Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Rising Above The Challenge: Using An Enhanced Staffing Model To Improve Care For Covid-19 Patients, Anne Rabert Mhsa, Rn, Ccrn, Ne-Bc, Sandra Derbyshire Rn, Ccrn, Pamela Sellars Bsn, Rn, Ccrn

Posters

No abstract provided.

Prevalence Of Clinical Spectrum Of Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions In Patients Presenting At A Tertiary Care Hospital In Pakistan, Ayesha Hina 2nd, Sadia Masood, Sajjad Jamil, Saadia Tabassum, Palwasha Jalil, Unzela Ghulam

Section of Internal Medicine

Introduction: Cutaneous adverse drug reactions (CADRs) are the most common adverse drug reactions reported in the literature. CADRs have resulted in disabling infirmities during hospitalization and complications following outdoor drug therapy. The pattern of CADRs and the responsible drugs usually changes with the introduction of newer drugs and evolving clinical practices. Moreover, several international studies showed variable prevalence, emphasizing the need for local data in light of different socioeconomic and demographic practices. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of adverse cutaneous drug reactions and identify the clinical spectrum and any potential risk factors.
Methodology: The …

Somatic Cag Expansion In Huntington's Disease Is Dependent On The Mlh3 Endonuclease Domain, Which Can Be Excluded Via Splice Redirection, Jennie C.L. Roy, Antonia Vitalo, Marissa A. Andrew, Eduarda Mota-Silva, Marina Kovalenko, Zoe Burch, Anh M. Nhu, Paula E. Cohen, Ed Grabczyk, Vanessa C. Wheeler, Ricardo Mouro Pinto

School of Medicine Faculty Publications

Somatic expansion of the CAG repeat tract that causes Huntington's disease (HD) is thought to contribute to the rate of disease pathogenesis. Therefore, factors influencing repeat expansion are potential therapeutic targets. Genes in the DNA mismatch repair pathway are critical drivers of somatic expansion in HD mouse models. Here, we have tested, using genetic and pharmacological approaches, the role of the endonuclease domain of the mismatch repair protein MLH3 in somatic CAG expansion in HD mice and patient cells. A point mutation in the MLH3 endonuclease domain completely eliminated CAG expansion in the brain and peripheral tissues of a HD …

Caring For A Family Member During Stressful Times: Considerations For Maintaining Mental Health, Sarah Hodgskiss, Ty Aller, Elizabeth Fauth

All Current Publications

Caring for a family member can take many forms. Whether you are caring for your mother with dementia or your son with a disability, caregiving for a family member can be very rewarding yet very stressful. As a family caregiver, it is likely that your stress has increased even more due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Now more than ever, you might find it helpful to “care for the caregiver.” This fact sheet will help you identify your own stress, explore strategies to manage this stress, and then use additional resources for further support and assistance.

Emergency Department Staffing And Overcrowding, Royce Hudgins

MSN Capstone Projects

Overcrowding in the emergency room (ER) is a decades old problem that can be caused by factors both internal and external to the (ER). The ripple effects from this problem can be seen throughout the hospital.

This change project seeks to identify and find solutions to patient flow problems that occur in the emergency room (ER) in order to: decrease patient wait times, reduce ER overcrowding, reduce costs, and to increase patient satisfaction and overall outcomes.

Team-Based Learning Compared To Lecture-Based Learning Among Pharmacology Students, Tammie C. Petersen

MSN Capstone Projects

This paper seeks to discuss the evidence-based practice change project that implements team-based learning over lecture-based learning in pharmacology courses at Austin Community College. Three unit exams were administered in two sections of pharmacology, one TBL and one LBL course. The means for each unit exam for each section were determined and compared to determine the effectiveness of TBL on exam scores. Effectiveness were determined to be a 5% increase in mean unit exam scores. The results conclude the TBL is effective on improving exam scores in pharmacology community college students.

