Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Fructose-2,6-Bisphosphate Synthesis By 6-Phosphofructo-2-Kinase/Fructose-2,6-Bisphosphatase 4 (Pfkfb4) Is Required For The Glycolytic Response To Hypoxia And Tumor Growth, Jason Chesney, Jennifer Clark, Alden C. Klarer, Yoannis Imbert-Fernandez, Andrew N. Lane, Sucheta Telang

Markey Cancer Center Faculty Publications

Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (F2,6BP) is a shunt product of glycolysis that allosterically activates 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase (PFK-1) resulting in increased glucose uptake and glycolytic flux to lactate. The F2,6BP concentration is dictated by four bifunctional 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatases (PFKFB1-4) with distinct kinase:phosphatase activities. PFKFB4 is over-expressed in human cancers, induced by hypoxia and required for survival and growth of several cancer cell lines. Although PFKFB4 appears to be a rational target for anti-neoplastic drug development, it is not clear whether its kinase or phosphatase activity is required for cancer cell survival. In this study, we demonstrate that recombinant human PFKFB4 kinase activity is 4.3-fold greater than …

Potensi Pemanfaatan Nigella Sativa L. Sebagaiimunomodulator Dan Antiinflamasi, Farida Sulistiawati, Maksum Radji

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

Nigella sativa L. has long been used as an herbal medicine in some countries, particularly in the Middle East and in other Asian countries, including in Indonesia. One component is a protein compound extracted from black cumin oil residues, known to have efficacy to enhance the immune system and as an anti-inflammatory. As the compound will be degraded when administered orally, the research on its delivery systems, is interesting to be developed. This article will review about the prospects of their utilization and strategy formulation that preparation can be delivered orally.

Efek Ekstrak Etanol Daun Premna Cordifolia Terhadap Malondialdehida Tikus Yang Dipapar Asap Rokok, Asri Adyttia, Eka Kartika Untari, Sri Wahdaningsih

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

Free radical from cigarrete smoke cause lipid peroxidation that could be identified by increasing levels of Malondialdehida (MDA). Premna cordifolia leaves known having antioxidant activity in in vitro study. This study aimed to know the effect of P. cordifolia leaves extract on the levels of MDA after exposure to cigarette smoke. The simplicia extracted by maseration using 70% ethanol. Twenty four male wistar rats were divided into six groups, i.e. : control normal, negative control, positive control received cigarette smoke exposure and vitamin E (18mg/kg BW) and three groups received cigarette smoke exposure and P. cordifolia leaves extract with doses …

Comparative Molecular Docking Studies With Abcc1 And Aquaporin 9 In The Arsenite Complex Efflux, Shiv Poojan, Anupam Dhasmana, Qazi Mohammad Sajid Jamal, Mohd Haneef, Mohtashim Lohani

School of Medicine Publications

Arsenic is the most toxic metalloid present in the natural environment in both organic and inorganic arsenic forms. Inorganic arsenic is often more hazardous than the organic form. Arsenite and arsenate compounds are the major inorganic forms which are toxic causing severe human health dysfunction including cancer. Excretion of arsenic from the system is found elusive. Therefore, it is of interest to screen channel proteins with the arsenic complex in the different combination of arsenic, GSH (glutathione) and arsenic, selenium using docking methods. The mode of arsenic removal. The complex structure revealed the mode of arsenic binding efficiency with the …

Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Metanol Bunga Dan Daun Patikala (Etlingera Elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm) Menggunakan Metode Dpph, Virsa Handayani, Aktsar Roskiana Ahmad, Miswati Sudir

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

Patikala (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm) is a plant of the Zingiberaceae family. Patikala (E. elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm) have bioactive compounds are flavonoids that act as antioxidants. The purpose of this study was to measure free radical activity in the methanol extract of the fruit and leaves Patikala (E. elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm). Extraction of flowers and leaf samples by maceration method using methanol. Qualitative analysis of chemical compounds with certain eluent using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) to determine the group of active compounds in the extract. Antioxidant activity assay using the immersion method of DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl Hidrazil) measured absorption at a …

