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Full-Text Articles in Medicine and Health Sciences
Team Workload: A Construct Worth Pursuing?, Gregory J. Funke, Benjamin A. Knott, Scott M. Galster, Rebecca D. Brown
Team Workload: A Construct Worth Pursuing?, Gregory J. Funke, Benjamin A. Knott, Scott M. Galster, Rebecca D. Brown
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
To date, little research has been conducted on the workload experienced by teams. Attempts to evaluate team workload have typically relied upon validated measures of individual workload, but this approach may not adequately capture the drivers of team workload. Data from three previous research experiments were reexamined using hierarchical multiple regression in the present analysis. Each of the experiments assessed individual and team workload, though the measures employed differed in each. The goal was to investigate whether addition of team workload measures improved prediction of team performance after variance associated with experimental manipulations and individual workload had been removed. Results …
Are We Getting The Message Across? Human Factors And System Safety Education – What Impact Has It Had?, Sue Burdekin
Are We Getting The Message Across? Human Factors And System Safety Education – What Impact Has It Had?, Sue Burdekin
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
Education in human factors and systems safety has been incorporated into aviation degree programs at university level for many years. However, there has been little research to measure empirically the impact that this education has had on safety outcomes in the field when the students have completed their degrees. A study is presently being conducted involving graduates from the University of NSW at the Australian Defence Force Academy in Australia who had obtained the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Aviation. Following their graduation, these students had been posted to various flying squadrons within the Australian Defence Force in an …
Review Of Safety Reports Involving Electronic Flight Bags, Divya C. Chandra, Andrew Kendra
Review Of Safety Reports Involving Electronic Flight Bags, Divya C. Chandra, Andrew Kendra
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
Electronic Flight Bags (EFBs) are a relatively new device used by pilots. Even so, 37 safetyrelated events involving EFBs were identified from the public online Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) database as of June 2008. In addition, two accident reports from the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) cite EFB as a contributing factor. Underlying EFB issues were ascribed to each ASRS report by the authors based on subject matter expertise. Pilots reported issues such as configuration of the chart display and difficulty using the EFB when they were newly implemented. Both NTSB reports identified use of an EFB for calculation …
Integrated Multimodal Communications Management For Airborne Command And Control, Dianne K. Popik, Victor S. Finomore, Douglas S. Brungart
Integrated Multimodal Communications Management For Airborne Command And Control, Dianne K. Popik, Victor S. Finomore, Douglas S. Brungart
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
Increasing the communication efficiency and accuracy associated with Command and Control (C2) operations is crucial in many aerospace applications. This communication intensive environment imposes a high workload on Air Traffic Controllers and other C2 personnel who rely heavily on a variety of communication tools to efficiently plan, direct, coordinate, and control assets during missions. The C2 task is further complicated by the suboptimal integration of the various communication media utilized in the operational environment. The fielded communication tool suites have serious limitations and are not poised to meet the needs of advancing technology. A multidisciplinary research team in the Battlespace …
Results From The First Faa Industry Training Standards (Fits) Commercial Pilot Training Course – A Student’S Perspective, Paul A. Craig, Wendy S. Beckman, Mark Callender, Steve Gossett, Wayne Dornan
Results From The First Faa Industry Training Standards (Fits) Commercial Pilot Training Course – A Student’S Perspective, Paul A. Craig, Wendy S. Beckman, Mark Callender, Steve Gossett, Wayne Dornan
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
