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Articles 181 - 202 of 202
Full-Text Articles in Medicine and Health Sciences
Anticipatorily Controlled Top-Down Processes Influence The Impact Of Coriolis Effects, Christine M. Talker, K. Wolfgang Kallus
Anticipatorily Controlled Top-Down Processes Influence The Impact Of Coriolis Effects, Christine M. Talker, K. Wolfgang Kallus
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015
The impact of the vestibular-induced Coriolis illusion becomes apparent in spatial disorientation and symptoms of motion sickness. Empirical data indicated that anticipatory processes, evolved by experience, influence the sensation of Coriolis illusion. We measured subjective well-being and stress responses of 13 experienced pilots and 13 non-pilots in order to study the influence of anticipatorily controlled top-down attention on the impact of Coriolis effects and to examine the role of experience. Subjective data and psychophysiological data (EDA, ECG) were recorded, reflecting the underlying psychological processes involved. Participants distracted by doing a reaction test (experimental group) gave higher drowsiness ratings and higher …
Effect Of Control Latency On Unmanned Aircraft Systems During Critical Phases Of Flight, Carolina M. Zingale, Eric G. Taylor
Effect Of Control Latency On Unmanned Aircraft Systems During Critical Phases Of Flight, Carolina M. Zingale, Eric G. Taylor
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015
Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) are controlled remotely via terrestrial or satellite-based radio link rather than by a pilot in the cockpit. The remote nature of the transmission results in latencies (time between pilot input and feedback indicating aircraft response) that are typically longer than those in manned aircraft. Researchers from the FAA Human Factors Branch conducted a simulation to investigate the effect of control latencies during takeoff and landing scenarios in UAS with low levels of automation. We evaluated one of four latencies (180, 494, 750, 1026 ms) in each test scenario. Half of the scenarios included crosswinds. Data obtained …
The Cognition Of Multi-Aircraft Control (Mac): Proactive Interference And Working Memory Capacity, Kelly Amaddio, Michael Miller, John Elshaw, Victor Finomore
The Cognition Of Multi-Aircraft Control (Mac): Proactive Interference And Working Memory Capacity, Kelly Amaddio, Michael Miller, John Elshaw, Victor Finomore
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015
As the number of U.S. Air Force missions requiring UAVs has rapidly increased without commensurate increases in manpower, systems which permit a single operator to supervise and control multiple, highly-automated aircraft are being considered. The operator of such a system may be required to monitor and respond to voice communications for multiple UAVs, each of which can have aircraft specific call signs, which may impose excessive requirements on constrained operator attention, working memory, and cognitive processing. The current research investigates the cognitive load (number of aircraft call signs) an individual can handle and explores the effect of proactive interference (PI) …
Learning Of Location-Identity Bindings: Development Of Level 1 Situation Awareness In An Air Traffic Control-Like Task, Alexander Nalbandian, Esa Rantanen
Learning Of Location-Identity Bindings: Development Of Level 1 Situation Awareness In An Air Traffic Control-Like Task, Alexander Nalbandian, Esa Rantanen
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015
Knowing “what is where” is essential to human perception and performance. This knowledge corresponds to the concept of Situation Awareness (SA), specifically Level 1 SA. The underlying research paradigm concerns tracking of identical objects moving on a screen (Multiple Object Tracking, MOT). This method has been useful to investigate the fundamentals of visual tracking, but it lacks a connection to real-world scenarios. In another paradigm, objects tracked have unique identities (Multiple Identity Tracking, MIT) requiring a combination of peripheral and focal perception in tracking. This model has been used to examine air traffic controllers’ SA. This paper will report results …
An Evaluation Of The Utility Of At-Sat For The Placement Of New Controllers By Option, Cristina L. Byrne, Dana Broach
An Evaluation Of The Utility Of At-Sat For The Placement Of New Controllers By Option, Cristina L. Byrne, Dana Broach
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015
In this study, we investigated the utility and fairness of using the Air Traffic Selection and Training (AT-SAT) test battery to place Air Traffic Control Specialist (ATCS) applicants into terminal or en route facilities. While results of statistical analyses indicated that AT-SAT could be considered a valid tool for use in placement, based on technical considerations only, it was concluded that it should not be used in that way due to lack of utility and potential for adverse impact. If the FAA were to use AT-SAT for placement, the risk of additional adverse impact and pay disparities should be evaluated …
An Operational Analysis Of Human Factors In An Unmanned Air System, Saskia D. Revell, Victoria J. Cutler
An Operational Analysis Of Human Factors In An Unmanned Air System, Saskia D. Revell, Victoria J. Cutler
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015