Aktivitas Penghentian Pendarahan Luar Ekstrak Etanol Daun Berenuk (Crescentia Cujete L) Secara In-Vivo, Anjar Mahardian Kusuma, Adri Nurrakhmat Sulistyo, Susanti Susanti, Sabikis Sabikis

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

Crescenti cujete L. or better known as calabash is a plant that thrives in Indonesia. Calabash has a great potential as an herbal remedy, but there is only some scientific research conducted on this plant, one of which is antibacterial against Bacillus subtilis and Escerichia coli on 2006 by Susanti. The method in this research was an experimental activities of the cessation external bleeding with 3 dose variation of calabash leaf extract 80%, 60%, and 40% by counting the bleeding time at base of the tail in mice. As a result, all groups of external bleeding cessation activities have better …

Uji Efek Antiinflamasi Fraksi Air Daun Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria Macrocarpa (Shecff.) Boerl.) Terhadap Tikus Putih (Rattus Norvegicus L.), Aprilita Rina Yanti Eff, Ema Dewanti, Melisha Adelina H

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

Inflammation occurs as the attempt of body to inactivate organisms that attack the body, removing irritants and regulate tissue repair. One of the medicinal plants used empirically as antiinflammation is the leaf of Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa (Schecff.) Boerl). This study investigated the effect of anti-inflammatory water fraction of leaf Mahkota Dewa using oedema induction method with caragenin in rat. Water fraction of Mahkota Dewa was given at the dose 0.5 g/kg BW ,1 g/kg BW and 2 g/kg BW. Sodium diclofenac was used as a positive control and CMC as negative control. The result showed water fractions of three …

Tablet Effervescent Ekstrak Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa Bilimbi L.) Dengan Variasi Kadar Pemanis Aspartam, Rosmala Dewi, Iskandarsyah Iskandarsyah, Devi Octarina

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

Averrhoa bilimbi is fruit that has many benefits but the usage is not optimal. That is why the aim of the research is to get formulation of effervescent granule and tablet containing dry Averrhoa bilimbi extract with modified concentration of aspartame as sweetening agent for commercial healthy drink. Granules and tablets were produced with dry method granulation with 40% of relative humidity (RH) and 25ºC of temperature. The three of formulation were qualified as effervescent granules and tablets. Favorite tests showed that no significant differences of appearances, tastes for three of effervescent granules and tablets.

Low Risk Of Attrition Among Adults On Antiretroviral Therapy In The Rwandan National Program: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis Of 6, 12, And 18 Month Outcomes, Harriet Nuwagaba-Biribonwoha, Aleksandra Jakubowski, Veronicah Mudisha, Paulin Basinga, Anita Asiimwe, Denis Nash, Batya Elul

Publications and Research

Background
We report levels and determinants of attrition in Rwanda, one of the few African countries with universal ART access.

Methods
We analyzed data abstracted from health facility records of a nationally representative sample of adults [≥18 years] who initiated ART 6, 12, and 18 months prior to data collection; and collected facility characteristics with a health facility assessment questionnaire. Weighted proportions and rates of attrition [loss to follow-up or death] were calculated, and patient- and health facility-level factors associated with attrition examined using Cox proportional hazard models.

Results
1678 adults initiated ART 6, 12 and 18 months prior to …

The Effect Of The Victim-Offender Relationship And Pre-Assault Intoxication On Ptsd Symptom Severity, Diandra Meloni

Theses and Dissertations

College-aged women are at an increased risk for experiencing non-consensual sexual contact (i.e. sexual assault) relative to the general population. Women who endure a sexual assault are at an increased risk for developing Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Intoxication by drugs and/or alcohol during an assault is linked to victims experiencing less severe PTSD symptoms; however, little is known about how the victim-offender relationship relates to PTSD symptom severity. The current study sampled 125 university women on measures that assessed degree of sexual victimization and resulting PTSD symptoms. It was hypothesized that both intoxication and the victim-offender relationship would affect PTSD …

Madison County, Kentucky Hazardous Materials Commodity Flow Analysis, Dr. Ritchie D. Taylor, Dr. Vijay Golla, Jacqueline Brown, Bryan Makinen, Carl Richards, Michael Bryant

