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2019

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Articles 31 - 60 of 1438

Full-Text Articles in Medical Sciences

Genetic Variations In A Cytochrome P450 Enzyme And The Effects On Clopidogrel Bioactivation And Metabolism, Maryanne Ventura, Lauren Desko, Kimberly Gathers, Ashley Overy, David Kisor Dec 2019

Genetic Variations In A Cytochrome P450 Enzyme And The Effects On Clopidogrel Bioactivation And Metabolism, Maryanne Ventura, Lauren Desko, Kimberly Gathers, Ashley Overy, David Kisor

Pharmacy and Wellness Review

Clopidogrel, the top prescribed antiplatelet medication for individuals who have experienced a myocardial infarction or cerebral vascular accident or who have peripheral arterial disease, is administered orally as a prodrug. It relies on hepatic metabolism through cytochrome P450 enzymes for conversion to its active form. Current research shows that allelic variation m the gene coding for CYP2C19 is the main factor contributing to the variability of response associated with clopidogrel treatment. Through the promotion of genetic testing for variability in the CYP2C19 gene and competently interpreting test results, pharmacists have the opportunity to use these findings to significantly impact clopidogrel …

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Sympathetic Nervous System Reactivity In Women Following Preeclamptic Pregnancies, Nina Stachenfeld, Charlotte Usseleman, Cheryl Leone, Michael Paidas Dec 2019

Sympathetic Nervous System Reactivity In Women Following Preeclamptic Pregnancies, Nina Stachenfeld, Charlotte Usseleman, Cheryl Leone, Michael Paidas

Yale Day of Data

Women who have had preeclamptic pregnancies are at risk for life-long cardiovascular disease. However, the factors contributing to this risk have yet to be established. Sympathetic nervous system dysregulation has been proposed to contribute to cardiovascular dysfunction during preeclamptic pregnancies. Therefore, we examined muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) at baseline and during a chemoreflex stimulus in women 6-24 months postpartum following a preeclamptic pregnancy (PE; n=6, age 28±2 y, BMI 27±3 kg/m2, 17±4 months postpartum). We hypothesized that MSNA responses to apnea would be greater in PE relative to control subjects, that is, women 6-24 months following a healthy pregnancy …

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Pharmacogenomics: Your Medical Identity, Hilary Stewart, Lisa Berni, Tyler Bulcher, Joel Rittenhouse, Ryan W. Naseman, Jon E. Sprague Dec 2019

Pharmacogenomics: Your Medical Identity, Hilary Stewart, Lisa Berni, Tyler Bulcher, Joel Rittenhouse, Ryan W. Naseman, Jon E. Sprague

Pharmacy and Wellness Review

Pharmacogenomics, the fusion of pharmacology and genomics, shows strong potential to solve many of today's dosing problems. lnter-patient dosing requirements, mainly due to genetic variability between patients, represent significant challenges for prescribers. Certain receptors, drug-targeted proteins, drug-transport mechanisms and drug-metabolizing enzymes are genetically established. Hence, any defect, absence or abnormality in the gene could alter how an affected individual will respond to a given drug. Due to advancements in technology, health care professionals who utilize pharmacogenomics may assess a patient's genetic profile and determine a predicted response to specific medications. This may result in potentially optimal dosing at the onset …

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Evaluation Of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha In Sleep-Deprived Menopausal- Induced Rats And The Impact On Bone Health, Nicole Ellsworth, Dwight Curry Iii, Cj Deleon, Frank Frisch Dec 2019

Evaluation Of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha In Sleep-Deprived Menopausal- Induced Rats And The Impact On Bone Health, Nicole Ellsworth, Dwight Curry Iii, Cj Deleon, Frank Frisch

Student Scholar Symposium Abstracts and Posters

Post-menopausal osteoporosis as a consequence of estrogen depletion is a growing concern for women in the United States. As more women take on executive positions and experience sleep deprivation, there is the potential for up regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha. It follows that the homeostatic imbalance of osteoclastic and osteoblastic activity leads to a greater risk of disease. Bisphosphonates generally, and Zolendronate specifically works by decreasing the number of osteoclasts. This current study investigated the impact of Zolendronate on the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor alpha-type (TNFɑ) in 32 ovariectomized Wistar rats. Throughout a five …

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Langerhans Cells Orchestrate The Protective Antiviral Innate Immune Response In The Lymph Node., Eric B. Wong, Brian Montoya, Colby Stotesbury, Maria Ferez, Ren-Huan Xu, Luis J. Sigal Dec 2019

Langerhans Cells Orchestrate The Protective Antiviral Innate Immune Response In The Lymph Node., Eric B. Wong, Brian Montoya, Colby Stotesbury, Maria Ferez, Ren-Huan Xu, Luis J. Sigal