Previous research has highlighted Human Factors (HF) issues associated with operating Unmanned Air Systems (UAS). This research has examined the human-machine interface, error types found in UAS mishaps, and examined specific factors such as workload or situation awareness. Fewer studies have examined the HF issues experienced during live military UAS operations in a conflict zone. Accordingly, a HF analysis was undertaken of a UK UAS unit operating in Afghanistan. The analysis was conducted using the Operational Events Analysis (OEA) approach, which is a structured, qualitative method of identifying flight safety HF issues. The OEA included UAS operators and maintenance personnel. …
Human Span-Of-Control In Cyber Operations: An Experimental Evaluation Of Fan-Out, Vincent F. Mancuso, Gregory J. Funke, Monica B. Eckold, Adam J. Strang
Human Span-Of-Control In Cyber Operations: An Experimental Evaluation Of Fan-Out, Vincent F. Mancuso, Gregory J. Funke, Monica B. Eckold, Adam J. Strang
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015
Modern cyber operations require operators to maintain supervisory control of remote computer agents. A current operational concern is the number of agents an operator can control at once. This issue resonates with similar “span-of-control” research conducted in UAV operations (e.g., Cummings & Mitchel, 2008). One way to identify operator span is via “fan-out,” a numeric calculation that provides a span-of-control estimate based on system and environmental variables. However, fan-out is a mechanical representation that only accounts for task-characteristics and environmental variables, thus providing an upper bound of human performance that does account for cognition, workload, or work interruptions. The present …
Identifying Representative Symbology For Low Visibility Operations/Surface Movement Guidance And Control System (Lvo/Smgcs) Paper Charts, Andrea L. Sparko, Stephanie G. Chase
Identifying Representative Symbology For Low Visibility Operations/Surface Movement Guidance And Control System (Lvo/Smgcs) Paper Charts, Andrea L. Sparko, Stephanie G. Chase
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015
The Volpe Center developed a questionnaire to examine the representativeness of symbol shapes and the usefulness of information depicted on Low Visibility Operations/Surface Movement Guidance and Control System (LVO/SMGCS) paper charts. One-hundred forty-four pilots were shown a series of symbol shapes and responded “Yes” or “No” to whether they considered each symbol shape representative of a given information type. Symbol shapes were presented at increasing levels of context. Pilots then rated the usefulness of information depicted on LVO/SMGCS charts. Pilots identified representative symbol shapes for a geographic position marking, instrument landing system (ILS) hold line, runway guard lights (RGL), stop …
Perspectives Of Unsuccessful Air Traffic Control Specialists, Linda G. Pierce, Cristina L. Byrne
Perspectives Of Unsuccessful Air Traffic Control Specialists, Linda G. Pierce, Cristina L. Byrne
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015
Approximately one-quarter of air traffic controller trainees fail field training at their first facility assignment. In some cases, those who fail the training qualifications at their first air traffic control facility assignment are allowed to transfer to a less complex facility. We surveyed a sample of these controllers to identify their perceptions of work-related and external factors that contributed to their failure and subsequent request for reassignment. For example, although these controllers were selected to work at their first facility, in part, based on their aptitude for the job, some said they simply could not do the work at the …
Impact Of Weather Information Latency On General Aviation Pilot Situation Awareness, Barrett S. Caldwell, Mary E. Johnson, Geoffrey Whitehurst, Vladimir Rishukin, Nsikak Udo-Imeh, Lucero Duran, Megan M. Nyre, Lauren Sperlak
Impact Of Weather Information Latency On General Aviation Pilot Situation Awareness, Barrett S. Caldwell, Mary E. Johnson, Geoffrey Whitehurst, Vladimir Rishukin, Nsikak Udo-Imeh, Lucero Duran, Megan M. Nyre, Lauren Sperlak
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015
A critical element of situation awareness and sensemaking support for humans in complex environments is the ability to access, detect, and integrate environmental elements to recognize and project the state of the world. Some past research has suggested that new weather technology capabilities in general aviation (GA) flight settings could help improve pilot decision making and reduce accidents such as unintentional transitions from visual flight rules (VFR) to marginal VFR or even instrument meteorological conditions (IMC). This paper addresses an ongoing Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) funded research project investigating the effect of transmission delays and update latencies in presentations of …
Developing Quantitative Air Traffic Risk-Benefit Pathways For Class Delta Airports: Improving Small Tower Operations, Katherine A. Berry, Michael W. Sawyer, Jordan Hinson
Developing Quantitative Air Traffic Risk-Benefit Pathways For Class Delta Airports: Improving Small Tower Operations, Katherine A. Berry, Michael W. Sawyer, Jordan Hinson
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015
