Diseases Commons^™

Characterization Of Murine Breast Cancer Cell Lines For Anti-Cancer Vaccine, Haven N. Frazier

Biological Sciences Undergraduate Honors Theses

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women and the second leading cause of cancer death among women in the United States (1). While treatments involving radiation and chemotherapy currently exist, disease must be detected early in order for the treatments to be somewhat effective, and there is no effective treatment after metastasis occurs (2). Additionally, current therapies do not mitigate tumor immunosuppression. Decreasing the tumor-associated immunosuppressive conditions while activating antitumor immunity could prevent recurrence and metastasis, possibly leading to an effective treatment for cancer (3). Tumor cell vaccines could possibly address this issue and have become a …

Molecular Determinants Of Residual Disease In Ovarian Cancer, Kshipra M. Gharpure

Dissertations and Theses (Open Access)

The standard treatment for high grade serous ovarian cancer is primary cytoreductive surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. Residual disease followed by surgery is associated with adverse overall and progression-free survival as well as poor response to adjuvant chemotherapy. Accurate identification of patients at high risk of residual disease will help avoid unnecessary surgeries and help in triaging these patients to neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to interval surgical debulking. In this study, we address this clinical issue by identifying and validating molecular biomarkers that can predict the likelihood of residual disease in ovarian cancer patients. Using publically available databases and microarray datasets, …

Using S. Pombe To Study The Biological Roles Of The Histone Deacetylases Sir2 And Clr3 And The Dead-Box Rna Helicase Ded1, Brandon Ray Lowe

Theses and Dissertations (ETD)

The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe provides a good model system to quickly study basic mechanisms underlying biological pathways conserved in higher eukaryotes. Here we utilized fission yeast to study the roles of the histone deacetylases (HDACs) Sir2 and Clr3 in heterochromatin formation and cancer associated mutations of the DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX3X, homolog of fission yeast Ded1, in translational control. Heterochromatin in fission yeast is characterized by hypoacetylation as well as methylation of histone H3 on lysine 9 (H3K9me). Heterochromatin assembly can now be separated into three distinct steps: heterochromatin establishment, spreading, and maintenance. These steps involve the actions of …

Therapeutic Effects Of Ormeloxifene In Cervical Cancer Carcinogenesis, Neeraj Chauhan

Theses and Dissertations (ETD)

Cervical cancer (CxCa) remains the fourth leading cause of cancer related deaths among women worldwide. Cervical cancer is mainly (~ 99.7%) derived from high risk Human papillomavirus (HR HPV). HPV E6/E7 are the two main oncoproteins that interfere with p53 and pRb (retinoblastoma) cell cycle regulatory proteins and hinder their efficacy of controlling cell growth. Additionally, PI3K-Akt is a cell survival pathway that is aberrantly expressed in cervical cancer cells. This pathway has a profound role in inhibiting mitochondrial intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway. Advanced stage cervical cancer is difficult to treat and patients diagnosed with metastatic disease have a poor …

Parp Inhibitor Upregulates Pd-L1 Expression And Enhances Cancer-Associated Immunosuppression, Shiping Jiao

Dissertations and Theses (Open Access)

With recent approvals for therapeutic antibodies that block CTLA4, PD-1 and PD-L1, immune checkpoints have emerged as new targets in cancer therapy. In addition, there is accumulating evidence highlighting the role of cancer-associated immunity in patient response to cytotoxic anticancer agents. Inhibitors of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) have shown substantial cytotoxic effects against tumors with defects in DNA damage responses. However, whether a crosstalk between PARP inhibition and immune checkpoints exists remains unclear. Here, it has been shown that PARP inhibitors (PARPis) upregulate PD-L1 expression in multiple cancer cell lines, human xenograft tumors, and syngeneic mouse tumors. Mechanistically, PARPi inactivates …

Androgen Receptor And Prostate Cancer Cell Heterogeneity, Qu Deng

Dissertations and Theses (Open Access)