In January 2008, students in the Professional Pilot program at Middle Tennessee State University (MTSU) began training using an FAA Industry Training Standards (FITS) Commercial Pilot curriculum. The course was accepted as a scenario-based and competency-based curriculum by the FAA as a “Special Curricula.” Students entered the FITS Commercial Pilot course having completed their Private Pilot Certificate and Instrument Rating. Some of the students had completed a FITS accepted and FAA approved combined Private/Instrument course, while others had completed separate Private Pilot and Instrument courses. The first thirty-three students completed the course with lower total flight times than students have …
Family Factors Influencing Female Aerospace Student’S Choice Of Major, Gail Zlotky, Wendy S. Beckman
Family Factors Influencing Female Aerospace Student’S Choice Of Major, Gail Zlotky, Wendy S. Beckman
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
In an effort to understand the factors that influence female student choice of an aviation career, a qualitative study was undertaken. Female Aerospace students at Middle Tennessee State University were interviewed to determine if there were common factors that encouraged them to pursue education in aviation. A content analysis of the interviews was performed, and the most commonly cited factor was having parents who were supportive of education. It was noteworthy that the majority of interviewed students did not have parents who specifically encouraged aviation as a course of study, but instead were open to their daughter pursuing a career …
Comparing Tunnel-In-The-Sky Display On Hdd And Hud From Task Occupation Point Of View, Kohei Funabiki, Tomoko Iijima, Hiroka Tsuda
Comparing Tunnel-In-The-Sky Display On Hdd And Hud From Task Occupation Point Of View, Kohei Funabiki, Tomoko Iijima, Hiroka Tsuda
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
A series of flight simulations was carried out to investigate the causal factors of attention capture, focusing on a traffic detection task while following a curved trajectory using a Tunnel-in-the-Sky display. The location (head-up or head-down) and size of the display were varied, and traffic detection time and path tracking performance were measured. The results show that the HUD gave the best path tracking at the expense of traffic detection performance, and supports the hypothesis that using a limited viewing volume and high display gain with a Tunnel-in-the-Sky display induces pilots to rely on precise guidance cues instead of the …
The 787 Vertical Situation Display Human Factors Evaluation Enhancements To Flight Path Awareness, Jason Hammack, Julianne Fox Cummings, Jean Crane
The 787 Vertical Situation Display Human Factors Evaluation Enhancements To Flight Path Awareness, Jason Hammack, Julianne Fox Cummings, Jean Crane
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
A two-phased focused evaluation was run to validate the design implementation of the 787 Vertical Situation Display (VSD), using static and dynamic scenarios in a prototype flight deck. Pilot feedback and pilot questionnaire data were recorded and videotaped for analysis. The validation testing results suggest that overall an effective implementation has been designed. There was one area where issues were found that necessitated requirement changes. The mode transition logic (during takeoff) was redesigned and additional validation testing was conducted to ensure acceptability.
The Use Of Intraocular Lenses With Advance Aviation Displays., Walter J. Protheroe Jr., Gerald L. Haynes
The Use Of Intraocular Lenses With Advance Aviation Displays., Walter J. Protheroe Jr., Gerald L. Haynes
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
With an aging aviation population, the use of intraocular lenses (IOLs) has become common place throughout the world for correcting vision acuity, cataracts and eye injuries. The material which comprises an IOL will cause a change in spectral sensitivity seen by the recipient. This is most notable in color variations while viewing Advance Aviation Displays. The results reported here are for one specific composition of IOL given to us by the manufacturer, and are assumed to be or have been in wide use. Cost limitations required that we used color correction filters to simulate colorized IOLs (not actual colorized lenses), …
Decision Factors Influencing Stimulant Use Among Fighter Aircrew During Combat Operations, Russell K. Gore M.D., Eric D. Hermes M.D.
Decision Factors Influencing Stimulant Use Among Fighter Aircrew During Combat Operations, Russell K. Gore M.D., Eric D. Hermes M.D.
