Medical Sciences Commons^™

Hydroxychloroquine Plus Azithromycin And Early Hospital Admission Are Beneficial Incovid-19 Patients: Turkish Experience With Real-Life Data, Eli̇f Tanriverdi̇, Mustafa Çörtük, Bi̇nnaz Zeynep Yildirim, Efsun Gonca Uğur Chousein, Demet Turan, Hali̇t Çinarka, Mehmet Aki̇f Özgül, Erdoğan Çeti̇nkaya

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Background/aim: New treatment regimens for COVID-19, which has threatened the world recently, continue to be investigated. Although some of the treatments are promising, it is thought to be early to state that there is definitive treatment. Experiences and treatment protocol studies from treatment centers are still important. The aim of this study is to evaluate factors affecting the treatment process of the first cases followed in our clinic. Materials and methods: The consecutive hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia were analyzed in this retrospective and cross-sectional study. Data were recorded from the electronic and written files of patients. Results: Eighty-three patients …

Effects Of The Covid-19 Pandemic On Psychology And Disease Activity In Patients Withankylosing Spondylitis And Rheumatoid Arthritis, Şaki̇r Gica, Yasemi̇n Akkubak, Zaki̇re Kübra Aksoy, Adem Küçük, Erkan Cüre

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Background/aim: The COVID-19 outbreak is known to increase stress levels of most patients with chronic diseases. Patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are highly susceptible to environmental stress. In the current study, we aimed to determine how the COVID-19 pandemic psychologically affected patients with chronic progressive diseases such as AS and RA and the effects of these psychological factors on disease activity. Materials and methods: Age and sex-matched patients with AS (n = 80), RA (n = 80), and healthy controls (n = 80) were included in the study. All participants were evaluated with the "Perceived COVID-19 …

Covid-19 Clinical Course And Blood Groups: Turkish Population-Based Study, Mehmet Si̇nan Dal, Nai̇m Ata, Fevzi̇ Altuntaş, Semi̇h Başci, Tuğçe Nur Yi̇ğenoğlu, Serdal Korkmaz, Si̇nem Namdaroğlu, Abdulkadi̇r Baştürk, Tuba Hacibeki̇roğlu, Mehmet Hi̇lmi̇ Doğu, İlhami̇ Berber, Kürşat Dal, Mehmet Ali̇ Erkurt, Burhan Turgut, Murat Çağlayan

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Background/aim: SARS-CoV-2 enters the cell through the binding of the S glycoprotein on the surface of the virus to the angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) in the host cells and also SARS-CoV S protein binding to ACE-2 was inhibited by anti-A antibodies. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between blood groups and the course of COVID-19 in Turkey. Materials and methods: Laboratory confirmed COVID-19 patients aged 18 and over (n = 39.850) were randomized in age and sexmatched groups according to blood groups Results: Advanced age, male sex and blood group A were found to be related …

Risk Factors Associated With Mortality In Intensive Care Covid-19 Patients: Theimportance Of Chest Ct Score And Intubation Timing As Risk Factors, Veci̇he Bayrak, Nurcan Şentürk Durukan, Ferhan Demi̇rer Aydemi̇r, Begüm Ergan, Naci̇ye Si̇nem Gezer, Oya Özlem Eren Kutsoylu, Ali̇ Necati̇ Gökmen, Yusuf Savran

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Background/aim: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease with a high rate of progression to critical illness. However, the predictors of mortality in critically ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) are not yet well understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the risk factors associated with ICU mortality in our hospital. Materials and methods: In this single-centered retrospective study, we enrolled 86 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 admitted to ICU of Dokuz Eylül University Hospital (İzmir, Turkey) between 18 March 2020 and 31 October 2020. Data on demographic information, preexisting comorbidities, treatments, the laboratory findings …

Tracheostomy In Covid-19-Infected Patients, Mohammad M. Gaballah, Wael M. H Eldin Eldrandaly