The primary responsibility of an Airport Traffic Control Tower (ATCT) controller is to prevent collisions between aircraft and other hazards on the surface and in the immediate vicinity. The safety service provided by controllers at towers with larger operations greatly exceeds the costs of establishing those towers. As the number of operations decreases, the costs of operating the tower may begin to outweigh the benefits of staffing the tower. Safety event reports describing instances where an ATCT controller provided a service that reduced the consequences of the event were collected. The reports were classified to identify latent factors, causal factors, …
The Role Of Personnel Selection In Remotely Piloted Aircraft Human System Integration, Thomas R. Carretta, Raymond E. King
The Role Of Personnel Selection In Remotely Piloted Aircraft Human System Integration, Thomas R. Carretta, Raymond E. King
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015
Effective human-system integration (HSI) incorporates several domains: manpower, personnel, and training, human factors, environment, safety, occupational health, habitability, survivability, logistics, intelligence, mobility, and command and control. These domains are interdependent and must be considered in terms of their interrelationships. Human factors engineers typically focus on system design with little attention to the skills, abilities, and other characteristics needed by the human operator. Personnel selection is seldom considered during the HSI process. Complex systems require careful selection of the individuals who will interact with the system. Selection is a two-stage process: Select-in procedures determine who has the aptitude to profit from …
Performance Assessment Methods To Evaluate Discretionary Atc Safety Standards, Julia Pounds, Lisa Galoci
Performance Assessment Methods To Evaluate Discretionary Atc Safety Standards, Julia Pounds, Lisa Galoci
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015
The US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) established the Air Traffic Safety Oversight Service (AOV) in 2005. Its mission is to provide independent oversight of the US air traffic service provider, Air Traffic Organization (ATO). AOV monitors ATO compliance with safety standards and safety management systems (SMS) including the ATO’s policies, procedures, and practices. AOV based its surveillance activities on systematic auditing methods to monitor ATO compliance with required safety controls. However, audits could only be used to monitor required safety controls having objective (strong) evidence of performance available. AOV lacked methods to monitor discretionary (weak) safety controls or safety controls …
Toward A Human Performance Standard Of Excellence In Air Traffic Management, Paul Krois, Damien Armenis, Rémi Joly, Barry Kirwan, Claire Marrison, Neil May, Dino Piccione, Michaela Schwarz
Toward A Human Performance Standard Of Excellence In Air Traffic Management, Paul Krois, Damien Armenis, Rémi Joly, Barry Kirwan, Claire Marrison, Neil May, Dino Piccione, Michaela Schwarz
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015
Air Traffic Management (ATM) is a 24/7 industry that strongly depends on people and needs its frontline staff to be on top performance to maintain safety and efficiency of the air transport system. However, Air Navigation Service Providers (ANSPs) too often downplay the integration of human performance against higher priority operational and business issues. At the same time, human factors experts are sometimes challenged in communicating their tools and methods in ways that are seen as pertinent to ANSP issues. In order to bridge these organizational stove pipes, an international approach is being harmonized for ANSPs to gauge their maturity …
High Fidelity Simulation And Aviation Training To Improve Problem Solving Skills And Coordination, Evan M. Lester, Paul A. Craig
High Fidelity Simulation And Aviation Training To Improve Problem Solving Skills And Coordination, Evan M. Lester, Paul A. Craig
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015
The Flight Operations Center – Unified Simulation (FOCUS) lab was created in 2010 to break down the “barrier” between aerospace concentrations at Middle Tennessee State University (MTSU) and address several aspects of teamwork in aviation. While participating in the FOCUS lab’s high-fidelity simulations, teams of senior undergraduate aerospace students work together to solve complex and real-world scenarios, which helps improve each student’s coordination, teamwork, problem-solving, and communication skills. Each team’s performance in the FOCUS lab’s simulations is evaluated by the FOCUS lab research team and discussed at the team’s After Action Review (AAR) to determine how the team can improve …
The Smart Cockpit Initiative, Kevin M. Smith, Stephane Larrieu
The Smart Cockpit Initiative, Kevin M. Smith, Stephane Larrieu
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015
Flight deck displays that automatically adapt themselves to changing operational conditions are referred to as mission adaptive displays, or smart cockpits. Most smart-enabling technology is already available in modern aircraft. To be operationally effective, however, mission adaptive displays should: • Present mission critical information when it is most urgently needed. • Be capable of responding to all mission critical events—single and multiple occurrences. • Depict a rising risk profile based upon risk defining criteria. • Utilize abstract clusters to reduce workload in high stress situations. • Contain, whenever appropriate, performance aids so that precise maneuver execution is assured.