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
During long combat missions in fighter aircraft, passive in-flight fatigue countermeasures are often not feasible. As a result, stimulant medications (Go Pills) may be used in-flight. The present study attempts to describe the individual decision factors influencing stimulant use during combat operations. Methods: 35 deployed F-15E aircrews participated in this study. Prior to the deployment, interviews were conducted to identify factors influencing the inflight decision to use stimulants. Based on this qualitative information, a novel survey instrument was developed. Results: Surveys were completed after 111 sorties. Results were summarized graphically. Conclusions: Active and anticipated in-flight fatigue were the most common …
Adaptation Of Crm Training For The Railway Industry Operational Safety Benefits, Matthew T.S. Tsang, Hans-Juergen Hoermann
Adaptation Of Crm Training For The Railway Industry Operational Safety Benefits, Matthew T.S. Tsang, Hans-Juergen Hoermann
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
In aviation, Crew Resource Management (CRM) was developed to address safety issues derived from accident and incident investigations. As CRM has proven its effectiveness by improving teamwork, communication and staff responses to operational hazards, there have been many attempts to expand this concept into other high-risk sectors such as medical, nuclear, or military. Although some work was also conducted to modify CRM for the railway industry, no such experiences yet existed in China or Hong Kong. Having observed the effectiveness of CRM and Line Oriented Training (LOT) in aviation, this paper documents the introduction and initial evaluation of CRM and …
The Management Of Verbal Communications In Complex Aeronautical Systems, Fanny Loyau, Marie Rivenez, Sophie Quiblier
The Management Of Verbal Communications In Complex Aeronautical Systems, Fanny Loyau, Marie Rivenez, Sophie Quiblier
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
This study addresses the question of human factors in verbal communications in AWACS (Airborne Warning and Control System). It aims to improve selection, training and learning by developing a tool focused on attentional division and multiple communications management. Radio communications management seems to be highly dependent on crew expertise. Indeed, many instructors say that several years of experience on AWACS are required in order to develop communications management skills and to improve their intelligibility. On the basis of our preliminary observations, we propose three hypotheses which would account for this expertise effect, focused on automatisms, volumes management of radio networks …
Identifying Psychosocial Factors Associated With Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders In Flight Attendants In A Taiwanese Commercial Airline, Kai-Hui Lee, Li-Hua Kao Ph.D.
Identifying Psychosocial Factors Associated With Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders In Flight Attendants In A Taiwanese Commercial Airline, Kai-Hui Lee, Li-Hua Kao Ph.D.
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
Psychosocial factors have the potential for causing psychological or physical harm, perceived psychological demands, job stress, or work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). The purpose of the current study was to study the relationship between psychosocial factors including job demands, job control, managerial and colleague support, relationships at work, role conflict, and organizational change, and psychosocial factors, health and the well-being, and WMSDs among flight attendants. A survey, mainly based on the “HSE Indicator Tool” developed by Health and Safety Executive and the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ), was distributed in 2009 to flight attendants in a Taiwanese commercial airline by convenience sampling. …
Fatigue And Its Effect On Cabin Crew Member Performance, Stephanie Hide Mas
Fatigue And Its Effect On Cabin Crew Member Performance, Stephanie Hide Mas
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
Since 1993, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) has stated fatigue was a contributing factor in eight airline catastrophes in the US resulting in 250 fatalities. Many proposals to mitigate fatigue as a safety issue in aviation have been suggested. Those on the NTSB List of Most Wanted Transportation Safety Improvements involve “hours of on-duty work” rules, which provide an essential set of limits on the work day for all transportation workers. However, most fatigue studies have focused on cockpit crew and not on the cabin crew. This report investigates cabin crew members, their scheduled work, rest and sleep times …
Modeling Cockpit Interface Usage During Lunar Landing Redesignation, Zarrin K. Chua, Laura M. Major, Karen M. Feigh
Modeling Cockpit Interface Usage During Lunar Landing Redesignation, Zarrin K. Chua, Laura M. Major, Karen M. Feigh
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