Department of Microbiology and Immunology Faculty Papers

During disseminating viral infections, a swift innate immune response (IIR) in the draining lymph node (dLN) that restricts systemic viral spread is critical for optimal resistance to disease. However, it is unclear how this IIR is orchestrated. We show that after footpad infection of mice with ectromelia virus, dendritic cells (DCs) highly expressing major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC class IIhi DCs), including CD207+ epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs), CD103+CD207+ double-positive dermal DCs (DP-DCs), and CD103−CD207− double-negative dermal DCs (DN-DCs) migrate to the dLN from the skin carrying virus. MHC class IIhi …

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Alzheimer's And Amyloid Beta: Amyloidogenicity And Tauopathy Via Dyshomeostatic Interactions Of Amyloid Beta, Jordan Tillinghast Dec 2019

Alzheimer's And Amyloid Beta: Amyloidogenicity And Tauopathy Via Dyshomeostatic Interactions Of Amyloid Beta, Jordan Tillinghast

Senior Honors Theses

This paper reviews functions of Amyloid-β (Aβ) in healthy individuals compared to the consequences of aberrant Aβ in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). As extraneuronal Aβ accumulation and plaque formation are characteristics of AD, it is reasonable to infer a pivotal role for Aβ in AD pathogenesis. Establishing progress of the disease as well as the mechanism of neurodegeneration from AD have proven difficult (Selkoe, 1994). This thesis provides evidence suggesting the pathogenesis of AD is due to dysfunctional neuronal processes involving Aβ’s synaptic malfunction, abnormal interaction with tau, and disruption of neuronal homeostasis. Significant evidence demonstrates that AD symptoms are partially …

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Effectiveness Of Individual Nutrition Education Compared To Group Education, In Improving Anthropometric And Biochemical Indices Among Hypertensive Adults With Excessive Body Weight: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Danuta Gajewska, Alicja Kucharska, Marcin Kozak, Shahla M. Wunderlich, Joanna Niegowska Dec 2019

Effectiveness Of Individual Nutrition Education Compared To Group Education, In Improving Anthropometric And Biochemical Indices Among Hypertensive Adults With Excessive Body Weight: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Danuta Gajewska, Alicja Kucharska, Marcin Kozak, Shahla M. Wunderlich, Joanna Niegowska

Department of Nutrition and Food Studies Scholarship and Creative Works

Objective: The study aims to compare the effectiveness of individual and group nutrition education methods in improving key anthropometric and biochemical markers in drug-treated, overweight-obese hypertensive adults. Methods: The randomized trial included 170 patients with pharmacologically well-controlled primary hypertension and body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2. For six months, the patients received six sessions, either one-to-one individual nutrition education (IE, n = 89) or group education (GE, n= 81), developed by dietitians. Anthropometric measurements, body composition, and fasting measures of biochemical parameters were obtained at baseline and after six months of intervention. Results: 150 patients completed the …

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Allele-Specific Rna Interference Prevents Neuropathy In Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Type 2d Mouse Models., Kathryn H Morelli, Laurie B Griffin, Nettie K Pyne, Lindsay M Wallace, Allison M Fowler, Stephanie N Oprescu, Ryuichi Takase, Na Wei, Rebecca Meyer-Schuman, Dattatreya Mellacheruvu, Jacob O Kitzman, Samuel G Kocen, Timothy J Hines, Emily L Spaulding, James R Lupski, Alexey Nesvizhskii, Pedro Mancias, Ian J Butler, Xiang-Lei Yang, Ya-Ming Hou, Anthony Antonellis, Scott Q Harper, Robert W Burgess Dec 2019

Allele-Specific Rna Interference Prevents Neuropathy In Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Type 2d Mouse Models., Kathryn H Morelli, Laurie B Griffin, Nettie K Pyne, Lindsay M Wallace, Allison M Fowler, Stephanie N Oprescu, Ryuichi Takase, Na Wei, Rebecca Meyer-Schuman, Dattatreya Mellacheruvu, Jacob O Kitzman, Samuel G Kocen, Timothy J Hines, Emily L Spaulding, James R Lupski, Alexey Nesvizhskii, Pedro Mancias, Ian J Butler, Xiang-Lei Yang, Ya-Ming Hou, Anthony Antonellis, Scott Q Harper, Robert W Burgess

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty Papers

Gene therapy approaches are being deployed to treat recessive genetic disorders by restoring the expression of mutated genes. However, the feasibility of these approaches for dominantly inherited diseases - where treatment may require reduction in the expression of a toxic mutant protein resulting from a gain-of-function allele - is unclear. Here we show the efficacy of allele-specific RNAi as a potential therapy for Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2D (CMT2D), caused by dominant mutations in glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GARS). A de novo mutation in GARS was identified in a patient with a severe peripheral neuropathy, and a mouse model precisely recreating the mutation …