Androgen receptor (AR) plays an important role in prostate cancer (PCa) development and has been the main therapeutic target in advanced PCa. AR expression is heterogeneous in both primary PCa and castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). However, the functional significance of AR heterogeneity in regulating PCa biology and response to androgen/AR-targeted therapies remains unclear. The overarching hypothesis for my Ph.D is that AR heterogeneity contributes to PCa development, progression, and therapy resistance. A more specific postulate is that PCa cells expressing AR (i.e, AR⁺) and PCa cells expressing little AR (i.e, AR^-/lo) possess intrinsically distinct …

Hepatitis C Virus And Nonliver Solid Cancers: Is There An Association Between Hcv And Cancers Of The Pancreas, Thyroid, Kidney, Oral Cavity, Breast, Lung, And Gastrointestinal Tract?, S Qadwai, T Rehman, Jonathan Barsa, Z Solangi, Edward Lebovics

NYMC Faculty Publications

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is known for its oncogenic potential and has been found to be associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It has also been postulated that HCV may play a role in the development of other extrahepatic solid tumors of other organs of the body since it has been isolated from the vessel wall, kidney, and oral mucosa. In this article, we have reviewed epidemiological studies that have been done to look into the relationship of HCV with nonliver solid cancers of the pancreas, thyroid, renal, oral cavity, breast, and lung and nonpancreatic gastrointestinal cancers. Based …

Systematic Analysis Of Whole Exome Sequencing Determines Ret G691s Polymorphism As Germline Variant In Melanoma, Brent J. Smith Jr, Jennifer D. Hintzsche, Carol M. Amato, Aik-Choon Tan, Keith R. Wells, Allison J. Applegate, Rita T. Gonzalez, Jodie R. Barr, William A. Robinson

Marshall Journal of Medicine

Abstract

The RET proto-oncogene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase that is activated by glial cell derived neutrotrophic factor (GDNF). Previous studies have found that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), RETp (G691S), in the juxtamembrane domain enhances the signaling pathway and promotes tumor growth by GDNF in pancreatic and thyroid cancer in addition to melanoma. It is uncertain however whether this SNP is a germline variant or somatic mutation. A prior study reported that the RETp variant was a germline SNP in desmoplastic and non-desmoplastic melanomas. In the present study, we examined both melanoma tissue samples and matching peripheral blood DNA …

Unification Of De Novo And Acquired Ibrutinib Resistance In Mantle Cell Lymphoma., Xiaohong Zhao, Tint Lwin, Ariosto Silva, Bijal Shah, Jiangchuan Tao, Bin Fang, Eduardo Sotomayor, +Several Additional Authors

Medicine Faculty Publications

The novel Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitor ibrutinib has demonstrated high response rates in B-cell lymphomas; however, a growing number of ibrutinib-treated patients relapse with resistance and fulminant progression. Using chemical proteomics and an organotypic cell-based drug screening assay, we determine the functional role of the tumour microenvironment (TME) in ibrutinib activity and acquired ibrutinib resistance. We demonstrate that MCL cells develop ibrutinib resistance through evolutionary processes driven by dynamic feedback between MCL cells and TME, leading to kinome adaptive reprogramming, bypassing the effect of ibrutinib and reciprocal activation of PI3K-AKT-mTOR and integrin-β1 signalling. Combinatorial disruption of B-cell receptor signalling and …

Metastasis-Associated Protein 1 Is An Upstream Regulator Of Dnmt3a And Stimulator Of Insulin-Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 In Breast Cancer., S Deivendran, Hezlin Marzook, T R Santhoshkumar, Rakesh Kumar, M Radhakrishna Pillai

Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine Faculty Publications

Despite a recognized role of DNA methyltransferase 3a (DNMT3a) in human cancer, the nature of its upstream regulator(s) and relationship with the master chromatin remodeling factor MTA1, continues to be poorly understood. Here, we found an inverse relationship between the levels of MTA1 and DNMT3a in human cancer and that high levels of MTA1 in combination of low DNMT3a status correlates well with poor survival of breast cancer patients. We discovered that MTA1 represses DNMT3a expression via HDAC1/YY1 transcription factor complex. Because IGFBP3 is an established target of DNMT3a, we investigated the effect of MTA1 upon IGFBP3 expression, and found …