Fulfilling NASA’s space exploration objectives requires precision landing to reach lunar sites of interest. During the approach and landing stages, a landing point redesignation (LPR) display will provide information to the crew regarding the characteristics of alternate touchdown points. Building on a previous study which examined crew tasks during LPR but did not account for the specialized behavior of experts, this investigation will present a new task sequence model, specific to expert decision-making. This analysis furthers the development of a predictive task execution model, which is used to test the efficacy of alternate information display and operator actuator design concepts. …
Post-Traumatic Stress In Flight Attendant's Labor, Filipieva Tatiana Phd
Post-Traumatic Stress In Flight Attendant's Labor, Filipieva Tatiana Phd
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
Airline crashes, hijackings, turbulence incidents and other emergencies have the potential for inflicting severe emotional trauma in flight attendants involved either directly or indirectly. A critical incident is a part of the extreme professions in aviation. Although the aviation industry attempted to bring help following an air disaster, post-traumatic stress is still one of the most misdiagnosed and ignored illnesses that can beset an individual. In the article, which is based on the results of Russian and American aviation psychologists’ research, we try to answer the questions: How post-traumatic stress affects cabin crew’s work performance and flight attendants’ life? How …
Effects Of Time Pressure On The Use Of An Automated Decision Support System For Strike Planning, Yves Boussemart, Birsen Donmez, M. L. Cummings, Jonathan Las Fargeas
Effects Of Time Pressure On The Use Of An Automated Decision Support System For Strike Planning, Yves Boussemart, Birsen Donmez, M. L. Cummings, Jonathan Las Fargeas
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
This paper describes the results of an experiment designed to examine the effects of time pressure on behavioral patterns. The main research hypothesis is that people under time pressure tend to increasingly rely on automation in order to cope with the added workload. The context is that of a missile strike planner having to create a set of matches between resources (missiles) and requirements (missions). We introduce time pressure by changing the temporal requirements towards the end of the mission. Overall performance, calls to automation and qualitative strategies are recorded and analyzed using ANOVA and other nonparametric tests. The main …
Determinants Of Conflict Risk Judgments In Air Traffic Control, Stéphanie Stankovic, Esa Rantanen, Nicolas Ponomarenko, Shayne Loft
Determinants Of Conflict Risk Judgments In Air Traffic Control, Stéphanie Stankovic, Esa Rantanen, Nicolas Ponomarenko, Shayne Loft
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
The aim of the study was to identify the determinants of conflict risk judgments in air traffic control. Fourteen expert controllers made conflict risk judgments about air traffic situations in which three variables (conflict geometry, time of closest point of approach or TCPA, and vertical separation between aircraft) were manipulated. The results indicate that conflict geometry, TCPA, and the vertical separation between aircraft significantly influenced judgments of conflict risk. In addition, there was a significant interaction between these three variables. Risk perception was largest under conditions where aircraft were on the same headings, with short TCPA, and no minimum vertical …
Cue-Based Training Effects On Visual Scanpaths During Weather-Related Decision Making, Michael W. Sawyer, Scott A. Shappell
Cue-Based Training Effects On Visual Scanpaths During Weather-Related Decision Making, Michael W. Sawyer, Scott A. Shappell
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
Flight into adverse weather remains a leading cause of fatal accidents in general aviation. The situation assessment hypothesis suggests that pilots continue into adverse weather because they fail to accurately recognize the weather conditions present. In this study 20 participants’ eye movements were tracked as they viewed various weather scenes before and after training. The results showed that after training participants made decisions using fewer visual fixations and less total gaze time. Further, the average time until first fixation on critical weather features was decreased after training. Participants were effectively taught what weather features are important, thus allowing participants to …
Usage Data From Users Of Two Synthetic Vision Systems, Dennis B. Beringer
Usage Data From Users Of Two Synthetic Vision Systems, Dennis B. Beringer
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
Although much research has been conducted regarding display design and formatting criteria for terrain-depicting or synthetic-vision displays, little data have been collected concerning how General Aviation pilots use fielded displays. Structured interviews were conducted with a small sample (10; 33% response rate) of users of two fielded synthetic-vision (SV) displays, one with selectable Highway-In-the-Sky (HITS) guidance and one without. Questions were asked concerning pilots’ experience (both general and specific with display systems) and use of the SV systems by phase of flight. Use rates for the first system (with a selectable HITS) were high, with “always used” being reported for …