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Comparison Of Quality Control Methods For Automated Diffusion Tensor Imaging Analysis Pipelines, Seyyed M.H. Haddad, Christopher J.M. Scott, Miracle Ozzoude, Melissa F. Holmes, Stephen R. Arnott, Nuwan D. Nanayakkara, Joel Ramirez, Sandra E. Black, Dar Dowlatshahi, Stephen C. Strother, Richard H. Swartz, Sean Symons, Manuel Montero-Odasso, Robert Bartha Dec 2019

Comparison Of Quality Control Methods For Automated Diffusion Tensor Imaging Analysis Pipelines, Seyyed M.H. Haddad, Christopher J.M. Scott, Miracle Ozzoude, Melissa F. Holmes, Stephen R. Arnott, Nuwan D. Nanayakkara, Joel Ramirez, Sandra E. Black, Dar Dowlatshahi, Stephen C. Strother, Richard H. Swartz, Sean Symons, Manuel Montero-Odasso, Robert Bartha

Medical Biophysics Publications

© 2019 Haddad et al. The processing of brain diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data for large cohort studies requires fully automatic pipelines to perform quality control (QC) and artifact/outlier removal procedures on the raw DTI data prior to calculation of diffusion parameters. In this study, three automatic DTI processing pipelines, each complying with the general ENIGMA framework, were designed by uniquely combining multiple image processing software tools. Different QC procedures based on the RESTORE algorithm, the DTIPrep protocol, and a combination of both methods were compared using simulated ground truth and artifact containing DTI datasets modeling eddy current induced distortions, …

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Mousebytes, An Open-Access High-Throughput Pipeline And Database For Rodent Touchscreen-Based Cognitive Assessment, Flavio H. Beraldo, Daniel Palmer, Sara Memar, David I. Wasserman, Wai Jane V. Lee, Shuai Liang, Samantha D. Creighton, Benjamin Kolisnyk, Matthew F. Cowan, Justin Mels, Talal S. Masood, Chris Fodor, Mohammed A. Al-Onaizi, Robert Bartha, Tom Gee, Lisa M. Saksida, Timothy J. Bussey, Stephen S. Strother, Vania F. Prado, Boyer D. Winters, Marco A.M. Prado Dec 2019

Mousebytes, An Open-Access High-Throughput Pipeline And Database For Rodent Touchscreen-Based Cognitive Assessment, Flavio H. Beraldo, Daniel Palmer, Sara Memar, David I. Wasserman, Wai Jane V. Lee, Shuai Liang, Samantha D. Creighton, Benjamin Kolisnyk, Matthew F. Cowan, Justin Mels, Talal S. Masood, Chris Fodor, Mohammed A. Al-Onaizi, Robert Bartha, Tom Gee, Lisa M. Saksida, Timothy J. Bussey, Stephen S. Strother, Vania F. Prado, Boyer D. Winters, Marco A.M. Prado

Medical Biophysics Publications

© 2019, eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. All rights reserved. Open Science has changed research by making data accessible and shareable, contributing to replicability to accelerate and disseminate knowledge. However, for rodent cognitive studies the availability of tools to share and disseminate data is scarce. Automated touchscreen-based tests enable systematic cognitive assessment with easily standardised outputs that can facilitate data dissemination. Here we present an integration of touchscreen cognitive testing with an open-access database public repository (mousebytes.ca), as well as a Web platform for knowledge dissemination (https://touchscreencognition.org). We complement these resources with the largest dataset of age-dependent high-level cognitive assessment of …

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Genome-Wide Association Analysis Of Hippocampal Volume Identifies Enrichment Of Neurogenesis-Related Pathways, Emrin Horgusluoglu-Moloch, Shannon L. Risacher, Paul K. Crane, Derrek Hibar, Paul M. Thompson, Andrew J. Saykin, Kwangsik Nho, Michael W. Weiner, Paul Aisen, Ronald Petersen, Clifford R. Jack, William Jagust, John Q. Trojanowki, Arthur W. Toga, Laurel Beckett, Robert C. Green, John Morris, Leslie M. Shaw, Jeffrey Kaye, Joseph Quinn, Lisa Silbert, Betty Lind, Raina Carter, Sara Dolen, Lon S. Schneider, Sonia Pawluczyk, Mauricio Beccera, Liberty Teodoro, Bryan M. Spann, James Brewer, Helen Vanderswag, Adam Fleisher Dec 2019

Genome-Wide Association Analysis Of Hippocampal Volume Identifies Enrichment Of Neurogenesis-Related Pathways, Emrin Horgusluoglu-Moloch, Shannon L. Risacher, Paul K. Crane, Derrek Hibar, Paul M. Thompson, Andrew J. Saykin, Kwangsik Nho, Michael W. Weiner, Paul Aisen, Ronald Petersen, Clifford R. Jack, William Jagust, John Q. Trojanowki, Arthur W. Toga, Laurel Beckett, Robert C. Green, John Morris, Leslie M. Shaw, Jeffrey Kaye, Joseph Quinn, Lisa Silbert, Betty Lind, Raina Carter, Sara Dolen, Lon S. Schneider, Sonia Pawluczyk, Mauricio Beccera, Liberty Teodoro, Bryan M. Spann, James Brewer, Helen Vanderswag, Adam Fleisher