Journal of Medicine in Scientific Research

Purpose To evaluate the modifications in the indications and technique of tracheostomy for prolonged-intubated COVID-19-infected patients. Methodology Commissioned by the Ministry of Health in Egypt, different guidelines for tracheostomy for COVID-19 patients were revised. A guideline was adopted and modified to meet the equipment provided by facilities assigned to contain the current pandemic. The understanding of staff and the applicability of the new guidelines were evaluated using a mini-summative quiz answered by 117 tracheostomy team members in facilities around Grand Cairo, Egypt. Results The percentages of consistent answers for questions 1–6 were 94, 90.60, 89.70, 95.70, 61.50, and 93.20%, respectively. …

Postacute Covid-19: An Overview And Approach To Classification, Eva M Amenta, Amy Spallone, Maria C Rodriguez-Barradas, Hana M El Sahly, Robert L Atmar, Prathit A Kulkarni

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has progressed, a large volume of literature has developed delineating the clinical manifestations of acute infection. Recent reports have also started to describe persistent symptoms extending beyond the period of initial illness or hospitalization. Anecdotes of different signs and symptoms occurring after acute infection have also arisen in the lay press. Here we describe the current existing medical literature on the emerging concept of postacute COVID-19 and suggest an approach to classifying different manifestations of the syndrome. We also review long-term clinical manifestations observed in patients who recovered from infection due to other …

Safety And Effectiveness Of Hydroxychloroquine And Azithromycin Combination Therapy For Treatment Of Hospitalized Patients With Covid-19: A Propensity-Matched Study, Henry D Huang, Hani Jneid, Mariam Aziz, Venkatesh Ravi, Parikshit S Sharma, Timothy Larsen, Neal Chatterjee, Basil Saour, Zaid Aziz, Hemal Nayak, Richard G Trohman, Kousik Krishnan

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

INTRODUCTION: We sought to determine the effectiveness and safety of hydroxychloroquine-azithromycin (HCQ-AZM) therapy in hospitalized patients with COVID-19.

METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of 613 patients hospitalized (integrated health system involving three hospitals) for RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 infection between March 1, 2020 and April 25, 2020. Intervention was treatment with HCQ-AZM in hospitalized patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Outcomes of interest were in-hospital all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, pulseless electrical activity (PEA) arrest, non-lethal arrhythmias, and length of hospital stay. Secondary measures included in-hospital corrected QT (QTc) interval parameters and serum biomarkers levels.

RESULTS: Propensity-matched …

Great Expectations: Phosph(On)Ate Prodrugs In Drug Design—Opportunities And Limitations, Victoria Yan

Dissertations and Theses (Open Access)

Phosphate and phosphonates are chemical moieties with historical precedence in anticancer and antiviral nucleotide analogues. Synchronous to modern efforts identifying novel therapeutic targets in cancer, such chemical moieties are being investigated in the design of novel inhibitors with antineoplastic potential. A central challenge to the delivery of phosph(on)ate-containing drugs is their anionic character at physiological pH, which portends poor membrane permeability. This limitation has been successfully overcome through the use of prodrugs. When attached to the phosph(on)ate moiety, prodrugs mask the negative charge and easily enable cell permeability. Upon cellular entry, the promoieties are enzymatically or environmentally cleaved to unveil …

Acute Ischemic Stroke As The Presenting Feature Of Covid-19 In The Young And Pregnant, Nermila A. Ballmick, Jiri F. Kubac, Hossein Akhondi

HCA Healthcare Journal of Medicine

Introduction: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an emerging and rapidly evolving public health issue that has become globally widespread and an overwhelming pandemic. Clinical manifestations of the disease include asymptomatic carrier states, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and even multiorgan dysfunction. Here, we present a unique and rare case of an acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in an asymptomatic pregnant woman with no predisposing medical illnesses.