Prevalence Of Common Disease Conditions In A Large Cohort Of Individuals With Down Syndrome In The United States, Brian Chicoine, Anne Rivelli, Veronica Fitzpatrick, Laura Chicoine, Gengjie Jia, Andrey Rzhetsky

Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews

Purpose: Given the current life expectancy and number of individuals living with Down syndrome (DS), it is important to learn common occurrences of disease conditions across the developmental lifespan. This study analyzed data from a large cohort of individuals with DS in an effort to better understand these disease conditions, inform future screening practices, tailor medical care guidelines, and improve utilization of health care resources.

Methods: This retrospective, descriptive study incorporated up to 28 years of data, compiled from 6078 individuals with DS and 30,326 controls matched on age and sex. Data were abstracted from electronic medical records within a …

Perioperative Family Updates Reduce Anxiety And Improve Satisfaction: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Lindsay S. Howe, Daniel Wigmore, Nathaniel Nelms, Patrick Schottel, Craig Bartlett, David Halsey, Martin Krag, David Lunardini, Robert Monsey, Bruce Beynnon, Michael Blankstein

Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews

Purpose: This study aimed to determine if standardized updates at specific perioperative events affect anxiety and satisfaction of the family members and if the length of surgical procedure affects the satisfaction with updates.

Methods: This study was a randomized control trial. In the control group, surgeons communicated with the family only once near the completion of the procedure. In the intervention group, families received electronic updates at 3 significant perioperative events during the procedure. A postoperative survey rating family member satisfaction and anxiety levels, using a Likert scale of 0–5, was administered.

Results: Mean level of overall satisfaction did not …

Heart-Healthy Integrative Nutritional Counseling Group Education Sessions Among Chinese Americans With Cardiovascular Risk Factors Or Disease: A Primary Care Quality Improvement Pilot, Jasmin Woo, Evelyn Y. Ho, Jane Jih

Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews

Purpose: Current biomedical cardiovascular disease nutrition counseling does not incorporate Chinese medicine principles.

Methods: A heart-healthy integrative nutritional counseling (H2INC) curriculum consistent with Chinese medicine principles and biomedical nutrition guidelines was taught to Chinese Americans in group education sessions. Chinese-speaking patients with cardiovascular disease or risk factors from an urban general medicine practice were recruited to attend a 90-minute group session. Participants completed pre-post surveys to assess the impact of H2INC on their perceived heart-healthy nutrition knowledge and empowerment, as well as the cultural relevance of H2INC.

Results: A total of 47 participants (mean age: 74 years; 63.8% female) attended …

Occupational Therapy Service And Clinic Development Within Student-Run, Pro-Bono Outpatient Rehab Clinic, Nicole Versace

OTD Capstone Projects

This poster details my capstone project that I completed as a degree requirement for my Doctorate of Occupational Therapy through Belmont University. For this project I partnered with Tennessee State University’s Tiger Community Rehab Clinic. This is a student-run, pro-bono clinic that strives to provide free OT and PT services to those with limited healthcare access. After an initial audit of the clinic, I determined the clinic needed help in developing the OT portion of the clinic as well as help to grow the foundation of the clinic through community and financial partners. You can see my specific goals here. …

Musings On Patient Willingness To Pay, Dennis J. Baumgardner

Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews

The editor-in-chief of the Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews introduces an original research article published within Volume 8, Issue 2, and comments on the relative willingness-to-pay values placed on various medical tests, treatments, and cures. How do we adequately educate patients on the risk of chronic disease and inspire them to embrace advisable lifestyle changes before there is a bigger bill to balk at?

Innovations In U.S. Health Care Delivery To Reduce Disparities In Maternal Mortality Among African American And American Indian/Alaskan Native Women, Swapna Reddy, Nina Patel, Mary Saxon, Nina Amin, Rizwana Biviji

Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews

Despite spending more on health care than any other country, the United States has the worst maternal mortality rate among all developed nations. African American and American Indian/Alaskan Native women have the worst outcomes by race, representing a stark health disparity within the country. Contributing factors disproportionately experienced by these minority populations include challenges of access to consistent and high-quality prenatal care, prevalence of underlying conditions, toxic stress due to systemic racism, and unconscious bias in health care. While many of these factors lie upstream in the lives of women, and seemingly beyond the scope of the clinical walls, the …