Medical Biophysics Publications

© 2019, The Author(s). Adult neurogenesis occurs in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus during adulthood and contributes to sustaining the hippocampal formation. To investigate whether neurogenesis-related pathways are associated with hippocampal volume, we performed gene-set enrichment analysis using summary statistics from a large-scale genome-wide association study (N = 13,163) of hippocampal volume from the Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium and two year hippocampal volume changes from baseline in cognitively normal individuals from Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative Cohort (ADNI). Gene-set enrichment analysis of hippocampal volume identified 44 significantly enriched biological pathways (FDR corrected p-value < 0.05), of which 38 pathways were related to neurogenesis-related processes including neurogenesis, generation of new neurons, neuronal development, and neuronal migration and differentiation. For genes highly represented in the significantly enriched neurogenesis-related pathways, gene-based association analysis identified TESC, ACVR1, MSRB3, and DPP4 as significantly associated with hippocampal volume. Furthermore, co-expression network-based functional analysis of gene expression data in the hippocampal subfields, CA1 and CA3, from 32 normal controls showed that distinct co-expression modules were mostly enriched in neurogenesis related pathways. Our results suggest that neurogenesis-related pathways may be enriched for hippocampal volume and that hippocampal volume may serve as a potential phenotype for the investigation of human adult neurogenesis.

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The Bin1 Rs744373 Snp Is Associated With Increased Tau-Pet Levels And Impaired Memory, Nicolai Franzmeier, Anna Rubinski, Julia Neitzel, Michael Ewers, Michael W. Weiner, Paul Aisen, Ronald Petersen, Clifford R. Jack, William Jagust, John Q. Trojanowski, Arthur W. Toga, Laurel Beckett, Robert C. Green, Andrew J. Saykin, John Morris, Leslie M. Shaw, Zaven Khachaturian, Greg Sorensen, Lew Kuller, Marcus Raichle, Steven Paul, Peter Davies, Howard Fillit, Franz Hefti, David Holtzman, Marek M. Mesulam, William Potter, Peter Snyder, Adam Schwartz, Tom Montine, Ronald G. Thomas, Michael Donohue Dec 2019

The Bin1 Rs744373 Snp Is Associated With Increased Tau-Pet Levels And Impaired Memory, Nicolai Franzmeier, Anna Rubinski, Julia Neitzel, Michael Ewers, Michael W. Weiner, Paul Aisen, Ronald Petersen, Clifford R. Jack, William Jagust, John Q. Trojanowski, Arthur W. Toga, Laurel Beckett, Robert C. Green, Andrew J. Saykin, John Morris, Leslie M. Shaw, Zaven Khachaturian, Greg Sorensen, Lew Kuller, Marcus Raichle, Steven Paul, Peter Davies, Howard Fillit, Franz Hefti, David Holtzman, Marek M. Mesulam, William Potter, Peter Snyder, Adam Schwartz, Tom Montine, Ronald G. Thomas, Michael Donohue

Medical Biophysics Publications

© 2019, The Author(s). The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs744373 in the bridging integrator-1 gene (BIN1) is a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In the brain, BIN1 is involved in endocytosis and sustaining cytoskeleton integrity. Post-mortem and in vitro studies suggest that BIN1-associated AD risk is mediated by increased tau pathology but whether rs744373 is associated with increased tau pathology in vivo is unknown. Here we find in 89 older individuals without dementia, that BIN1 rs744373 risk-allele carriers show higher AV1451 tau-PET across brain regions corresponding to Braak stages II–VI. In contrast, the BIN1 rs744373 SNP was not associated …

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Multimodal Hippocampal Subfield Grading For Alzheimer’S Disease Classification, Kilian Hett, Vinh Thong Ta, Gwenaëlle Catheline, Thomas Tourdias, José V. Manjón, Pierrick Coupé, Michael W. Weiner, Paul Aisen, Ronald Petersen, Clifford R. Jack, William Jagust, John Q. Trojanowki, Arthur W. Toga, Laurel Beckett, Robert C. Green, Andrew J. Saykin, John Morris, Leslie M. Shaw, Zaven Khachaturian, Greg Sorensen, Maria Carrillo, Lew Kuller, Marc Raichle, Steven Paul, Peter Davies, Howard Fillit, Franz Hefti, Davie Holtzman, M. Marcel Mesulam, William Potter, Peter Snyder, Tom Montine Dec 2019