Public Health Faculty Publications

The results of a commodity flow analysis of hazardous materials for KY Highway 21 (KY-0021) and KY Highway 627 (KY-0627) conducted by Western Kentucky University, in partnership with the Madison County Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC), are presented within this report. This report specifically focuses on the portions of these highways located in Madison County, Kentucky. Figure 1.1 shows the location of Madison County in relationship to the state of Kentucky. The purpose of this report is to present information regarding the patterns of hazardous materials transportation along KY-0021 and KY-0627 as observed from August 4, 2014 through August 15, …

Montgomery County, Kentucky Hazardous Materials Commodity Flow Analysis 1, Dr. Vijay Golla, Dr. Ritchie D. Taylor, Jacqueline Brown

Public Health Faculty Publications

The results of a Commodity Flow Analysis of Hazardous Materials for Interstate 64 (I-64) conducted by Western Kentucky University in partnership with the Montgomery County Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC) are presented within this report. This report specifically focuses on the portion of the I-64 corridor located in Montgomery County, Kentucky. Figure 1.1 shows the location of Montgomery County in relationship to the state of Kentucky. The purpose of this report is to present information regarding the patterns of hazardous materials transportation along I-64 as observed from July 14, 2014 through August 1, 2014. In addition, this report also summarizes …

Rowan County, Kentucky Hazardous Materials Commodity Flow Analysis, Dr. Vijay Golla, Dr. Ritchie D. Taylor, Jacqueline Brown

Public Health Faculty Publications

The results of a Commodity Flow Analysis of Hazardous Materials for Interstate 64 (I-64) conducted by Western Kentucky University in partnership with the Rowan County Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC) are presented within this report. This report specifically focuses on the portion of the I-64 corridor located in Rowan County, Kentucky. Figure 1.1 shows the location of Rowan County in relationship to the state of Kentucky. The purpose of this report is to present information regarding the patterns of hazardous materials transportation observed along I-64 in Rowan County from June 16, 2014 through July 11, 2014. Finally, the report presents …

Determining The Effects Of Vitamin D Levels On Osteoporosis And Osteopenia, Summer Yvonne Tilgner

Regis University Student Publications (comprehensive collection)

Executive Summary Problem Vitamin D deficiency is a concern, not only in the United States, but worldwide. Identifying a correlation for osteoporosis and osteopenia in vitamin D deficient patients may reduce the risk of osteoporosis-related fractures. The PICO question for this capstone project was: In osteoporotic or osteopenic patients, what is the relationship between reduced serum levels of vitamin D OH 25 compared to normal serum levels of vitamin D OH 25, in the incidence of osteoporosis or osteopenia? Osteoporosis contributes to fracture risk in patients, which subsequently has been shown to result from an insufficient level of vitamin D. …

Preliminary Efficacy Of Group Medical Nutrition Therapy And Motivational Interviewing Among Obese African American Women With Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot Study, Stephania T. Miller, Veronica J. Oates, Malinda A. Brooks, Ayumi Shintani, Tebeb Gebretsadik, Darlene M. Jenkins

Human Sciences Faculty Research

Objective. To assess the efficacy and acceptability of a group medical nutritional therapy (MNT) intervention, using motivational interviewing (MI). Research Design & Method. African American (AA) women with type 2 diabetes (T2D) participated in five, certified diabetes educator/dietitian-facilitated intervention sessions targeting carbohydrate, fat, and fruit/vegetable intake and management. Motivation-based activities centered on exploration of dietary ambivalence and the relationships between diet and personal strengths. Repeated pre- and post-intervention, psychosocial, dietary self-care, and clinical outcomes were collected and analyzed using generalized least squares regression. An acceptability assessment was administered after intervention. Results. Participants (n = 24) were …

Primary Seronegative But Molecularly Evident Hepadnaviral Infection Engages Liver And Induces Hepatocarcinoma In The Woodchuck Model Of Hepatitis B, Ranjit Chauhan