Toward An Integrated Ecological Plan View Display For Air Traffic Controllers, Brem Beernink, Clark Borst, Joost Ellerbroek, Rene Van Paassen, Max Mulder
Toward An Integrated Ecological Plan View Display For Air Traffic Controllers, Brem Beernink, Clark Borst, Joost Ellerbroek, Rene Van Paassen, Max Mulder
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015
To cope with increasing demand on the air traffic management system, this paper proposes a novel user interface which supports air traffic controllers in conflict detection and resolution. The concept is based on previous work on 3D solution space displays for air traffic control, but then aimed at improving the interaction by better integrating speed, heading, and altitude constraints on the Plan View Display. A preliminary, subjective human-in-the-loop evaluation study was performed using five participants with various experience levels in real-life air traffic control. Results from the evaluation indicate that both successful use of the interface as well as the …
Possibilities Of Using The On-Board Intelligent Voice Informing Systems In Complex Flight Situations, Oleksandr Petrenko
Possibilities Of Using The On-Board Intelligent Voice Informing Systems In Complex Flight Situations, Oleksandr Petrenko
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015
The paper discusses expediency and possibility of using the on-board voice informing systems aimed at issuing messages which help recognize hazardous scenarios and work out correct strategies of flight crew activities. Important possibilities of man-to-machine speech interactions in intelligent cockpits analyzed taking into account the wide range of psychological characteristics of speech. Voice channel of machine-to-man interaction regarded as one of the tools of effective conjugation of capabilities of intelligent cockpit and human’s special heuristic potential. In the context of cockpit intellectualization prerequisites for the voice information reporting system functions transformation appear. The concept and flowchart of Intelligent Voice Support …
Tactile Cueing Strategies To Convey Aircraft Motion Or Warn Of Collision, Ben D. Lawson, Roger C. Cholewiak, J. Christopher Brill, Angus H. Rupert, Linda-Brooke I. Thompson
Tactile Cueing Strategies To Convey Aircraft Motion Or Warn Of Collision, Ben D. Lawson, Roger C. Cholewiak, J. Christopher Brill, Angus H. Rupert, Linda-Brooke I. Thompson
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015
This report highlights five current vibrotactile display technologies for conveying aircraft motion or approach to obstacles or waypoints, including: 1) a simple on/off vibration cue that activates when a designated position is reached; 2) vibrations whose on-off pulse rate increases as the vehicle moves faster; 3) vibrations whose fundamental frequency rises to cue the approach of an object; 4) vibrations whose body site of spatial cueing signals self-motion in a manner analogous to tactile cues during sliding along the ground; 5) vibrations whose body site of cueing expands in a manner analogous to visual looming cues. The advantages and limitations …
Requirements For Developing The Model Of Spatial Orientation Into An Applied Cockpit Warning System, Ben D. Lawson, Braden J. Mcgrath, Michael C. Newman, Angus H. Rupert
Requirements For Developing The Model Of Spatial Orientation Into An Applied Cockpit Warning System, Ben D. Lawson, Braden J. Mcgrath, Michael C. Newman, Angus H. Rupert
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015
Refinements have been made to a model of spatial disorientation (SD) to improve simulation of acceleration stimuli and visual-vestibular interactions. The improved model has been applied to aviation mishaps. The model is considered a technological countermeasure for SD because it is implemented as prototype software to aid the identification of mishap contributors in a way that should benefit didactic training. There is a more direct way this countermeasure can prevent SD, which is by adapting it for use as part of a cockpit warning system. The idea is to expand the model from one which explains mishaps post-hoc into one …
Recent Advances In Tactile Cueing, Angus H. Rupert, Ben D. Lawson
Recent Advances In Tactile Cueing, Angus H. Rupert, Ben D. Lawson
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015
Flight tests conducted by the Army and Navy have demonstrated the utility of the Tactile Situation Awareness System (TSAS) as an adjunct to visual instruments to improve pilot performance in degraded visual environments or under conditions of high workload. The tactile stimulators (tactors) used in each of the flight tests have been incorporated into aircraft components (seat cushions and shoulder straps) and a torso garment (belt or vest). Current tactors must operate at full magnitude and a very restricted frequency range (240 to 250 Hz) in order to provide consistent and perceptible stimuli in the aviation environment. Fortunately, recent developments …
Near-Future Technological Countermeasures For Spatial Disorientation In Flight, Eric M. Littman, Ben D. Lawson, J. Christopher Brill, Angus H. Rupert
Near-Future Technological Countermeasures For Spatial Disorientation In Flight, Eric M. Littman, Ben D. Lawson, J. Christopher Brill, Angus H. Rupert
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015
Spatial Disorientation (SD) is an important cause of deadly aircraft mishaps, despite improvements in night vision, head-up-displays, cockpit automation, etc. This paper explores several technological countermeasures for SD. This report begins by discussing the magnitude of the SD problem and the reasons why technological countermeasures are needed. The authors discuss the three main approaches that are typically used (improved selection, training, or technology) to decrease the incidence of SD, and argue that improved selection and training, although beneficial, are not sufficient by themselves to prevent SD. The authors introduce various technological solutions they are developing, including better models to predict …