Multimodal Hippocampal Subfield Grading For Alzheimer’S Disease Classification, Kilian Hett, Vinh Thong Ta, Gwenaëlle Catheline, Thomas Tourdias, José V. Manjón, Pierrick Coupé, Michael W. Weiner, Paul Aisen, Ronald Petersen, Clifford R. Jack, William Jagust, John Q. Trojanowki, Arthur W. Toga, Laurel Beckett, Robert C. Green, Andrew J. Saykin, John Morris, Leslie M. Shaw, Zaven Khachaturian, Greg Sorensen, Maria Carrillo, Lew Kuller, Marc Raichle, Steven Paul, Peter Davies, Howard Fillit, Franz Hefti, Davie Holtzman, M. Marcel Mesulam, William Potter, Peter Snyder, Tom Montine

Medical Biophysics Publications

© 2019, The Author(s). Numerous studies have proposed biomarkers based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to detect and predict the risk of evolution toward Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Most of these methods have focused on the hippocampus, which is known to be one of the earliest structures impacted by the disease. To date, patch-based grading approaches provide among the best biomarkers based on the hippocampus. However, this structure is complex and is divided into different subfields, not equally impacted by AD. Former in-vivo imaging studies mainly investigated structural alterations of these subfields using volumetric measurements and microstructural modifications with mean diffusivity …

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3d Vessel-Wall Virtual Histology Of Whole-Body Perfused Mice Using A Novel Heavy Element Stain, P. Joy Dunmore-Buyze, Charmainne Cruje, Zengxuan Nong, Jason J. Lee, John A. Kiernan, J. Geoffrey Pickering, Maria Drangova Dec 2019

3d Vessel-Wall Virtual Histology Of Whole-Body Perfused Mice Using A Novel Heavy Element Stain, P. Joy Dunmore-Buyze, Charmainne Cruje, Zengxuan Nong, Jason J. Lee, John A. Kiernan, J. Geoffrey Pickering, Maria Drangova

Medical Biophysics Publications

Virtual histology – utilizing high-resolution three-dimensional imaging – is becoming readily available. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) is widely available and is often coupled with x-ray attenuating histological stains that mark specific tissue components for 3D virtual histology. In this study we describe a new tri-element x-ray attenuating stain and perfusion protocol that provides micro-CT contrast of the entire vasculature of an intact mouse. The stain – derived from an established histology stain (Verhoeff’s) – is modified to enable perfusion through the vasculature; the attenuating elements of the stain are iodine, aluminum, and iron. After a 30-minute perfusion through the vasculature (10-minute …

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Are Specific Learning Disorders Truly Specific, And Are They Disorders?, Lien Peters, Daniel Ansari Dec 2019

Are Specific Learning Disorders Truly Specific, And Are They Disorders?, Lien Peters, Daniel Ansari

Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications

© 2019 The Authors Specific learning disorders, such as dyslexia and dyscalculia, are frequently studied to inform our understanding of cognitive development, genetic mechanisms and brain function. In this Opinion Paper, we discuss limitations of this research approach, including the use of arbitrary criteria to select groups of children, heterogeneity within groups and overlap between domains of learning. By drawing on evidence from cognitive science, neuroscience and genetics, we propose an alternative, dimensional framework. We argue that we need to overcome the problems associated with a categorical approach by taking into account interacting factors at multiple levels of analysis that …

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Altered Motor, Anxiety-Related And Attentional Task Performance At Baseline Associate With Multiple Gene Copies Of The Vesicular Acetylcholine Transporter And Related Protein Overexpression In Chat::Cre+ Rats, Craig P. Mantanona, Johan Alsiö, Joanna L. Elson, Beth M. Fisher, Jeffrey W. Dalley, Timothy Bussey, Ilse S. Pienaar Dec 2019

Altered Motor, Anxiety-Related And Attentional Task Performance At Baseline Associate With Multiple Gene Copies Of The Vesicular Acetylcholine Transporter And Related Protein Overexpression In Chat::Cre+ Rats, Craig P. Mantanona, Johan Alsiö, Joanna L. Elson, Beth M. Fisher, Jeffrey W. Dalley, Timothy Bussey, Ilse S. Pienaar

Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications

© 2019, The Author(s). Transgenic rodents expressing Cre recombinase cell specifically are used for exploring mechanisms regulating behavior, including those mediated by cholinergic signaling. However, it was recently reported that transgenic mice overexpressing a bacterial artificial chromosome containing choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) gene, for synthesizing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, present with multiple vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) gene copies, resulting in altered cholinergic tone and accompanying behavioral abnormalities. Since ChAT::Cre+ rats, used increasingly for understanding the biological basis of CNS disorders, utilize the mouse ChAT promotor to control Cre recombinase expression, we assessed for similar genotypical and phenotypical differences in such rats compared …

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A Macaque Connectome For Large-Scale Network Simulations In Thevirtualbrain, Kelly Shen, Gleb Bezgin, Michael Schirner, Petra Ritter, Stefan Everling, Anthony R. Mcintosh Dec 2019