Discussion: An 18-year-old G2P1 African American woman at 7 weeks gestational age with no significant medical or family history presenting to the Emergency Department during the initial phases of the pandemic with complaints of new onset left …

Covid-19 And Arrhythmias: A Review Of Cardiac Electrophysiology Associated With Sars-Cov-2, Kashmala Khan, Francis Dimtri, Carlos Vargas, Thomas Alexander

HCA Healthcare Journal of Medicine

Coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become one of the most recognized viral illnesses to date. Most people infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) have a benign clinical course, but there have also been catastrophic outcomes. Although, notoriously known to affect the respiratory system, extra-pulmonary manifestations have also been established. An increasing number of people have been reported to present with cardiac manifestations, which include but are not limited to arrhythmias. The cardiac conduction system can be damaged by various mechanisms in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we will attempt to briefly describe the arrhythmogenic …

Research Amidst The Pandemic, Howard Burris

HCA Healthcare Journal of Medicine

Cancer patients need access to promising investigational therapies, available only through clinical trials, and the emergence of COVID-19 and the resulting pandemic became an emerging threat to fulfilling that need. Many academic medical centers were pausing their clinical research programs, diverting their resources and sheltering their teams. Sarah Cannon, the Cancer Institute of HCA Healthcare, made the decision to stay safe, but stay the course.

Applications Of Non-Invasive Neuromodulation For The Management Of Disorders Related To Covid-19, Abrahão Fontes Baptista, Adriana Baltar, Alexandre Hideki Okano, Alexandre Moreira, Ana Carolina Pinheiro Campos, Ana Mércia Fernandes, André Russowsky Brunoni, Bashar W. Badran, Clarice Tanaka, Daniel Ciampi De Andrade, Daniel Gomes Da Silva Machado, Edgard Morya, Eduardo Trujillo, Jaiti K. Swami, Joan A. Camprodon, Katia Monte-Silva, Katia Nunes Sá, Isadora Nunes, Juliana Barbosa Goulardins, Marom Bikson, Pedro Sudbrack-Oliveira, Priscila De Carvalho, Rafael Jardim Duarte-Moreira, Rosana Lima Pagano, Samuel Katsuyuki Shinjo, Yossi Zana

Publications and Research

Background: Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) morbidity is not restricted to the respiratory system, but also affects the nervous system. Non-invasive neuromodulation may be useful in the treatment of the disorders associated with COVID-19.

Objective: To describe the rationale and empirical basis of the use of non-invasive neuromodulation in the management of patients with COVID-10 and related disorders.

Methods: We summarize COVID-19 pathophysiology with emphasis of direct neuroinvasiveness, neuroimmune response and inflammation, autonomic balance and neurological, musculoskeletal and neuropsychiatric sequela. This supports the development of a framework for advancing applications of non-invasive neuromodulation in the management COVID-19 and related disorders.

Results: …

Update On The Use Of Transcranial Electrical Brain Stimulation To Manage Acute And Chronic Covid-19 Symptoms, Giuseppina Pilloni, Marom Bikson, Bashar W. Badran, Mark S. George, Steven A. Kautz, Alexandre Hideki Okano, Abrahão Fontes Baptista, Leigh E. Charvet

Publications and Research

The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in the urgent need to develop and deploy treatment approaches that can minimize mortality and morbidity. As infection, resulting illness, and the often prolonged recovery period continue to be characterized, therapeutic roles for transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) have emerged as promising non-pharmacological interventions. tES techniques have established therapeutic potential for managing a range of conditions relevant to COVID-19 illness and recovery, and may further be relevant for the general management of increased mental health problems during this time. Furthermore, these tES techniques can be inexpensive, portable, and allow for trained self-administration. Here, …

FacebookʼS Latest Attempt To Address Vaccine Misinformation — And Why ItʼS Not Enough, Ana Santos Rutschman

All Faculty Scholarship

On October 13, 2020 Facebook announced the adoption of a series of measures to promote vaccine trust “while prohibiting ads with misinformation that could harm public health efforts.” In the post written by Kang-Xing Jin (head of health) and Rob Leathern (director of product management), the company explained that the new measures were designed with an emphasis on encouraging widespread use of this yearʼs flu vaccine, as well as in anticipation of potential COVID-19 vaccines becoming available in the near future.