Tgfβ/Smad3 Regulates Proliferation And Apoptosis Through Irs-1 Inhibition In Colon Cancer Cells., Katie L. Bailey, Ekta Agarwal, Sanjib Chowdhury, Jiangtao Luo, Michael G. Brattain, Jennifer D. Black, J. Wang

Journal Articles: Eppley Institute

In this study, we have uncovered a novel crosstalk between TGFβ and IGF-1R signaling pathways. We show for the first time that expression and activation of IRS-1, an IGF-1R adaptor protein, is decreased by TGFβ/Smad3 signaling. Loss or attenuation of TGFβ activation leads to elevated expression and phosphorylation of IRS-1 in colon cancer cells, resulting in enhanced cell proliferation, decreased apoptosis and increased tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Downregulation of IRS-1 expression reversed Smad3 knockdown-mediated oncogenic phenotypes, indicating that TGFβ/Smad3 signaling inhibits cell proliferation and increases apoptosis at least partially through the inhibition of IRS-1 expression and activation. …

Mutations In Braf Are Associated With Higher Levels Of Immune Infiltrates In Microsatellite-Stable Colon Cancer, Jake Rubin, Eduard Porta Parto

GW Research Days 2016 - 2020

While BRAF is among the most well-established oncogenes in human cancers, more recently it has garnered attention for its role in suppressing antitumor immunity, especially in melanoma. Because tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) density is strongly prognostic in colorectal cancer (CRC)⁷, we decided to investigate the connection between TIL density and the BRAF-activating V600E mutation in CRC.

We used ESTIMATE to quantify immune infiltrate in samples from the TCGA colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) dataset (n = 216). This is an algorithm that uses the gene-expression signature of 141 immune-related genes to infer the presence of immune cells in the tumor infiltrate. …

Cis-Eqtl-Based Trans-Ethnic Meta-Analysis Reveals Novel Genes Associated With Breast Cancer Risk, Joshua Hoffman, Rebecca Graff, Nima Emami, Caroline Tai, Michael Passarelli

Dartmouth Scholarship

Breast cancer is the most common solid organ malignancy and the most frequent cause of cancer death among women worldwide. Previous research has yielded insights into its genetic etiology, but there remains a gap in the understanding of genetic factors that contribute to risk, and particularly in the biological mechanisms by which genetic variation modulates risk. The National Cancer Institute's "Up for a Challenge" (U4C) competition provided an opportunity to further elucidate the genetic basis of the disease. Our group leveraged the seven datasets made available by the U4C organizers and data from the publicly available UK Biobank cohort to …

The Role Of Estradiol Metabolism In Urogenital Schistosomiasis-Induced Bladder Cancer, Nuno Vale, Maria Gouveia, Gabriel Rinaldi, Julio Santos, Lucio Lara Santos, Paul J. Brindley, Jose Correia Da Costa

Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine Faculty Publications

Urogenital schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease that can lead to bladder cancer. How urogenital schistosomiasis induces carcinogenesis remains unclear, although there is evidence that the human blood fluke Schistosoma haematobium, the infectious agent of urogenital schistosomiasis, releases estradiol-like metabolites. These kind of compounds have been implicated in other cancers. Aiming for enhanced understanding of the pathogenesis of the urogenital schistosomiasisinduced bladder cancer, here we review, interpret, and discuss findings of estradiol-like metabolites detected in both the parasite and in the human urine during urogenital schistosomiasis. Moreover, we predict pathways and enzymes that are involved in the production of these …

Esm-1 Sirna Knockdown Decreased Migration And Expression Of Cxcl3 In Prostate Cancer Cells, J Rebollo, Jan Geliebter, N Reyes

NYMC Faculty Publications

Endothelial cell-specific molecule-1 (ESM-1), also known as endocan, is a soluble proteoglycan expressed by the vascular endothelium, which also circulates in the bloodstream. Inflammatory cytokines and proangiogenic growth factors increase its expression, and increased serum levels have been reported in several cancer types and immunocompetent patients with sepsis. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression profile of CXC-chemokines and the effects of ESM-1 gene knockdown in proliferation, migration and CXC-chemokine expression in highly metastatic human prostate PC-3 cells. Expression profiles of CXC-chemokines were analyzed in metastatic PC-3 and non-tumorigenic PWR-1E cells. siRNA-mediated knockdown of ESM-1 was performed …