Placenta-Expanded Stromal Cell Therapy In A Rodent Model Of Simulated Weightlessness, Amber M. Paul, Linda Rubinstein, Charles Houseman, Metadel Abegaz, Steffy Tabares Ruiz

Publications

Long duration spaceflight poses potential health risks to astronauts during flight and re-adaptation after return to Earth. There is an emerging need for NASA to provide successful and reliable therapeutics for long duration missions when capability for medical intervention will be limited. Clinically relevant, human placenta-derived therapeutic stromal cells (PLX-PAD) are a promising therapeutic alternative. We found that treatment of adult female mice with PLX-PAD near the onset of simulated weightlessness by hindlimb unloading (HU, 30 d) was well-tolerated and partially mitigated decrements caused by HU. Specifically, PLX-PAD treatment rescued HU-induced thymic atrophy, and mitigated HU-induced changes in percentages of …

Suicide Mortality Of Emergency Department Patients, Briony Marie Dubose Mhi, Rn, Lss, Bb

Dissertations

Purpose The purpose of this retrospective comparative study is to describe relationships among biological, psychological, sociocultural factors and emergency department (ED) care among discharged ED patients and describe the association of these variables with subsequent suicide mortality.

Rationale Identifying patients who are most at risk of suicide mortality post ED discharge can focus resources, refine interventions, and prevent suicide. Additionally, recognizing patterns of ED care including ordering of a psychiatric evaluation and disposition status can provide data for potential practice changes.

Background Suicide is the 10th leading cause of death in the United States and has been since 2008. Suicide …

Building Community-Engaged Multidisciplinary Partnerships To Improve Medication Management In Elderly Patients With Multiple Chronic Conditions, Ivy O. Poon, Felicia Skelton, Lena R. Bean, Dominique Guinn, Terica L. Jemerson, Ngozi D. Mbue, Creaque V. Charles, Uche Anadu Ndefo

Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews

Purpose: Many studies in preventing adverse drug events have been researcher-driven, yet few have engaged patients in the development of a project. This project aims to engage minority elderly patients with multiple chronic conditions in the development of research questions and strategies to improve medication safety.

Methods: Elderly patients (≥ 65 years old) who were prescribed 7 or more chronic medications were recruited through a university-based aging resource network in a historically African American community in Houston, Texas. Patients and a caregiver participated in a multidisciplinary workgroup comprised of a physician, pharmacists, a nurse, health educators, and a social worker. …

Supply, Demand, And Quality: A Three-Pronged Approach To Blood Product Management In Developing Countries, Kyle L. Gress, Karina Charipova, Ivan Urits, Omar Viswanath, Alan D. Kaye

Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews

While transfusion of blood and blood products is instinctively linked to the provision of emergent care, blood and blood products are also routinely used for the treatment of subacute and chronic conditions. Despite the efforts of the World Health Organization and others, developing countries are faced with a three-part problem when it comes to access to and delivery of transfusions: insufficient supply, excessive demand, and inadequate quality of available supply. Developing countries rely heavily on replacement and remunerated donors rather than voluntary nonremunerated donors due to concerns regarding donation- and transfusion-transmitted infection as well as local and cultural beliefs. While …

A Patient-Centered Study Examining Self-Identification Of Mental Health Challenges Among Female Military Officers, Rosellen Roche, Joel Manzi, Katelyn Bard

Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews

Due to the expansion of leadership roles in the military for women, female military personnel now face stressors equal to, and yet unique from, their male counterparts. This pilot study surveyed 73 female U.S. Army officers regarding their experiences of leadership and mental wellness within the military. A mixed-methods survey was distributed via 2 private Facebook groups for female Army officers following an anonymized convenience sampling. This anonymous, patient-centered protocol was used to protect against known stigma surrounding disclosing mental health concerns in the military. Respondents were asked a series of questions including perceived mental health status and access to …

Seroprevalence Of Sars-Cov-2 Antibody In Echocardiography And Stress Laboratory, Renuka Jain, Stacie Kroboth, Denise Ignatowski, Bijoy K. Khandheria

Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews

Purpose: Transesophageal echocardiography is an aerosol-generating procedure, and exercise stress testing is a potentially aerosol-generating activity. Concern has been raised about heightened risk of transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) among health care personnel participating in these procedures. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of past coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection in echocardiography and stress laboratory staff.