School of Medicine

Hepadnavirus at very low doses establishes in woodchucks asymptomatic, serologically undetectable but molecularly evident persistent infection. This primary occult infection (POI) preferentially engages the immune system and initiates virus-specific T cell response in the absence of antiviral antibody induction. The current study aimed to determine whether POI with time may culminate in serologically identifiable infection and hepatitis, and what are, if any, its pathological consequences. Juvenile woodchucks were intravenously injected with inocula containing 10 or 100 virions of woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) to induce POI and followed for life or up to 5.5 years thereafter. All 10 animals established molecularly …

Impulsivity Traits As Determinants For Smoking Behavior, Stacey Munyon

Theses and Dissertations

The notion that smoking is in direct relation to the character trait of impulsivity is widely agreed upon. This study examines the individual character traits of the UPPS-P impulsivity scale that comprise the construct of impulsivity as they relate to cigarette smoking. This study seeks to illustrate whether or not there is determination of smoking behavior as a result of high levels of one or more of these impulsive traits. Analysis will be evaluated through means of several different analyses of variance to determine if any relationships are present.

Prospective Validation Of A Blood Ordering Protocol For Elective Spine Arthrodesis And Its Impact On Cost Reduction, Muhammad Waqas, Muhammad Shahzad Shamim, Badar Uddin Ujjan, Saqib Kamran Bakhshi

Section of Neurosurgery

Background: On the basis of an institutional audit, the authors published an individual patient-based protocol for preoperative arrangement of blood products in patients undergoing elective spine arthrodesis. The present study was conducted for the prospective validation of the proposed protocol in reducing cross match to transfusion ratio, and its implications on overall cost.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted over 1 year (2012). All adult patients who underwent elective spinal arthrodesis were included and prospectively observed. The actual transfusion index was calculated for individual patients with the formula C1/T, where C1 is the number of units of packed RBCs cross …

Sex-Specific Alterations In Nos Regulation Of Vascular Function In Aorta And Mesenteric Arteries From Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats Compared To Wistar Kyoto Rats, Analia S. Loria, Krystal N. Brinson, Brandon M. Fox, Jennifer C. Sullivan

Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences Faculty Publications

The present study tested the hypothesis that spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) have impaired nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-mediated regulation of vascular function versus Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). Aorta and small mesenteric arteries were studied from male and female SHR (M SHR and F SHR) and WKY (M WKY and F WKY). Phenylephrine (PE)-induced vasoconstriction was greater in aorta of M SHR versus all others (P < 0.05); there were neither sex nor strain differences in PE contraction in mesenteric arteries. The NOS inhibitor l-Nitro-Arginine Methyl Ester (l-NAME) increased PE-induced vasoconstriction in all rats, although the increase was the least in male SHR (P < 0.05), revealing a blunted vasoconstrictor buffering capacity of NOS. l-NAME increased sensitivity to PE-induced constriction only in mesenteric arteries of SHR, although, the maximal percent increase in contraction was comparable among groups. ACh-induced relaxation was also less in aorta from M SHR versus all others (P < 0.05). ACh relaxation was comparable among groups in mesenteric arteries, although SHR exhibited a greater NOS component to ACh-induced relaxation than WKY. To gain mechanistic insight into sex and strain differences in vascular function, NOS activity and NOS3 protein expression were measured. Aortic NOS activity was comparable between groups and M SHR had greater NOS3 expression than M WKY. In contrast, although vascular function was largely maintained in mesenteric arteries of SHR, NOS activity was less in SHR versus WKY. In conclusion, M SHR exhibit a decrease in NOS regulation of vascular function compared to F SHR and WKY, although this is not mediated by decreases in NOS activity and/or expression.

Global School-Based Childhood Obesity Interventions: A Review, Melinda J. Ickes, Jennifer Mcmullen, Taj Haider, Manoj Sharma

Kinesiology and Health Promotion Faculty Publications

Background: The issue of childhood overweight and obesity has become a global public health crisis. School-based interventions have been developed and implemented to combat this growing concern. The purpose of this review is to compare and contrast U.S. and international school-based obesity prevention interventions and highlight efficacious strategies.

Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted utilizing five relevant databases. Inclusion criteria were: (1) primary research; (2) overweight or obesity prevention interventions; (3) school-based; (4) studies published between 1 January 2002 through 31 December 2013; (5) published in the English language; (6) child-based interventions, which could include parents; and …

Modeling Of The Dorsal Gradient Across Species Reveals Interaction Between Embryo Morphology And Toll Signaling Pathway During Evolution, Priscilla Ambrosi, Juan Sebastian Chahda, Hannah R. Koslen, Hillel J. Chiel, Claudia Mieko Mizutani

Faculty Scholarship

Morphogenetic gradients are essential to allocate cell fates in embryos of varying sizes within and across closely related species. We previously showed that the maternal NF-κB/Dorsal (Dl) gradient has acquired different shapes in Drosophila species, which result in unequally scaled germ layers along the dorso-ventral axis and the repositioning of the neuroectodermal borders. Here we combined experimentation and mathematical modeling to investigate which factors might have contributed to the fast evolutionary changes of this gradient. To this end, we modified a previously developed model that employs differential equations of the main biochemical interactions of the Toll (Tl) signaling pathway, which …

Prevalence And Evolution Of Intimate Partner Violence Before And During Pregnancy: A Cross-Sectional Study, An-Sofie Van Parys, Ellen Deschepper, Kristien Michielsen, Marleen Temmerman, Hans Verstraelen

Obstetrics and Gynaecology, East Africa

Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) before and during pregnancy is associated with a broad range of adverse health outcomes. Describing the extent and the evolution of IPV is a crucial step in developing interventions to reduce the health impact of IPV. The objectives are to study the prevalence of psychological abuse, as well as physical & sexual violence, and to provide insight into the evolution of IPV 12 months before and during pregnancy.

Methods: Between June 2010 and October 2012, a cross-sectional study was conducted in 11 antenatal care clinics in Belgium. Consenting pregnant women were asked to complete a …

A Rhetorical Analysis Of The Rethinking Aids Website, Jennifer Dettmann

Journal of Undergraduate Research at Minnesota State University, Mankato

A group of scientists known as the Group for Scientific Reappraisal of the HIV-AIDS hypothesis created a web site title, Rethinking AIDS. The group behind the web site argues that AIDS is not a sexually transmitted disease. They even question the existence of the virus entity. My analysis is driven by the critical question: Does the web site construct a reality that affectively alters our perception of HIV-AIDS? In order to answer this question, Goodnight and Poulakos 1981 article, Conspiracy rhetoric: from pragmatism to fantasy to public discourse (Western Journal of Speech), will be utilized.

Production Of Complex/Compounds Sentences In The Spontaneous Speech Of Typically Developing Children And Children With Williams Syndrome, Maureen Boyle

Journal of Undergraduate Research at Minnesota State University, Mankato

Literature claims individuals with Williams syndrome (WS), a rare congenital genetic mental retardation syndrome, easily engage in conversation and demonstrate unique and advanced linguistic skills compared to typically developing peers (TDP). These claims are supported by limited empirical evidence, however. One method of judging advanced linguistic skills is to compare the production of complex/compound sentences of children with WS and their TDP. The purpose of the study was to determine whether children with WS use more complex/compound sentences than children who are typically developing. Twelve subjects participated in the study. Six subjects with WS (SWS), mean age 15, and 6 …

Histological Evaluation Of The Cryo-Destruction Of The Zona Glomerulosa (Outermost Layer) Of The Adrenal Cortex, Huda Ahmed, Jonida Pone

Journal of Undergraduate Research at Minnesota State University, Mankato

The outer portion, or cortex, of the adrenal gland produces three hormones, two of which are highly critical to normal function of the body. The cortex itself is divided into three layers, each responsible for a certain hormone synthesis. The outermost layer (zona glomerulosa) produces aldosterone, a hormone involved in the regulation of body sodium, blood volume, and blood pressure. The middle layer produces co rticosterone, a hormone that is active in a variety of biological functions, and necessary for life. Due to its effects on blood volume, aldosterone has been implicated in the development of hypertension, or high blood …

An Evaluation Of The Effectiveness Of An Asthma Educational Initiative In A Rural Clinic, Denise Trujillo