Constructing Accurate And Precise Timelines For Major Aviation Accident Investigations, Aaron S. Dietz, John J. O'Callaghan, Bruce G. Coury, Joseph M. Kolly
Constructing Accurate And Precise Timelines For Major Aviation Accident Investigations, Aaron S. Dietz, John J. O'Callaghan, Bruce G. Coury, Joseph M. Kolly
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
A clear, precise, and accepted description of what happened in an accident is a necessary first step in understanding why an accident happened. Although timelines are routinely used in accident investigations, constructing an accurate and precise one can be difficult. Large volumes of information must be correlated to a common time base, and the significance of events can change as the investigation develops. This paper describes the development of a timeline application to help overcome the difficulties associated with accident timelines. Development has emphasized interactive capabilities that allow users to manage the content and format how evidence related to the …
Aviator 2030 - Ability Requirements In Future Atm Systems, Hinnerk Eißfeldt
Aviator 2030 - Ability Requirements In Future Atm Systems, Hinnerk Eißfeldt
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
‘Aviator 2030’ is a project at DLR on ability requirements for operators in future ATM systems. Several workshops have been conducted with pilots and air traffic controllers to learn how today’s aviation professionals see their jobs develop in future. Using separated workshops first, pilots and air traffic controllers were introduced to current developments within the context of Single European Sky SES, a large-scale program comparable to NextGen in the United States. Following the ‘future-workshop’ concept participants developed scenarios of future ATM from their professional background and experience. In a third workshop pilots and controllers met to exchange and discuss their …
Selection For Aviation Related Careers: Air Traffic Control In The Air Force And The Faa, M. Kathryn Bleckley Ph.D., Jerry Crutchfield Ph.D., Raymond E. King Psy.D., Carol A. Manning Ph.D., Thomas R. Carretta Ph.D.
Selection For Aviation Related Careers: Air Traffic Control In The Air Force And The Faa, M. Kathryn Bleckley Ph.D., Jerry Crutchfield Ph.D., Raymond E. King Psy.D., Carol A. Manning Ph.D., Thomas R. Carretta Ph.D.
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
This paper discusses selection research and practice, with a focus on air traffic control specialists (ATCSs). In the USAF and FAA, accurate selection of air traffic control (ATC) trainees is essential because of the cost in time and money to train people for this high-consequence occupation. The FAA continues longitudinal validation research for the Air Traffic Selection and Training (AT-SAT) battery. Additionally, validation of the AT-SAT for placement by option would allow the FAA to develop a process for assessing applicants’ potential to certify at facilities, providing useful information when determining where placement should occur. Frequently, psychiatric conditions are delineated …
Logistic Regression Analysis Of Operational Errors And Routine Operations, Elaine M. Pfleiderer, Cheryl L. Scroggins, Carol A. Manning
Logistic Regression Analysis Of Operational Errors And Routine Operations, Elaine M. Pfleiderer, Cheryl L. Scroggins, Carol A. Manning
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
Two separate logistic regression analyses were conducted for low- and high-altitude sectors to determine whether a set of dynamic sector characteristics variables could reliably discriminate between operational error (OE) and routine operation (RO) traffic samples. Dynamic sector characteristics submitted as predictors were: Average Control Duration, Number of Handoffs, Number of Heading Changes, Number of Intersecting Flight Paths, Number of Point Outs, and Number of Transitioning Aircraft. In the low-altitude sector model, the Number of Intersecting Flight Paths, the Number of Point Outs, and the Number of Handoffs produced a 75% overall classification accuracy. In the high-altitude sector model, the Number …
The Effect Of Video Weather Training Products On General Aviation Pilots’ Flight Behavior, William Knecht, Jerry Ball
The Effect Of Video Weather Training Products On General Aviation Pilots’ Flight Behavior, William Knecht, Jerry Ball
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
This study examined the effect of video weather training products on general aviation (GA) pilot flight behavior. Fifty pilots participated. Training products were two popular GA weather training videos, plus a non-weather video as control. Pilots watched one video. Then, in the CAMI flight simulator, they flew a challenging 1.5-h visual flight rules (VFR) mission. Along the route, terrain rose slowly, with cloud bases squeezing pilots between ground and clouds. The control group penetrated significantly farther into the deteriorating weather. Otherwise, no significant safety differences were observed for time spent in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), time scud running, or time …