A Macaque Connectome For Large-Scale Network Simulations In Thevirtualbrain, Kelly Shen, Gleb Bezgin, Michael Schirner, Petra Ritter, Stefan Everling, Anthony R. Mcintosh

Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications

© 2019, The Author(s). Models of large-scale brain networks that are informed by the underlying anatomical connectivity contribute to our understanding of the mapping between the structure of the brain and its dynamical function. Connectome-based modelling is a promising approach to a more comprehensive understanding of brain function across spatial and temporal scales, but it must be constrained by multi-scale empirical data from animal models. Here we describe the construction of a macaque (Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis) connectome for whole-cortex simulations in TheVirtualBrain, an open-source simulation platform. We take advantage of available axonal tract-tracing datasets and enhance the existing …

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Predator-Induced Fear Causes Ptsd-Like Changes In The Brains And Behaviour Of Wild Animals, Liana Y. Zanette, Emma C. Hobbs, Lauren E. Witterick, Scott A. Macdougall-Shackleton, Michael Clinchy Dec 2019

Predator-Induced Fear Causes Ptsd-Like Changes In The Brains And Behaviour Of Wild Animals, Liana Y. Zanette, Emma C. Hobbs, Lauren E. Witterick, Scott A. Macdougall-Shackleton, Michael Clinchy

Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications

© 2019, The Author(s). Predator-induced fear is both, one of the most common stressors employed in animal model studies of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and a major focus of research in ecology. There has been a growing discourse between these disciplines but no direct empirical linkage. We endeavoured to provide this empirical linkage by conducting experiments drawing upon the strengths of both disciplines. Exposure to a natural cue of predator danger (predator vocalizations), had enduring effects of at least 7 days duration involving both, a heightened sensitivity to predator danger (indicative of an enduring memory of fear), and elevated neuronal …

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Consciousness-Specific Dynamic Interactions Of Brain Integration And Functional Diversity, Andrea I. Luppi, Michael M. Craig, Ioannis Pappas, Paola Finoia, Guy B. Williams, Judith Allanson, John D. Pickard, Adrian M. Owen, Lorina Naci, David K. Menon, Emmanuel A. Stamatakis Dec 2019

Consciousness-Specific Dynamic Interactions Of Brain Integration And Functional Diversity, Andrea I. Luppi, Michael M. Craig, Ioannis Pappas, Paola Finoia, Guy B. Williams, Judith Allanson, John D. Pickard, Adrian M. Owen, Lorina Naci, David K. Menon, Emmanuel A. Stamatakis

Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications

Prominent theories of consciousness emphasise different aspects of neurobiology, such as the integration and diversity of information processing within the brain. Here, we combine graph theory and dynamic functional connectivity to compare resting-state functional MRI data from awake volunteers, propofol-anaesthetised volunteers, and patients with disorders of consciousness, in order to identify consciousness-specific patterns of brain function. We demonstrate that cortical networks are especially affected by loss of consciousness during temporal states of high integration, exhibiting reduced functional diversity and compromised informational capacity, whereas thalamo-cortical functional disconnections emerge during states of higher segregation. Spatially, posterior regions of the brain’s default mode …

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Implementation Of Ventilator Bundle For Prevention Of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia In Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Abd-Elaleem Elgendy, Ahmed Y. Alsawah, Mahmoud M. Al-Shahat, Mohamed F. Alsoda, Mohammad A. M. Abboud, Sherif M. K. Reda Dec 2019

Implementation Of Ventilator Bundle For Prevention Of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia In Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Abd-Elaleem Elgendy, Ahmed Y. Alsawah, Mahmoud M. Al-Shahat, Mohamed F. Alsoda, Mohammad A. M. Abboud, Sherif M. K. Reda

Journal of Medicine in Scientific Research

Background Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) patients. Objective The aim was to examine the effect of adherence to VAP prevention bundle on the incidence of VAP in PICU. Patients and methods A prospective comparative study was conducted in Al-Hussein University Hospital on all patients admitted and ventilated in PICU in a year from September 2017 until September 2018. They were divided into two groups: the first group included patients admitted to PICU after implementation of the study, comprising 43 patients as cases, and the second group included patients admitted …

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The Use Of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Antagonist In Women Undergoing Intrauterine Insemination, Bassem Sobhy, M Yousef Elsemary Dec 2019

The Use Of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Antagonist In Women Undergoing Intrauterine Insemination, Bassem Sobhy, M Yousef Elsemary