Regis University Student Publications (comprehensive collection)

Executive Summary An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of an Educational Initiative in a Rural Clinic Problem According to the American Lung Association (2011), approximately one third of the children hospitalized in the state of Colorado are due to asthma. In fact, almost 75% of admissions for asthma are avoidable, and potentially preventable factors are common in deaths from asthma. Asthma is a chronic disease that can be managed through education, medication, and avoidance of triggers. The PICO question this capstone project seeked to address was: In (Population) parents of children clinically diagnosed with asthma in a rural clinic, will (Intervention) …

Nurse Preceptor Development And The Impact On Self-Efficacy, Angie Furr Hatley

Regis University Student Publications (comprehensive collection)

Executive Summary Nurse Preceptor Development and the Impact to Self-Efficacy Problem New graduates are confronted with significant challenges associated with transitioning from the role of student nurse to licensed professional (Bratt, 2009). Additionally, even experienced nurses transitioning to a new role or facility, face similar challenges. Typically, clinical preceptors are utilized to orient nurses into new roles within the acute care setting. Such experienced nurses are valuable assets to the organization due to their contribute to the overall quality of care delivered (Moore, 2008), but in many cases they receive little or no formal educational preparation regarding role expectations. The …

Three-Year Change In The Wellbeing Of Orphaned And Separated Children In Institutional And Family-Based Care Settings In Five Low- And Middle-Income Countries, Kathryn Whetten, Jan Ostermann, Brian W. Pence, Rachel A. Whetten, Lynne C. Messer, Sumedha Ariely, Karen O'Donnell, Augustine I. Wasonga, Vanroth Vann, Dafrosa Itemba, Misganaw Eticha, Ira Madan, Nathan M. Thielman, The Positive Outcomes For Orphans (Pofo) Research Team

Faculty Publications

Background With more than 2 million children living in group homes, or “institutions”, worldwide, the extent to which institution-based caregiving negatively affects development and wellbeing is a central question for international policymakers.

Methods A two-stage random sampling methodology identified community representative samples of 1,357 institution-dwelling orphaned and separated children (OSC) and 1,480 family-dwelling OSC aged 6–12 from 5 low and middle income countries. Data were collected from children and their primary caregivers. Survey-analytic techniques and linear mixed effects models describe child wellbeing collected at baseline and at 36 months, including physical and emotional health, growth, cognitive development and memory, and …

Three-Year Change In The Wellbeing Of Orphaned And Separated Children In Institutional And Family-Based Care Settings In Five Low- And Middle-Income Countries, Kathryn Whetten, Jan Ostermann, Brian W. Pence, Rachel A. Whetten, Lynne C. Messer, Sumedha Ariely, Karen O'Donnell, Augustine L. Wasonga, Vanroth Vann, Dafrosa Itemba, Misganaw Eticha, Ira Madan, Nathan M. Thielman, Positive Outcomes For Orphans (Pofo) Research Team

Community Health Faculty Publications and Presentations

Background: With more than 2 million children living in group homes, or "institutions", worldwide, the extent to which institution-based caregiving negatively affects development and wellbeing is a central question for international policymakers.

Methods: A two-stage random sampling methodology identified community representative samples of 1,357 institutional dwelling orphaned and separated children (OSC) and 1,480 family-dwelling OSC aged 6–12 from 5 low and middle income countries. Data were collected from children and their primary caregivers. Survey-analytic techniques and linear mixed effects models describe child wellbeing collected at baseline and at 36 months, including physical and emotional health, growth, cognitive development and memory, …

Discovering Community Assets: Master Of Public Health Culminating Experience, Megan E. Sirna

Master's Projects and Capstones

The Sonoma County Department of Health Services, through Cradle to Career, promotes collective impact around educational attainment and workforce development, and has become a leader in developing a framework for community schools. The first step in developing a community schools model is to understand and inventory what is already going on in the community. This process, known more formally as asset mapping, is a participatory process focused on documenting the strengths and resources of a community. The collaborative nature of the process helps to promote community involvement and build community cohesion. In order to assist schools wanting to begin an …