Metastatic Melanoma To The Bladder: Case Report And Review Of The Literature., Rohit V. Patil, Solomon L Woldu, Elena Lucas, Andrew M Quinn, Franto Francis, Vitaly Margulis

Urology Faculty Publications

A 49-year-old Caucasian woman presented to the dermatology clinic for follow-up of malignant melanoma with a complaint of painless gross hematuria. Two years prior she was diagnosed with malignant melanoma from a skin lesion on her left flank treated with wide excision, negative axillary sentinel lymph node biopsy, and adjuvant radiotherapy. Subsequently, she had no evidence of disease until urologic evaluation of her hematuria revealed two lesions in her bladder and cytopathology demonstrated findings consistent with malignant melanoma. We review literature on melanoma metastatic to the bladder and discuss the potential role of metastasectomy and other treatment strategies in such …

Cold Atmospheric Plasma, A Novel Promising Anti-Cancer Treatment Modality., Dayun Yan, Jonathan H Sherman, Michael Keidar

Neurological Surgery Faculty Publications

Over the past decade, cold atmospheric plasma (CAP), a near room temperature ionized gas has shown its promising application in cancer therapy. Two CAP devices, namely dielectric barrier discharge and plasma jet, show significantly anti-cancer capacity over dozens of cancer cell lines in vitro and several subcutaneous xenograft tumors in vivo. In contrast to conventional anti-cancer approaches and drugs, CAP is a selective anti-cancer treatment modality. Thus far establishing the chemical and molecular mechanism of the anti-cancer capacity of CAP is far from complete. In this review, we provide a comprehensive introduction of the basics of CAP, state of the …

Family Strategies To Support Siblings Of Pediatric Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Patients., Taylor E. White, Kristopher A. Hendershot, Margie D. Dixon, Wendy Pelletier, Ann Haight, Kristin Stegenga, Melissa A. Alderfer, Lydia Cox, Jeffrey M. Switchenko, Pamela Hinds, Rebecca D. Pentz

Manuscripts, Articles, Book Chapters and Other Papers

OBJECTIVE: To describe the strategies families report using to address the needs and concerns of siblings of children, adolescents, and young adults undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT).

METHODS: A secondary semantic analysis was conducted of 86 qualitative interviews with family members of children, adolescents, and young adults undergoing HSCT at 4 HSCT centers and supplemented with a primary analysis of 38 additional targeted qualitative interviews (23 family members, 15 health care professionals) conducted at the primary center. Analyses focused on sibling issues and the strategies families use to address these issues.

RESULTS: The sibling issues identified included: (1) feeling …

Group Medical Visits To Provide Gynecologic Care For Women Affected By Breast Cancer, Sally R. Greenwald, Sarah Watson, Mindy Goldman, Tami S. Rowen

Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews

Purpose

Women with breast cancer have complex and unique gynecologic needs that are challenging to effectively and comprehensively meet in a traditional gynecology visit format. Group medical visits are an effective and well-received model of care in other disease settings and can provide comprehensive health education as an adjunct to one-on-one evaluation and treatment. There are limited data regarding the use of this type of health care delivery in providing gynecology-focused care to women affected by breast cancer.

Methods

A group medical visit model was created for gynecology providers to see new breast cancer patient consults. From May 2012 to …

Hic1 (Hypermethylated In Cancer 1) Sumoylation Is Dispensable For Dna Repair But Is Essential For The Apoptotic Dna Damage Response (Ddr) To Irreparable Dna Double-Strand Breaks (Dsbs)., Sonia Paget, Marion Dubuissez, Vanessa Dehennaut, Joe Nassour, Brennan T Harmon, Nathalie Spruyt, Ingrid Loison, Corinne Abbadie, Brian R Rood, Dominique Leprince