Methods: All staff who worked in the echocardiography and stress laboratories of one high-traffic urban hospital from March 15, 2020, to June 15, 2020, were asked to voluntarily participate. Those willing to participate were consented, and past COVID-19 infection was …

Thyrotoxic Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis: A Success Story Of A Diagnostic Challenge, Mohsin Nazir, Malika Hameed, Rizwana Shehzad

Department of Anaesthesia

Thyrotoxic hypokalemic periodic paralysis (THPP) is a rare but life-threatening complication of hyperthyroidism seen predominantly in males. It is generally characterized by hypokalemia and skeletal muscle paralysis requiring intensive care admission. Hypokalemia occurs due to the massive intracellular shift of potassium because of the hyperactivity of the sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphates pump (Na⁺ K⁺ ATPase). Its differential diagnosis from the other common causes of hypokalemic paralysis is essential to provide targeted therapy. We present a rare case of THPP in a female patient with no prior history of thyroid disease. THPP in this patient was precipitated by trauma and …

The Detection And Prevention Of Weight Loss Attributed To Covid-19 Social Restrictions Within Long-Term Care Residents, Grace Gohman, Caitlin Williams, Alexander Lucken

Celebrating Scholarship and Creativity Day (2018-)

No abstract provided.

Week Of April 19, 2021, New York Medical College

InTouch

• NYMC Hosts Successful MSCHE Virtual Site Visit
• NYMC Center of Excellence in Precision Responses to Bioterrorism and Disasters Awarded $1 Million In State Funding
• NYMC Students Honor First Patients at 33rd Annual Convocation of Thanks
• HSL Offers Expanded Hours
• SHSP Student Healthcare Executives Collect Nearly 500 Meals to Help Children in Need

Rare Deleterious Mutations Of Hnrnp Genes Result In Shared Neurodevelopmental Disorders., Madelyn A. Gillentine, Tianyun Wang, Kendra Hoekzema, Jill Rosenfeld, Pengfei Liu, Hui Guo, Chang N. Kim, Bert B A De Vries, Lisenka E L M Vissers, Magnus Nordenskjold, Malin Kvarnung, Anna Lindstrand, Ann Nordgren, Jozef Gecz, Maria Iascone, Anna Cereda, Agnese Scatigno, Silvia Maitz, Ginevra Zanni, Enrico Bertini, Christiane Zweier, Sarah Schuhmann, Antje Wiesener, Micah Pepper, Heena Panjwani, Erin Torti, Farida Abid, Irina Anselm, Siddharth Srivastava, Paldeep Atwal, Carlos A. Bacino, Gifty Bhat, Katherine Cobian, Lynne M. Bird, Jennifer Friedman, Meredith S. Wright, Bert Callewaert, Florence Petit, Sophie Mathieu, Alexandra Afenjar, Celenie K. Christensen, Kerry M. White, Orly Elpeleg, Itai Berger, Edward J. Espineli, Christina Fagerberg, Charlotte Brasch-Andersen, Lars Kjærsgaard Hansen, Timothy Feyma, Susan Starling Hughes, Isabelle Thiffault, Bonnie Sullivan, Shuang Yan, Kory Keller, Boris Keren, Cyril Mignot, Frank Kooy, Marije Meuwissen, Alice Basinger, Mary Kukolich, Meredith Philips, Lucia Ortega, Margaret Drummond-Borg, Mathilde Lauridsen, Kristina Sorensen, Anna Lehman, Causes Study, Elena Lopez-Rangel, Paul Levy, Davor Lessel, Timothy Lotze, Suneeta Madan-Khetarpal, Jessica Sebastian, Jodie Vento, Divya Vats, L Manace Benman, Shane Mckee, Ghayda M. Mirzaa, Candace Muss, John Pappas, Hilde Peeters, Corrado Romano, Maurizio Elia, Ornella Galesi, Marleen E H Simon, Koen L I Van Gassen, Kara Simpson, Robert Stratton, Sabeen Syed, Julien Thevenon, Irene Valenzuela Palafoll, Antonio Vitobello, Marie Bournez, Laurence Faivre, Kun Xia, Spark Consortium, Rachel K. Earl, Tomasz Nowakowski, Raphael A. Bernier, Evan E. Eichler

Manuscripts, Articles, Book Chapters and Other Papers

BACKGROUND: With the increasing number of genomic sequencing studies, hundreds of genes have been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). The rate of gene discovery far outpaces our understanding of genotype-phenotype correlations, with clinical characterization remaining a bottleneck for understanding NDDs. Most disease-associated Mendelian genes are members of gene families, and we hypothesize that those with related molecular function share clinical presentations.