Journal of Medicine in Scientific Research

Background Intrauterine insemination (IUI) is considered to be a very popular treatment procedure that is used for many infertile women worldwide. Aim The aim was to evaluate whether the addition of gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist would improve the clinical pregnancy rate in women undergoing IUI. Materials and methods A prospective study was performed at El-Galaa Maternity Teaching Hospital where 124 women with primary or secondary infertility were subjected to controlled ovarian stimulation with human menopausal gonadotropin (74–150 IU/day) only (control group, n=62) or to human menopausal gonadotropin (75–150 IU/day) plus Cetrorelix (0.25 mg/day, starting when the leading follicle was ≥16 mm; …

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Determinants Of Infarction Patterns In Posterior Cerebral Circulation, Ahmed H. T Badr Ahmed, Mohamed M. Fouad, Ramez R. Moustafa, Taha K. Alloush Dec 2019

Determinants Of Infarction Patterns In Posterior Cerebral Circulation, Ahmed H. T Badr Ahmed, Mohamed M. Fouad, Ramez R. Moustafa, Taha K. Alloush

Journal of Medicine in Scientific Research

Background Ischemic stroke is defined as focal or global neurological dysfunction lasting longer than 24 h or leading to death that is caused by vascular insult, either stricture or occlusion of a specific vascular territory. Aim of the study This study aimed to determine the relationship between different risk factors and different infarction patterns in posterior circulation such single small lacunar lesion, single large lesion, and multiple scattered lesions. Patients and methods This study included 60 patients recruited from the stroke unit of Ain Shams University and El Sahel Teaching Hospitals during the period from April to October 2018 with …

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Omental Flap Harvested Through Transdiaphragmatic Approach At The Same Sternotomy Incision For Poststernotomy Mediastinitis: A New Approach, Waleed El-Awady Dec 2019

Omental Flap Harvested Through Transdiaphragmatic Approach At The Same Sternotomy Incision For Poststernotomy Mediastinitis: A New Approach, Waleed El-Awady

Journal of Medicine in Scientific Research

Background The surgical treatment of poststernotomy mediastinitis is still a challenge and associated with high mortality. Conservative treatment and various surgical procedures are sometimes inadequate and need more aggressive treatment. Omental flap improves control of infection and prognosis, but harvesting is an additional procedure with its associated morbidity and trauma. Patients and methods A total of 14 patients had omental flap, which was harvested through a diaphragmatic opening at the lower part of the same sternotomy incision, without additional laparotomy incision or extension of sternotomy incision into the upper abdomen or even laparoscopically. The mean age of the patients was …

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Cardiovascular Risk In Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Role Of Cholesterylester Transfer Protein, Ali M. Mursi, Emad M. Elshebiny, Lobna Y. Ebrahim, Sahar H. Quashwa, Sherry K. Abdelrahman, Taghreed F. Mohammed Mostafa Dec 2019

Cardiovascular Risk In Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Role Of Cholesterylester Transfer Protein, Ali M. Mursi, Emad M. Elshebiny, Lobna Y. Ebrahim, Sahar H. Quashwa, Sherry K. Abdelrahman, Taghreed F. Mohammed Mostafa

Journal of Medicine in Scientific Research

Aim To detect serum level of cholesterylester transfer protein (CETP) (the enzyme involved in reverse cholesterol transport) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to evaluate its relation to various clinical parameters of the disease, lipid profile, and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) as a marker of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease risk. Patients and methods This study involved a total of 80 participants, comprising 50 patients with RA and 30 age-matched and sex-matched healthy controls. Detailed medical history and thorough clinical examination (general and musculoskeletal) as well as laboratory investigations including lipid profile were performed for all patients with RA. Serum …

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Sighting Acute Myocardial Infarction Through Platelet Gene Expression., Giuliana Gobbi, Cecilia Carubbi, Guidantonio Malagoli Tagliazucchi, Elena Masselli, Prisco Mirandola, Filippo Pigazzani, Antonio Crocamo, Maria Francesca Notarangelo, Sergio Suma, Elvezia Paraboschi, Giuseppe Maglietta, Srikanth Nagalla, Giulia Pozzi, Daniela Galli, Mauro Vaccarezza, Paolo Fortina, Sankar Addya, Adam Ertel, Paul Bray, Stefano Duga, Carlo Berzuini, Marco Vitale, Diego Ardissino Dec 2019

Sighting Acute Myocardial Infarction Through Platelet Gene Expression., Giuliana Gobbi, Cecilia Carubbi, Guidantonio Malagoli Tagliazucchi, Elena Masselli, Prisco Mirandola, Filippo Pigazzani, Antonio Crocamo, Maria Francesca Notarangelo, Sergio Suma, Elvezia Paraboschi, Giuseppe Maglietta, Srikanth Nagalla, Giulia Pozzi, Daniela Galli, Mauro Vaccarezza, Paolo Fortina, Sankar Addya, Adam Ertel, Paul Bray, Stefano Duga, Carlo Berzuini, Marco Vitale, Diego Ardissino