Surgery Faculty Publications

The tumor suppressor gene HIC1 (Hypermethylated In Cancer 1) encodes a transcriptional repressor mediating the p53-dependent apoptotic response to irreparable DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) through direct transcriptional repression of SIRT1. HIC1 is also essential for DSB repair as silencing of endogenous HIC1 in BJ-hTERT fibroblasts significantly delays DNA repair in functional Comet assays. HIC1 SUMOylation favours its interaction with MTA1, a component of NuRD complexes. In contrast with irreparable DSBs induced by 16-hours of etoposide treatment, we show that repairable DSBs induced by 1 h etoposide treatment do not increase HIC1 SUMOylation or its interaction with MTA1. Furthermore, HIC1 SUMOylation …

Natural Compounds Targeting Major Cell Signaling Pathways: A Novel Paradigm For Osteosarcoma Therapy., Pablo Angulo, Gaurav Kaushik, Dharmalingam Subramaniam, Prasad Dandawate, Kathleen Neville, Katherine Chastain, Shrikant Anant

Manuscripts, Articles, Book Chapters and Other Papers

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone cancer affecting children and adolescents worldwide. Despite an incidence of three cases per million annually, it accounts for an inordinate amount of morbidity and mortality. While the use of chemotherapy (cisplatin, doxorubicin, and methotrexate) in the last century initially resulted in marginal improvement in survival over surgery alone, survival has not improved further in the past four decades. Patients with metastatic osteosarcoma have an especially poor prognosis, with only 30% overall survival. Hence, there is a substantial need for new therapies. The inability to control the metastatic progression of this localized cancer stems …

Muc1 Facilitates Metabolomic Reprogramming In Triple-Negative Breast Cancer, Gennifer Goode, Venugopal Gunda, Nina V. Chaika, Vinee Purohit, Fang Yu, Pankaj K. Singh

Journal Articles: Eppley Institute

BACKGROUND: Mucin1 (MUC1), a glycoprotein associated with chemoresistance and an aggressive cancer phenotype, is aberrantly overexpressed in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Recent studies suggest that MUC1 plays a role in modulating cancer cell metabolism and thereby supports tumor growth. Herein, we examined the role of MUC1 in metabolic reprogramming in TNBC.

METHODS: MUC1 was stably overexpressed in MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells and stably knocked down in MDA-MB-468 cells. We performed liquid chromatography-coupled tandem mass spectrometry-assisted metabolomic analyses and physiological assays, which indicated significant alterations in the metabolism of TNBC cells due to MUC1 expression.

RESULTS: Differential analyses identified significant differences in …

Metabolic Reprogramming Of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: The Role Of Mirnas, Amal Qattan

Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine Faculty Publications

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are well known to influence the expression of the genes that regulate critical cellular functions. Various reports have suggested that they play critical roles in breast cancer metabolism through the regulation of various metabolic pathways, including the metabolism of glucose, lipids, glycolysis and the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). miRNAs regulate the metabolic process by targeting key molecules (enzymes, kinases transporters) or by modifying the expression of key transcription molecules. In addition, miRNAs can indirectly regulate mRNA translation by targeting chromatin-remodeling enzymes. Furthermore, miRNAs influence the expression of both oncogenes and tumor suppressors and have a major impact …

Mycn Amplification Is Associated With Repressed Cellular Immunity In Neuroblastoma: An In Silico Immunological Analysis Of Target Database, Peng Zhang, Xiaofang Wu, Moushumi Basu, Chen Dong, Pan Zhang, Yang Liu, Anthony D. Sandler

Pediatrics Faculty Publications

Purpose: RNA and DNA sequencing data are traditionally used to discern intrinsic cellular pathways in cancer pathogenesis, their utility for investigating the tumor microenvironment (TME) has not been fully explored. This study explores the use of sequencing data to investigate immunity within the TME.

Experimental design: Here, we use immune cell fraction estimation analysis to determine the immune profiles in the microenvironment of neuroblastoma (NB) based on RNA-seq data in the TARGET database. The correlation between immune cell transcripts and prognosis in pediatric NB is also investigated.