METHODS: We tested our hypothesis by considering gene families that have multiple members with an enrichment of de novo variants among NDDs, as determined by previous meta-analyses. One of these gene families is the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs), which …

Proceedings Of The Eighth Annual Deep Brain Stimulation Think Tank: Advances In Optogenetics, Ethical Issues Affecting Dbs Research, Neuromodulatory Approaches For Depression, Adaptive Neurostimulation, And Emerging Dbs Technologies, Vinata Vedam-Mai, Karl Deisseroth, James Giordano, Gabriel Lazaro-Munoz, Winston Chiong, Nanthia Suthana, Jean-Philippe Langevin, Jay Gill, Wayne Goodman, Nicole R Provenza, Casey H Halpern, Rajat S Shivacharan, Tricia N Cunningham, Sameer A Sheth, Nader Pouratian, Katherine W Scangos, Helen S Mayberg, Andreas Horn, Kara A Johnson, Christopher R Butson, Ro'ee Gilron, Coralie De Hemptinne, Robert Wilt, Maria Yaroshinsky, Simon Little, Philip Starr, Greg Worrell, Prasad Shirvalkar, Edward Chang, Jens Volkmann, Muthuraman Muthuraman, Sergiu Groppa, Andrea A Kühn, Luming Li, Matthew Johnson, Kevin J Otto, Robert Raike, Steve Goetz, Chengyuan Wu, Peter Silburn, Binith Cheeran, Yagna J Pathak, Mahsa Malekmohammadi, Aysegul Gunduz, Joshua K Wong, Stephanie Cernera, Aparna Wagle Shukla, Adolfo Ramirez-Zamora, Wissam Deeb, Addie Patterson, Kelly D Foote, Michael S Okun

Department of Neurosurgery Faculty Papers

We estimate that 208,000 deep brain stimulation (DBS) devices have been implanted to address neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders worldwide. DBS Think Tank presenters pooled data and determined that DBS expanded in its scope and has been applied to multiple brain disorders in an effort to modulate neural circuitry. The DBS Think Tank was founded in 2012 providing a space where clinicians, engineers, researchers from industry and academia discuss current and emerging DBS technologies and logistical and ethical issues facing the field. The emphasis is on cutting edge research and collaboration aimed to advance the DBS field. The Eighth Annual DBS …

Gestational Weight Gain In 4 Low- And Middle-Income Countries And Associations With Birth Outcomes: A Secondary Analysis Of The Women First Trial, Melissa S. Bauserman, Carla M. Bann, K Michael Hambidge, Ana L. Garces, Lester Figueroa, Jamie L. Westcott, Jackie K. Patterson, Elizabeth M. Mcclure, Sumera Ali Aziz, Sarah Saleem

Community Health Sciences

Background: Adequate gestational weight gain (GWG) is essential for healthy fetal growth. However, in low- and middle-income countries, where malnutrition is prevalent, little information is available about GWG and how it might be modified by nutritional status and interventions.
Objective: We describe GWG and its associations with fetal growth and birth outcomes. We also examined the extent to which prepregnancy BMI, and preconception and early weight gain modify GWG, and its effects on fetal growth.
Methods: This was a secondary analysis of the Women First Trial, including 2331 women within the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Guatemala, India, and Pakistan, …

An Exploratory Survey On The Awareness And Usage Of Clinical Practice Guidelines Among Clinical Pharmacists, Jessica M. Downes, Lisa Appeddu, Jeremy L. Johnson, Kelsey S. Haywood, B. Jordan James, Kendrick D. Wingard

Faculty Articles & Research

Background: The NHLBI has not developed clinical practice guidelines since 2007. As a result, multiple organizations have released competing guidelines. This has created confusion and debate among clinicians as to which recommendations are most applicable for practice.