The changes focus mainly on the establishment of a multiprong informational campaign about the seasonal flu vaccine, which includes …

Donor And Transplant Candidate Selection For Solid Organ Transplantation During The Covid-19 Pandemic, N Thao N Galvan, Nicolas F Moreno, Jay E Garza, Susan Bourgeois, Marion Hemmersbach-Miller, Bhamidipati Murthy, Katherine Timmins, Christine A O'Mahony, James Anton, Andrew Civitello, Puneet Garcha, Gabe Loor, Kenneth Liao, Alexis Shaffi, John Vierling, Rise Stribling, Abbas Rana, John A Goss

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus responsible for a worldwide pandemic has forced drastic changes in medical practice in an alarmingly short period of time. Caregivers must modify their strategies as well as optimize the utilization of resources to ensure public and patient safety. For organ transplantation, in particular, the loss of lifesaving organs for transplantation could lead to increased waitlist mortality. The priority is to select uninfected donors to transplant uninfected recipients while maintaining safety for health care systems in the backdrop of a virulent pandemic. We do not yet have a standard approach to evaluating …

Author Productivity Of Covid-19 Research Output Globally: Testing Lotka's Law, K Kumar Dr

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

COVID-19 is a novel virus with lethal effects on human health, causing respiratory failure and infiltration in the lungs. The present study attempted to examine global publication trends in research associated with COVID-19 and sought the fitness of Lotka's Law, data downloaded from the WHO database (https://www.who.int/). The search term "2019nCoV, COVID -19" was used to retrieve articles published from December 2019 to March 19, 2020. Two thousand two hundred eighteen authors have contributed a total of 2250 articles. Four clusters formed on "author title/abstract," the terms hospital, CoV, coronavirus, pneumonia found associated with 20674 terms, out of which …

Aaim Recommendations For The 2020-2021 Internal Medicine Residency Application Cycle In Response To The Covid-19 Pandemic, Katherine C Chretien, Jaya M Raj, Reeni A Abraham, Paul Aronowitz, Donna J Astiz, Shobhina G Chheda, Ernie L Esquivel, Maria M Garcia, Nadia Ismail, Susan Lane, Suzanne E Mclaughlin, Anne Pereira, Amy W Shaheen, Abby L Spencer, Kimberly M Tartaglia, Lisa L Willett

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

This statement was released in June 2020 by the Alliance for Academic Internal Medicine to provide guidance for the 2020-2021 residency application cycle in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. While many of the recommendations are specific to this cycle, others, such as the Department Summary Letter of Evaluation, are meant to be an enduring change to the internal medicine residency application process. AAIM realizes that some schools may not yet have the tools or resources to implement the template fully this cycle and look toward collaboration within the internal medicine education community to facilitate adoption in the cycles to come.

Comparison Of Sars-Cov-2 Detection From Nasopharyngeal Swab Samples By The Roche Cobas 6800 Sars-Cov-2 Test And A Laboratory-Developed Real-Time Rt-Pcr Test, Elisabet Pujadas, Nnaemeka Ibeh, Matthew M Hernandez, Aneta Waluszko, Tatyana Sidorenko, Vanessa Flores, Biana Shiffrin, Numthip Chiu, Alicia Young-Francois, Michael D Nowak, Alberto E Paniz-Mondolfi, Emilia M Sordillo, Carlos Cordon-Cardo, Jane Houldsworth, Melissa R Gitman

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

The urgent need to implement and rapidly expand testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has led to the development of multiple assays. How these tests perform relative to one another is poorly understood. We evaluated the concordance between the Roche Diagnostics cobas 6800 SARS-CoV-2 test and a laboratory-developed test (LDT) real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction based on a modified Centers for Disease Control and Prevention protocol, for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in samples submitted to the Clinical Laboratories of the Mount Sinai Health System. A total of 1006 nasopharyngeal swabs in universal transport medium from persons under …

A Novel Methodology To Identify The Primary Topics Contained Within The Covid-19 Research Corpus, Allen Crane, Brock Freidrich, William Fehlman, Igor Frolow, Daniel W. Engels

SMU Data Science Review

In this paper, we present a novel framework and system for the identification of primary research topics from within a corpus of related publications, the classification of individual publications according to these topics, and the results of the application of our framework and system to the COVID-19 Open Research Dataset (CORD-19). CORD-19 is a corpus of published peer reviewed and pre-peer reviewed articles related to the coronavirus that causes COVID-19. Using machine learning techniques, such as Non-negative Matrix Factorization for Natural Language Processing and a Bayesian classifier, we developed a novel framework and system that automatically extracts sparse and meaningful …