Results: In silico analysis revealed a strong inverse correlation between MYCNamplification and …

Primary Pulmonary Malt Lymphoma Presenting As Non-Resolving Pneumonia, Asma Iftikhar, Albert Magh, Muhammed Azaz Cheema, Sarah Thappa, Sonu Sahni, Stephen Karbowitz

Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine (New York) Publications and Research

Primary lung lymphoma (PLL) is a rare unilateral or bilateral lung disorder that is challenging to diagnose solely based on clinical and radiological presentation. PLL may be misdiagnosed as pneumonia or a lung tumor due to non-specific findings. PLL is most frequently a mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, a type of extranodal low-grade B-cell lymphoma most commonly discovered in the gastrointestinal tract. PLL should be considered in the differential diagnosis of non-resolving pneumonias. Herein we present a case of an 84-year-old patient discovered to have a primary pulmonary MALT lymphoma presenting as a non-resolving pneumonia causing a clinical challenge.

Regulation Of Biliary Progenitor Cell Proliferation By Hedgehog Signaling In In Vivo And Ex Vivo Organoid Models, Nataliya Razumilava M.D., Junya Shiota M.D., Ramon Ocadiz-Ruiz Ph.D., Nureen Hanisah Mohamad Zaki, Kais Zakharia M.D., Michael Mathew Hayes, Juanita Lynn Merchant M.D., Ph.D.

Hepatobiliary Cancers: Pathobiology and Translational Advances

No abstract provided.

Prophylactic Use Of Metformin To Decrease The Incidence Of Breast Cancer In High Risk, Predisposed Women, Aly Dahl

Physician Assistant Scholarly Project Posters

• Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in American women and is the second leading cause of mortality.

• In 2015, 234,190 new diagnoses were made and 40,730 deaths from breast cancer.

• Along with a thorough history from the patient, there are also several risk assessment models that should be utilized, such as the common Gail-2 model.

• Any women with a significant family history should also be educated on genetic counseling and/or testing to detect a BRCA1 or 2 mutation.

• Numerous individuals who are positive for this gene elect to undergo prophylactic …

Analysis Of Metabolic Syndrome As A Modifiable Risk Factor For Prostate Cancer, Michael Butler

Physician Assistant Scholarly Project Posters

• Prostate cancer and metabolic syndrome are both prevalent among men in developed countries with peak incidence after age 50.

• Prostate cancer has no known modifiable risk factors.

• Most risk factors for metabolic syndrome are modifiable.

• If metabolic syndrome is identified as contributing to the risk of prostate cancer it would give an element of self determination to men at risk for prostate cancer.

• Past studies provide conflicting results in the correlation between these two conditions.

• A literature review was performed to evaluate consistencies in current literature.

• Metabolic syndrome or its components do not …

Characterization Of Malt1 Inhibitors And Their Effect On Leukemic Cell Growth Properties, Christina Snyder

Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Theses and Dissertations

Leukemia is the most common childhood cancer, with a combined 40,000 predicted new cases in the United States in 2016 [8]. The two most common subtypes are acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) [9-11]. The commercially available inhibitor of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) has shown promising results in clinical trials for CLL because of the importance of BCR signaling in CLL [12-15]. Recent studies suggest that the outgrowth of BTK inhibitor resistant clonal cells in some CLL patients results in a treatment-refractory phenotype [16-18]. MALT1, a protein involved in BCR activation of the NF-κB pathway that functions …

Development Of Cellular Assays To Monitor Enzymatic And Biological Activity Of Cd73: A Key Modulator Of Anti-Tumor Immune Response, Alexandra Fanuka

Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Theses and Dissertations

Ecto-5’-nucleotidase, known as CD73, is an extracellular enzyme that converts adenosine monophosphate (AMP) to adenosine and has recently been identified as a potential drug target for cancer immunotherapy. Its immunosuppressive effects, mediated by the activity of adenosine, are associated with higher rates of tumor invasion and metastasis, as well as poorer prognoses overall in many cancer types. CD73 is often co-expressed with ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (CD39), which catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and ADP to AMP on the surface of tumor cells. Dual expression further propagates immunosuppressive effects of adenosine in the tumor microenvironment. …