatric Tumor Cells To Predict Response To Immunotherapy, Arianexys Aquino Lopez

Dissertations and Theses (Open Access)

Due to Natural Killer (NK) cells’ capacity to target tumor cells without prior sensitization, adoptive NK cell therapy represents a promising immunotherapy approach for pediatric cancer patients. Our laboratory has developed an NK cell expansion protocol that generates large quantities of NK cells for therapeutic infusion. Given that NK cells are heterogeneous, with variable receptor expression and potential to target tumor cells, the purpose of my study was to determine whether subpopulations of NK cells with enhanced anti-tumor potential could be identified for increased potency of the NK cell infusion product. In addition, we previously showed that our expanded NK …

Chemical Modulation Of Cancer Cells To Enhance Tumor Immunity, Florisela Herrejon Chavez

PSU McNair Scholars Online Journal

Breakthroughs in immunotherapy have led to cancer therapeutics that activate the immune system by blocking inhibitory mechanisms. This class of therapeutics has resulted in longer survival rates for cancer patients, some living over 10 years after being diagnosed as terminally ill. However, only a small fraction of patients who receive immunotherapy drugs respond favorably.Recent studies suggest that certain anticancer agents (both cytotoxic chemotherapeutics and targeted drugs) stimulate immune recognition of cancers. Identification of such immunomodulatory anticancer agents would make ideal partners for current immunotherapy treatments, thus increasing the proportion of the treated patients who benefit from immunotherapy. This study aimed …

Developing Novel Approaches To Improve Response To T Cell Based Cancer Immunotherapy, Rina M. Mbofung

Dissertations and Theses (Open Access)

Recently, T cell based immunotherapies have moved to the forefront of cancer immunotherapy with the success of Adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) and Immune checkpoint blockade.ACT, where patients are treated with tumour infiltrating T cells (TILs), conferred a clinical response rate of ~50%. Treatment with anti-CTLA4 and anti –PD1 therapy, conferred response rates of up to 50%, greatly improving the overall survival of patients with advanced melanoma amongst other cancer types. Despite the encouraging outcomes, there are relatively low response rates coupled with the delay of weeks to months before tumour shrinkage can be appreciated. Thus, understanding what tumour intrinsic …

Activation And Expansion Of Natural Killer Cells For Cancer Immunotherapy With Ex21 Exosomes, Sara Khederzadeh

Honors Undergraduate Theses

In the field of cancer immunotherapy, NK cells are recognized for their ability to provide a form of innate immunity against tumor cells. However, the average abundance of NK cells in the blood can be as low as 5% of the total lymphocyte population. As a result, it has been a focus to find novel therapies to expand NK cells in vitro while subsequently enhancing the cytotoxicity of these cells. Previously-defined methods include the minimal expansion of NK cells with high levels of cytokines such as IL-2 and IL-15, as well as co-culturing NK cells with feeder cell populations that …

Signaling In Effector Lymphocytes: Insights Toward Safer Immunotherapy, Kamalakannan Rajasekaran, Matthew J. Riese, Sridhar Rao, Li Wang, Monica Thakar, Charles Sentman, Subramaniam Malarkannan

Dartmouth Scholarship

Receptors on T and NK cells systematically propagate highly complex signaling cascades that direct immune effector functions, leading to protective immunity. While extensive studies have delineated hundreds of signaling events that take place upon receptor engagement, the precise molecular mechanism that differentially regulates the induction or repression of a unique effector function is yet to be fully defined. Such knowledge can potentiate the tailoring of signal transductions and transform cancer immunotherapies. Targeted manipulations of signaling cascades can augment one effector function such as antitumor cytotoxicity while contain the overt generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines that contribute to treatment-related toxicity such as …

Challenges Of Adoptive (T-)Cell Transfer Immunotherapy For Cancer, Aaron Volk

Biology: Student Scholarship & Creative Works

Background and significance: The rebirth of the theory of immunosurveillance in 2001 rejuvenated interest in anticancer immunotherapies. In particular, T-cell-based therapies have garnered substantial interest due to the robustness and tumor antigen-specific cytotoxicity of T-cell anticancer immune responses.

Hypothesis: The efficacy of adoptive cell transfer (ACT) T-cell immunotherapy could significantly improve and gain widespread approval if future innovations in ACT-based approaches account for the pro- and antitumoral properties of non-CD8⁺ lineages of effector T-cells, evasion of T-cell antitumor immunity, and tumor-induced suppression of antitumor immunity.

Problem Analysis: Despite numerous reports of highly successful ACT-based clinical trials, no such therapy …

Use Of Immunotherapy In The Treatment Of Peanut Allergies In The Pediatric Population, Bethany Rauscher

Senior Honors Theses

Peanut allergies are a serious issue that must be monitored and treated effectively to avoid severe adverse effects and death. In the last decade, their incidence has increased significantly, due to indeterminate factors. Because people typically do not outgrow peanut allergies and the effects of exposure can be life-threatening, it is important that a cure or management method is developed and refined. Recent research regarding treatment for peanut allergies has focused on the use of immunotherapy, a process aimed at desensitizing children's immune systems so that they do not reject foods that contain peanuts. Some studies utilizing immunotherapy have provided …

Tethered Il-15 To Augment The Therapeutic Potential Of T Cells Expressing Chimeric Antigen Receptor: Maintaining Memory Potential, Persistence, And Antitumor Activity, Lenka Hurton

Dissertations and Theses (Open Access)

Tethered IL-15 to augment the therapeutic potential of T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptor: Maintaining memory potential, persistence, and antitumor activity

Adoptive immunotherapy can retarget T cells to CD19, a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) expressed on B-cell malignancies, by the expression of a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR). Infusion of CAR-modified T cells for the treatment B-cell malignancies has demonstrated promise in preclinical and clinical trials. These data highlight the ability of infused CD19-specific T cells to be synchronously activated by large burdens of CD19⁺ leukemia and lymphoma. This can lead to dramatic antitumor effects, but also exposes the recipient to …

Immunotherapy As A Treatment Option For Patients With Pancreatic Cancer, Yehuda Lehrfield

The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences

Pancreatic cancer is one of the worst forms of cancer that can develop in an individual. Traditionally, chemotherapy is administered but it has very limited success. Using the immune system to treat the cancer is very enticing and many studies have been conducted to attempt to harness the body’s own mechanisms to defeat the cancer. It seems that in order to properly treat the tumor a two pronged approach must be used. First, the immune system must be stimulated to react to the tumor and attack it. A possible cytokine that can be utilized is interferon alpha, which could result …