Artificial Intelligence For Rapid Meta-Analysis: Case Study On Ocular Toxicity Of Hydroxychloroquine., Matthew Michelson, Tiffany Chow, Neil A Martin, Mike Ross, Amelia Tee Qiao Ying, Steven Minton

Articles, Abstracts, and Reports

BACKGROUND: Rapid access to evidence is crucial in times of an evolving clinical crisis. To that end, we propose a novel approach to answer clinical queries, termed rapid meta-analysis (RMA). Unlike traditional meta-analysis, RMA balances a quick time to production with reasonable data quality assurances, leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) to strike this balance.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate whether RMA can generate meaningful clinical insights, but crucially, in a much faster processing time than traditional meta-analysis, using a relevant, real-world example.

METHODS: The development of our RMA approach was motivated by a currently relevant clinical question: is ocular toxicity and …

Molecular Mechanisms And Epidemiology Of Covid-19 From An Allergist’S Perspective, Koa Hosoki, Abhijit Chakraborty, Sanjiv Sur

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

The global pandemic caused by the newly described severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused worldwide suffering and death of unimaginable magnitude from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The virus is transmitted through aerosol droplets, and causes severe acute respiratory syndrome. SARS-CoV-2 uses the receptor-binding domain of its spike protein S1 to attach to the host angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor in lung and airway cells. Binding requires the help of another host protein, transmembrane protease serine S1 member 2. Several factors likely contribute to the efficient transmission of SARS-CoV-2. The receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 has a 10- to 20-fold …

Prospects For Rnai Therapy Of Covid-19, Hasan Uludağ, Kylie Parent, Hamidreza Montazeri Aliabadi, Azita Haddadi

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus is a fast emerging disease with deadly consequences. The pulmonary system and lungs in particular are most prone to damage caused by the SARS-CoV-2 infection, which leaves a destructive footprint in the lung tissue, making it incapable of conducting its respiratory functions and resulting in severe acute respiratory disease and loss of life. There were no drug treatments or vaccines approved for SARS-CoV-2 at the onset of pandemic, necessitating an urgent need to develop effective therapeutics. To this end, the innate RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism can be employed to develop front line therapies against …

Rna-Gps Predicts Sars-Cov-2 Rna Residency To Host Mitochondria And Nucleolus, Kevin E Wu, Furqan M Fazal, Kevin R Parker, James Zou, Howard Y Chang

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

SARS-CoV-2 genomic and subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) transcripts hijack the host cell's machinery. Subcellular localization of its viral RNA could, thus, play important roles in viral replication and host antiviral immune response. We perform computational modeling of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA subcellular residency across eight subcellular neighborhoods. We compare hundreds of SARS-CoV-2 genomes with the human transcriptome and other coronaviruses. We predict the SARS-CoV-2 RNA genome and sgRNAs to be enriched toward the host mitochondrial matrix and nucleolus, and that the 5' and 3' viral untranslated regions contain the strongest, most distinct localization signals. We interpret the mitochondrial residency signal as an …

Stem Crisis Teaching: Curriculum Design With E-Learning Tools, Sonya E. Van Nuland, Elissa Hall, Natalie R. Langley

School of Medicine Faculty Publications

The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent social distancing protocols have accelerated the shift to online teaching across the globe. In Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) programs this means a shift from face-to-face laboratory instruction to self-directed learning with e-learning tools. Unfortunately, selecting and integrating an e-learning tool into a curriculum can be daunting. This article highlights key questions and practical suggestions instructors should consider in choosing the most effective option for their course and learners.