How Effective Is Item Bank Testing Of Pilot Training Applicants In Reducing Test Preparation Effects?, Oliver Zierke
How Effective Is Item Bank Testing Of Pilot Training Applicants In Reducing Test Preparation Effects?, Oliver Zierke
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
In the selection of aviation personnel, special test preparation has become an emerging problem. Specific test preparation aims at raising the probability to master a certain test rather than developing the underlying ability. Knowledge tests are particularly susceptible to the problem of test preparation. One strategy to counter this problem is the use of comprehensive item banks for testing in knowledge domains. In 2005 over 770 student pilot applicants participated in an evaluation study of two item bank tests, an English language test and a test of physical knowledge. A conventional test form as well as an item bank test …
Determining Job Requirements For The Next Aviator Generation, Hans-Juergen Hoermann, Dirk Schulze-Kissing, Oliver Zierke
Determining Job Requirements For The Next Aviator Generation, Hans-Juergen Hoermann, Dirk Schulze-Kissing, Oliver Zierke
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
The aviation industry is envisioning a tremendous growth of air traffic within the next two decades. New technologies and operational concepts will be the key enablers to accommodate the increasing amount of movements in a safe, efficient and environment friendly manner. Current working concepts reach from improved interoperability of national ATM systems, via satellite based navigation, collaborative decision making, and self separation of aircraft up to fully automated air-ground-space systems. It can be expected that the introduction of such concepts will have a significant impact on the working conditions and job requirements of future air traffic controllers and pilots, who …
Runway Incursion Prevention Using An Audio Intervention, Nathan Maertens, Christopher Desalvo, Jessie Chin, J. Michelle Moon
Runway Incursion Prevention Using An Audio Intervention, Nathan Maertens, Christopher Desalvo, Jessie Chin, J. Michelle Moon
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
From 2004 through 2007 runway incursions (RI), an FAA high priority safety item, have continuously increased (FAA, 2008). The FAA has sought mitigation proposals; here we suggest one such solution. Byrne, Kirlik and their students (2005, 2006, 2007) suggested one possible cause of RIs to be pilots making errors when given counterintuitive taxi instructions (i.e., turns away, as opposed to towards, their ultimate destination). Using this work as a foundation, we identified counterintuitive taxi geometries at Willard Airport (CMI), conducted an experiment with 14 certified flight instructors working at CMI in a simulation of landing and taxiing, and tested potential …
Designing Work-Centered Support For Dynamic Multi-Mission Synchronization, Emilie Roth, Randall Whitaker, Robert Truxler, Ronald Scott, Thomas Kazmierczak, John Ostwald, Jeffrey Wampler
Designing Work-Centered Support For Dynamic Multi-Mission Synchronization, Emilie Roth, Randall Whitaker, Robert Truxler, Ronald Scott, Thomas Kazmierczak, John Ostwald, Jeffrey Wampler
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
We describe recent developments in an ongoing program to design work-centered C2 support for a military airlift organization. Work-centered design tailors support to the cognitive and collaborative demands of the work. A coordinated suite of visualizations was developed to support synchronized replanning in response to dynamically changing conditions by revealing the interrelationships and constraints across multiple missions distributed in time and space. Support included the ability to perform ‘what if’ simulations across multiple missions so as to assess the impact of a change in one mission on other missions. An empirical evaluation was conducted comparing target user replanning performance on …
Vigilant Warrior™: A Selection Tool For Vigilance Performance, David E. Weldon Ph.D., Clark Shingledecker Ph.D.
Vigilant Warrior™: A Selection Tool For Vigilance Performance, David E. Weldon Ph.D., Clark Shingledecker Ph.D.
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
In this paper, we describe an individual differences model of vigilance performance—the ability to maintain one’s focus of attention and remain alert for prolonged periods of time—and summarize our model evaluation research. Our goal was an automated test battery (Vigilant Warrior™) that could be employed to select personnel with superior abilities for assignment to critical vigilance duties. Thus, we conducted extensive laboratory research to identify an optimal set of vigilance predictors and validate them against a simulated, real-world, electronic-display, battlefieldmonitoring task with high vigilance requirements. The results confirmed that an objective, Short Vigilance Task (SVT), coupled with analytic skill and …