Objectives: To explore preliminary attitudes, awareness, and usage of clinical practice guidelines in practice and teaching for hypertension, dyslipidemia and asthma among clinical pharmacists.

Methods: Clinical pharmacists across the US were surveyed electronically over a two week period in Spring 2019 regarding utilization and knowledge of practice guidelines for hypertension, dyslipidemia, and asthma. Clinical cases were included to evaluate application of guidelines. Descriptive …

2021-04-18_Michiganoverview_Covidsymptoms, Michigan Department Of Health & Human Services

Michigan COVID-19 Syndromic Surveillance System Data

The Syndromic Surveillance System Data report was obtained from Michigan's COVID-19 dashboard, from under the link "​Coronavirus Symptoms": https://www.michigan.gov/coronavirus. Data was compiled by the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (MDHHS). The information was updated daily.

Syndromic Surveillance System data is obtained from approximately 183 facilities participating in syndromic surveillance (132 Emergency Departments (ED), 51 Urgent Cares) across the State of Michigan. The reporting is based on individuals who present at EDs and may not be representative of the overall population. The coronavirus-like symptoms query searches visit free-text (chief complaint, triage notes, and clinical impression) for fever or …

Ua94/6/1 Covid-19 Diary, Kaleb Workman

Student/Alumni Personal Papers

Reflections of COVID-19 by Gatton Academy of Mathematics & Science student Kaleb Workman.

Correlations Between Coffee Consumption And Metabolic Phenotypes, Plasma Folate, And Vitamin B12: Nhanes 2003 To 2006., Pratibha V Nerurkar, Krupa Gandhi, John J Chen

Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Faculty Papers

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is prevalent not only among the overweight and obese but also normal weight individuals, and the phenotype is referred to as a metabolically unhealthy phenotype (MUHP). Besides normal weight individuals, overweight/obese individuals are also protected from MetS, and the phenotype is known as a metabolically healthy phenotype (MHP). Epidemiological studies indicate that coffee and micronutrients such as plasma folate or vitamin B12 (vit. B12) are inversely associated with MetS. However, correlations among coffee consumption metabolic phenotypes, plasma folate, and vit. B12 remain unknown. Our objective was to investigate the correlation between coffee consumption, metabolic phenotypes, plasma folate, …

Improvisation As A Teaching Tool For Improving Oral Communication Skills In Premedical And Pre-Biomedical Graduate Students, Marianne Phelps, Catrina White, Lin Xiang, Hollie I. Swanson

Theatre and Dance Faculty Publications

Objective:

To evaluate the relationship between training in theatre improvisation and empathy, communication, and other professional skills.

Methods:

Undergraduate and graduate students who were participants of a 10-week summer undergraduate research program engaged in theatre improvisation techniques during a 3-hour workshop. In Study #1, a de-identified, self-report questionnaire (known as the Empathy Quotient) was administered prior to and following the workshop. Paired sample 2-tailed t-tests were performed to evaluate pre- and post-test scores. To identify additional benefits of engaging in theatre improvisation techniques, Study #2 was performed. Here, a survey was administered to the participants following their completion of …

Clinical Case Study: The Effects Of Real-Time Iemg Biofeedback On Facial Muscle Activation Patterns In A Child With Congenital Facial Palsy, Alyssa Molina

College of Education and Human Sciences: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Experimental findings are limited concerning efficacious procedures for facial reanimation following persistent idiopathic facial paralysis or paresis. Additional research examining the use of real-time integrated electromyography (iEMG) biofeedback for young children with persistent idiopathic facial paralysis is one approach to further understand the efficacy of electrophysiology biofeedback techniques in facial reanimation for this age group and etiology. iEMG research has applications in interventions for pathology of nerves and muscles affecting animation of the face. The proposed clinical case study will adopt real time iEMG visual biofeedback to facilitate facial reanimation in a preadolescent child. Quantitative measurements will determine orofacial muscle …