Endocrine Significance Of Sars-Cov-2'S Reliance On Ace2, Eric Lazartigues, Mirza Muhammad Fahd Qadir, Franck Mauvais-Jarvis

School of Medicine Faculty Publications

The current COVID-19 pandemic is the most disruptive event in the past 50 years, with a global impact on health care and world economies. It is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a coronavirus that uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as an entry point to the cells. ACE2 is a transmembrane carboxypeptidase and member of the renin-angiotensin system. This mini-review summarizes the main findings regarding ACE2 expression and function in endocrine tissues. We discuss rapidly evolving knowledge on the potential role of ACE2 and SARS coronaviruses in endocrinology and the development of diabetes mellitus, hypogonadism, and pituitary and …

Cardiac Surgery During The Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: Perioperative Considerations And Triage Recommendations, Vivek Patel, Ernesto Jimenez, Lorraine Cornwell, Trung Tran, David Paniagua, Ali E Denktas, Andrew Chou, Samuel J Hankins, Biykem Bozkurt, Todd K Rosengart, Hani Jneid

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, represents the third human affliction attributed to the highly pathogenic coronavirus in the current century. Because of its highly contagious nature and unprecedented global spread, its aggressive clinical presentation, and the lack of effective treatment, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection is causing the loss of thousands of lives and imparting unparalleled strain on healthcare systems around the world. In the current report, we discuss perioperative considerations for patients undergoing cardiac surgery and provide clinicians with recommendations to effectively triage and plan these procedures during the coronavirus disease …

Foundational Research And Nih Funding Enabling Emergency Use Authorization Of Remdesivir For Covid-19, Ekaterina Galkina Cleary, Matthew J. Jackson, Zoë Folchman-Wagner, Fred D. Ledley

Natural & Applied Sciences Faculty Publications

Emergency Use Authorization for remdesivir months after discovery of COVID-19 is unprecedented. Typically, decades of research and public-sector funding are required to establish the mature body of foundational research requisite for efficient, targeted drug discovery and development. This work quantifies the body of research related to remdesivir’s biological target, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), or parent chemical structure, nucleoside analogs (NcAn), through 2019, as well as NIH funding for this research 2000–2019. There were 6,567 RdRp-related publications in PubMed, including 1,263 with NIH support, and 11,073 NcAn-related publications, including 2,319 with NIH support. NIH support for RdRp research comprised 2,203 Project …

Convalescent Plasma In Covid-19, Ranjit S. Banwait, Joshua K. Salabei, Troy J. Fishman, Uma G. Iyer

HCA Healthcare Journal of Medicine

The recent pandemic of SARS-CoV-2, which causes novel coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), has had devastating impact on a global and national scale. In order to overcome this outbreak it is imperative we find treatments that are safe and effective. To date, no definitive treatment is available that can curtail the spread of this viral syndrome. Convalescent plasma (CP) is one such option that has repeatedly served as an important tool in treatment of various bacterial and viral infections, especially in the setting of no specific antimicrobial or vaccination against an infectious disease. Herein, we review the history of CP, prior …

Impact Of Covid-19 On Pediatric Gastroenterology Fellow Training In North America, Daniel Mallon, John F Pohl, Uma P Phatak, Melissa Fernandes, John M Rosen, Sarah S Lusman, Cade M Nylund, Candi S Jump, Aliza B Solomon, Arvind Srinath, Andrew Singer, Rula Harb, Norberto Rodriguez-Baez, Kristin L Whitfield Van Buren, Shifra Koyfman, Riha Bhatt, Dellys M Soler-Rodriguez, Mamata Sivagnanam, Christine K Lee, Naspghan Training Committee Covid-19 Survey Working Group

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has drastically changed healthcare systems and training around the world. The Training Committee of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition sought to understand how COVID-19 has affected pediatric gastroenterology fellowship training.

METHODS: A 21 question survey was distributed to all 77 pediatric gastroenterology fellowship program directors (PDs) in the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition program director database via email on April 7. Responses collected through April 19, 2020 were analyzed using descriptive statistics.

RESULTS: Fifty-one of 77 (66%) PDs from the United States, Canada, and Mexico responded to …

How Immune T-Cell Augmentation Can Help Prevent Covid-19: A Possible Nutritional Solution Using Ketogenic Lifestyle, Ravi K. Kamepalli Md,Fidsa,Cwsp

The University of Louisville Journal of Respiratory Infections

No abstract provided.