Department of Cancer Biology Faculty Papers

Acute myocardial infarction is primarily due to coronary atherosclerotic plaque rupture and subsequent thrombus formation. Platelets play a key role in the genesis and progression of both atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Since platelets are anuclear cells that inherit their mRNA from megakaryocyte precursors and maintain it unchanged during their life span, gene expression profiling at the time of an acute myocardial infarction provides information concerning the platelet gene expression preceding the coronary event. In ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), a gene-by-gene analysis of the platelet gene expression identified five differentially expressed genes: FKBP5, S100P, SAMSN1, CLEC4E and S100A12. The logistic regression …

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Influence Of Metabolic Capacity On The Consequences Of Spreading Depolarization, Katelyn M. Reinhart Dec 2019

Influence Of Metabolic Capacity On The Consequences Of Spreading Depolarization, Katelyn M. Reinhart

Biomedical Sciences ETDs

In the United States, stroke is the fifth leading cause of death and stroke survivors often face long-term disability. After ischemic stroke, the ischemic territory can expand and recruit previously viable tissues into the lesioned area. During this critical period, there is an unsettling lack of interventions that prevent or treat secondary neuronal loss and cognitive decline. Clinical subdural recordings have revealed a close link between infarct progression and waves of spreading depolarizations (SD) in the acutely injured brain. SD is a slowly progressing wave of near-complete neuroglia depolarization that is extremely energetically demanding and this additional metabolic ‘hit’ …

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It's A Hard Nacht Life: Understanding How Nlrp12 Ticks, Abbigale Julia Brown Dec 2019

It's A Hard Nacht Life: Understanding How Nlrp12 Ticks, Abbigale Julia Brown

Graduate Theses/Dissertations

The protein NOD- like receptor pyrin domain containing 12 (NLRP12) comes from a family of protein receptors with a wide range of functions including fertility as well as anti-inflammatory properties. The biological role of NLRP12 is poorly understood: research on the mechanisms behind its function and/or activation remains contradictory between different cell models. Current research suggests its involvement in a multi-protein complex named the inflammasome. The alternative hypothesis that has also been proposed is that NLRP12 is not a part of the inflammasome, rather it negatively regulates a transcription factor known as NF-��B down stream of Toll-like receptors. NLRP12 is …

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Identifying Exosomes In Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma With Efirm, Bram Holladay Dec 2019

Identifying Exosomes In Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma With Efirm, Bram Holladay

Student Scholarship

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) affects 53,000 Americans each year making it the sixth most common cancer in the United States. The incidence rate may be even higher since current screening methods are underutilized and physical examinations can misdiagnose malignant oral tumors as benign inflammatory lesions. Recent advances in genetic, protein, and extracellular vesicle biomarker detection techniques can monitor the transformation of healthy cells into tumors before terminal stages arise. Biomarkers can be easily extracted from biofluids such as saliva making them less invasive than traditional tissue biopsies. One biomarker prevalent in OSCC is exosomes, which are extracellular vesicles that …

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Role Of Arginine And/Or Taurine In Protection Against Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity In Male And Female Rats, Amal H. Emara, Wafaa M. Ismaeil Dec 2019

Role Of Arginine And/Or Taurine In Protection Against Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity In Male And Female Rats, Amal H. Emara, Wafaa M. Ismaeil

Journal of Medicine in Scientific Research

Background As a highly effective antibiotic, gentamicin is used in the treatment of serious and life-threatening gram-negative infections. L-arginine (2-amino-5-guanidino-pentanoic acid) has a protective role on renal failure that induced by gentamicin administration and it may decrease the tubular reabsorption of another cationic substance, gentamicin due to its cationic structure. The aim of this study is to determine the influence of gender on nephroprotective effects of L-arginine (Arg) and/or taurine (Tau) on gentamicin (G) induced nephrotoxicity. Methods Adult Sprague-Dawley albino rats of both sexes (150-200 g, 48 male and 48 female), were bred from the animal unit of National Nutrition …

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Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Auto-Antibodies Prevalence Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus And Their Clinical Characteristics In A Sample Of The Egyptian Population, Atef A. Bassyounia, Ayat I. Ghanem, Ghada A. Omar Dec 2019

Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Auto-Antibodies Prevalence Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus And Their Clinical Characteristics In A Sample Of The Egyptian Population, Atef A. Bassyounia, Ayat I. Ghanem, Ghada A. Omar

Journal of Medicine in Scientific Research

Background Patients with latent autoimmune diabetes in adults may develop early loss of β-cell mass. They are often misdiagnosed as having type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This is because latent autoimmune diabetes in adults condition does share characteristics of both type 1 and T2DM. Aim To estimate the prevalence of unrecognized cases with glutamic acid decarboxylase auto-antibodies (GADA) among patients with T2DM in a sample of the Egyptian population, describing their clinical and laboratory features, and investigating the relationship with chronic complications of diabetes. Settings and design A total of 1515 Egyptian patients previously diagnosed as having T2DM were divided …

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